socwork 5805

Brain scans show that brain functioning for a person who experienced cocaine use disorder, compared to a "normal" scan (someone who has not used cocaine), returns to normal after about how long?

none of the above

Prenatal exposure to alcohol is certain to result in the baby developing

none of the above: (FAS) (ARND) (ARBD)

The probability of developing a substance use disorder involving opioids, cocaine, cannabis, or alcohol is up to ______ times higher for individuals whose parent(s) or adult siblings experience a SUD.

8

A common potential effect shared by Rohypnol, GHB, and Ketamine is the inducing of amnesia for what occurs when under their influence.

true

As psychoactive drugs are metabolized, their metabolites can have physical effects, as well.

true

Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder ideally does not begin until after a 12-24 hour period of opioid abstinence.

true

Cannabidiol (CBD) alone does not produce the psychoactive effects seen with THC.

true

Classifying substances by their effects on the human body, while meaningful, does not always lead to them being consistently classified into distinct categories.

true

Cocaine having a short half-life means that a person stops feeling its effects sooner than for a drug/substance with a longer half-life

true

The highest per ounce caffeine concentrations are found in many energy drinks, followed by some brands of coffee.

true

The mode of administration of opioids

affects a person's health risk exposure

Naltrexone is mostly used in pharmacotherapy to treat which types of substance use disorder?

alcohol and opioid

Thinking about the definition of psychoactive or psychotropic substances, which among the following would probably not fit the definition?

antibiotics for treating infection

Individuals who were emerging adults during the 1960s and 1970s (now in their 60s and older) are currently more likely to report using hallucinogenic substances during the past year than are younger cohorts.

false

Inhalant use follows a similar pattern to many other forms of substance misuse: it is most common among emerging adults compared to adolescents and adults over age 26.

false

Neonatal withdrawal syndrome, if it is going to happen, appears within the first 24 hours after birth.

false

OTC misuse is a less serious problem than prescription drug misuse because the substances involved are less dangerous--otherwise, they would be made prescription drugs.

false

Opioid receptors are only involved with opioids and no other substances like alcohol.

false

Steroid misuse is about equally common among men and women, and more common among competitive body builders than among other types of athletes.

false

Synaptic pruning is an unfortunate consequence of exposure to psychoactive substances; it is never a normal process in the brain.

false

The alcohol treatment system in the U.S. can be described as a well-coordinated set of integrated care services.

false

The majority of individuals who are prescribed opioid pain relievers eventually progress to opioid misuse.

false

Evidence consistently supports the view that there is a single, common trajectory to addiction regardless of the type of substance involved.

false

For both men and women, having alcoholism among 1st degree and 2nd/3rd degree relatives is associated about the same probability of developing alcoholism compared to individuals with alcoholism in only their 1st degree relatives.

false

Genes can only "push" for the presence of a characteristic like alcohol use disorder, they cannot protect against it.

false

Genomic science is on the verge of discovering the one gene that controls a person's susceptibility to substance use disorders.

false

Glial cells in the brain are responsible for transporting neurotransmitter molecules back to the vesicles.

false

Harm reduction is not considered a valid prevention strategy because the person is already using substances.

false

Heavy episodic drinking (HED), heavy drinking, and binge drinking are all different terms for the same thing.

false

Heroin is the most common cause of opioid-related deaths in the United States, despite media attention about prescription and other synthetic opioids.

false

In instances of polydrug misuse, detox typically involves pharmacotherapy to treat the one substance the person used most.

false

The terms opioid, opiate, and narcotic as currently used

mean opiates are a type of opioid and narcotics are opioids specifically used in pain management

A person with ADD or ADHD and a paradoxical response to stimulant medications had their attention/concentration difficulties and hyperactivity symptoms worsen.

false

According to SAMHSA, in 2017 the most commonly used illicit (illegal) substance in the U.S. was cocaine, followed by methamphetamine and heroin.

false

According to the World Health Organization, the majority of individuals who need treatment for substance use disorders are able to receive it.

false

According to the social ecological model larger spheres (like the macrosystem) have much larger influence on individual behavior (like using substances) than do the smaller spheres (like the microsystem).

false

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter found in the human brain is

glutamate

U.S. policy restrictions on alcohol and other drugs has always been driven primarily by concerns regarding the health effects these substances have on the human body.

false

Jack heard about a classmate being sentenced to serve 3 months in jail for driving under the influence (DUI). This news prompted Jack to change his own DUI behavior and get a ride when drinking or not drink when he had to drive. What principle is demonstrated here?

social learning theory

Most stimulant substances trigger which system(s)?

the entire autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Process or behavioral addiction might include:

all of the above

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can include:

all the above: (FAS) (ARBD) (ARND)

Adolescents may be more likely to engage in problematic levels of substance use than individuals who initiate use later in life because of

all the above: behavioral under-control during this period of brain development. the adolescent brain being more reactive to substances. adolescents having more intense, accentuated emotional responses to intoxication

Inhalant misuse is of concern because of the risk for

all the above: brain damage. damage to multiple organ systems in the body. suffocation or other injury resulting from use.

