Sociology Unit Test 3 (Chapter 7, 9-11)

The term deviance can be defined as:

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

Strain theory:

Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

The process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form new group is referred to as:

Amalgamation

_______________________ describes a type of prejudice where, in many countries, people of a particular skin tone are considered superior or inferior to those in the same "racial" group.

Colorism

C. Wright Mills wrote the book "The Power Elite" which argued that deviance is defined by those in power with the intent to maintain the status quo. Under which of the foundational theories is the "power elite" classified?

Conflict

Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience?

Differential association theory

______________ is a term that describes a shared culture - the practices, values, and beliefs of a group.

Ethnicity

True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime?

False

Which foundational theory argues that social stratification is necessary to promote excellence, productivity, and efficiency?

Functionalism

Which of the three foundational theories is concerned with the way that people communicate their class or social standing through things like their appearance, modes of transportation, or even their cell-phones?

Interactionism

One particular theory of race and ethnicity suggests that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other ascribed attributes. ____________ theory views multiple layers of disadvantages as compounding an individuals' experience of prejudice, discrimination, and racism.

Intersection

The F.B.I. Uniform Crime Reports provides an incomplete picture of crime in America because;

It only contains offenses reported to law enforcement.

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a:

Positive formal sanction

___________ is a term referring to superficial physical differences that a society considers significant.

Race

Which of the following is an example of racial steering?

Real estate agents directing white clients to look for housing in certain neighborhoods, and non-white clients to others.

_______________ are oversimplified generalizations about a group of people.

Stereotyping

Poverty that threatens basic necessities (food, clean water, safe housing, and access to health care) is ________________ poverty

absolute

Wealth is

all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

belief; action

The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as

color-blind racism

Which foundational theory argues that stratification perpetuates inequality in society?

conflict

Symbolically communicating social standing through the purchase and use of products is __________________________.

conspicuous consumption

A ______________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure

functional

One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating

informal sanctions

Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n

innovator

A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affects students' performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This illustrates which explanation of deviance?

labeling theory

In the United States, most people believe that they are part of the _____________ class

middle class

In Madagascar, people of Indian decent make up just 1% of the population, but control over 50% of the country's wealth. The Malagasy people in Madagascar are, numerically, a larger portion of the population; sociologically they are a _____________ group.

minority

Max Weber defined ________ as the ability to exercise one's will over others.

power

The benefits (or absence of being harmed by forms of prejudice and discrimination) as a member of a dominate group, is referred to as ______________.

privilege

What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?

racial group

In the U.S., the main cause of the ongoing segregation of black communities has been a long history of ____________

redlining

Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in:

relative poverty

President Trump's recent fear mongering about the threat of illegal aliens is a current example of _______________ theory; which has a long history in the United States.

scapegoat

A change in positions within a social stratification system is referred to as_________________ .

social mobility

Society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power is referred to as _________________ .

social stratification

The term social control refers to

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.

Deviance is behavior that

violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

Social control is:

The regulation and enforcement of norms.

The term assimilation is defined by the text as:

The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.