Acetaldehyde is

all the above: carcinogenic broken down by the (ALDH) enzyme

Strategy to address the opioid problem includes:

all the above: developing and using alternative pain management approaches. reducing supply and demand for opioids. harm reduction approaches.

Mike takes Adderall to treat his diagnosed ADHD but since he continued to be socially rejected by peers in his school, his parents moved him to a new school for a fresh start. Mike defined himself as a loser because of his diagnosis and because his parents felt this move was necessary. He entered into the peer group of other "losers" who smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol every day. As an adolescent he has no reason to "shape up" because there is no job or romantic relationship in his life and his parents don't pay attention to what he is up to. Theory that helps us understand Mike's use of cigarettes and alcohol since moving to the new school is

all the above: deviance theory labeling theory stakes in conformity/social control theory

Highly inconsistent dosing of psilocybin results from

all the above: different species of mushrooms containing psilocybin having different potency. dried psilocybin mushrooms being more potent than fresh ones. growing and handling practices affect potency.

E-cigarettes

all the above: help some individuals successfully taper off from their use of combustible cigarettes. are addictive when nicotine liquid is smoked. introduce potential health and safety risks when used.

The limbic system of the brain includes the:

all the above: hippocampus amygdala nucleus accumbens

The aim(s) of detox (detoxification) is/are:

all the above: medical stabilization. fostering readiness to engage in longer-term treatment. evaluation.

According to an information processing model, the use of psychoactive substances may affect a person's behavior because of their impact on

all the above: perception memory retrieval

Binge drinking is defined as reaching the blood alcohol level of 0.08 in about 2 hour which, for an average sized adult means about

4 drinks in 2 hours for women 5 drinks in 2 hours for men

The heritability of regular tobacco use was demonstrated to be:

40%-50%

An individual's ease or difficulty in access to specific substances is influenced by

all the above: policy. physical environment factors. peers and family members.

A standard drink measure in the U.S. is equivalent to

12 ounces of 5% beer

Parental substance use can lead to substance use by their sons and daughters through

all the above: social norms influences. access to substances. social learning theory modeling.

Benzodiazepine misuse involves administration by

all the above: swallowing pill inhaling/snorting injecting

Joy and her friends always used a lot of alcohol and other drugs when they attended outdoor summer concert festivals. She no longer uses these substances, no longer meets up with these friends, and no longer attends concerts. When she hears certain bands or songs on the radio that she used to hear in concerts she finds herself thinking a lot about getting high again. This is an example of what learning principle in action?

classical conditioning

A drug-related flashback occurs when a person is currently under the influence of hallucinogenic substances and begins to mentally reexperience an event from their past, that is not currently happening in reality.

false

Adoption studies prove that genetics are stronger than environment because the adoptive environment provided no protection for children whose biological father experienced an alcohol use disorder even if they were raised in a family without alcohol use disorder

false

All evidence supports the accuracy of the original disease model conclusion that abstinence is the only certain way to recover from a substance use disorder.

false

All sedative-hypnotic or CNS depressant drugs have similar levels of addictive potential.

false

An example of a harm reduction strategy is increasing enforcement of laws against using illicit drugs as a means of discouraging people from using these drugs in the first place.

false

Aside from potential overdose, club drugs like GHB, Rohypnol, and Ketamine are reasonably safe to use regularly since they do not produce tolerance or withdrawal conditions.

false

Because of their tendency toward homeostasis expressed in family systems theory, family members of someone who enters into early recovery from a substance use disorder are most likely to exhibit unambiguous enthusiasm and support for the individual's recovery efforts.

false

Breathalizer tests are considered to be direct biomarker measures of a person's circulating alcohol concentration.

false

By definition, binge drinking represents engaging in a pattern of heavy drinking.

false

Cannabinoid receptor distribution is limited to the brain/CNS.

false

Cannabis use contributing to the onset or worsening of schizophrenia symptoms is just a myth stemming from propaganda to discourage its use by young people.

false

Circularity of influence means that a person's use of one type of substance causes them to use even more different substances.

false

Cocaine and heroin/narcotics first became concerns warranting a policy response in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

false

Compensatory parenting is evidence of codependency as it leads to enabling a parent's substance use.

false

Current data suggest that methamphetamine use is more of a problem in rural communities than in other more urban areas.

false

Despite societal changes in women's roles over recent decades, men continue to greatly outnumber women in the proportion who use alcohol.

false

Drug synergism relates to how two different substances compete with each other at receptor sites, decreasing the effects of one or both drugs.

false

Eventually, with enough research, we should be able to come up with the one theory that explains all substance misuse, leading to one type of solution based on that one theory.

false

Evidence concerning social media (Twitter) references about drinking support a position that positive and negative social norms toward alcohol misuse occur in about equal proportions.

false

Evidence consistently supports the existence of an addictive personality.

false

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects the developing brain, not other parts of the body.

false

Receptor sites on neurons are generic--they can "receive" any type of neurotransmitter sent by another neuron.

false

Regardless of developmental period, genetic factors (heritability) outweigh environmental factors in influencing alcohol or cigarette initiation or regular use.

false

The restricted, ritual use of small quantities of wine in religious ceremonies is a gateway to alcohol misuse because it conveys a message that alcohol use is acceptable.

false

The use of cannabis edibles increases the risk of developing a cannabis use disorder because the active ingredient (THC) gets to the brain faster and in higher concentration when eaten than when cannabis is smoked.

false

Withdrawal, by definition, is when a person needs to take higher doses of a substance than previously used in order to experience the same effects.

false

The role of the _______________ in memory makes it an important factor in a person's experience of cravings after having used a psychoactive substance.

hippocampus

The 11-criteria for DSM-5 diagnosis of a substance use disorder fit into four functional categories:

impaired control over use; social impairment/consequences; risky use of the substance(s); pharmacological indicators/symptoms of tolerance and/or withdrawal.

Students treated at university health services for alcohol intoxication (high blood alcohol level) or arrested for drunk and disorderly conduct, but who do not meet DSM-5 criteria for AUD, are required by a university to participate in a 12-week cognitive behavioral intervention to prevent their developing an alcohol use disorder if they want to remain enrolled in classes. This is an example of what level prevention strategy?

indicated

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is what kind of neurotransmitter?

inhibitory

Serotonin is what kind to neurotransmitter?

inhibitory

Methadone as used in MAT

is mostly restricted to specialized clinics making it less accessible to large numbers of individuals than buprenorphine

An example of a distal effect from acquiring and using illicit drugs is

it supports criminal activity at the community level

The symptoms of heroin overdose DO NOT include

jittery, agitated feelings

Of the estimated 19.7 million individuals in the U.S. who experienced a substance use disorder in 2017, the largest segment by far were those whose problem involved:

just alcohol, not other drugs

At her friend's bridal shower, Brianna experienced an overwhelming sense of sadness and loneliness when she drank too much alcohol for the first time. The next time she was out with friends she chose to drink very lightly for the evening. This is an example of what learning principle in action?

none of the above: classical conditioning. operant conditioning positive reinforcement. operant conditioning negative reinforcement.

In the U.S., the self-identiying racial/ethnic group/group with the highest percent of individuals reporting use of marijuana during the past year is

of two or more races

Marcus was experiencing back pain from his job delivering mail order packages to customers' homes. He found that he forgot about his back pain when he was sharing a smoke of "weed" with his co-workers before heading home. After that, he began to self-medicate his physical pain with cannabis on a regular basis. This is an example of what learning principle in action?

operant conditioning negative reinforcement

Nate's fraternity brothers cheered him on with "chug, chug, chug" when he was drinking beers past the point of intoxication at an end of semester, pre-final exams celebration. Next party he again drank too much too fast. This is an example of what learning principle in action?

operant conditioning positive reinforcement

Andrea realizes her substance use may be a problem but blames genetics for making her helpless to change so she is not thinking about ever trying to change. Andrea is demonstrating which stage of readiness to change?

precontemplation

Part of the problem with conscious decisions to control one's use of psychoactive substances (like alcohol) is that these substances affect the ______________ which is responsible for thinking about these kinds of decisions.

prefrontal cortex

When Amie used LSD for the first time she described being able to hear the feeling of an ant crawling up her arm as marching feet. This is an example of:

synesthesia

Predictions from the 1980s that "crack" babies would demonstrate multiple, severe developmental challenges as they grew up have not been well supported in recent longitudinal research following them through adolescence and adulthood.

true

The bio in biopsychosocial means understanding

the interplay of genetics and other biological processes

Combining stimulants and alcohol causes what effect(s)?

the stimulant delays warning signs of drinking too much too fast

A person's willingness to seek treatment for a substance use disorder is affected by stigma expressed by members of the community and society.

true

Among other differences, compared to the original disease model of addiction, the contemporary brain disease model of addiction replaces the concept of "loss of control" with the concept of compulsive behavior.

true

Compared to adolescents (12-17 years old) and adults (aged 26-65+ years old), emerging adults (aged 18-25) are the group with the greatest proportion currently using illicit drugs or engaging in binge drinking.

true

Developing cross-tolerance means that a person's developed tolerance to one drug transfers to other, similar drugs in the same category even if they have never taken that second drug.

true

Dopamine helps motivate certain behaviors by making those behaviors pleasurable.

true

Drug courts are designed to offer a treatment-based alternative to incarceration for individuals convicted of non-violent drug-related offenses.

true

Evidence concerning natural recovery indicates that some individuals successfully change/recover from substance misuse without engaging in formal treatment.

true

Evidence indicates that individuals who experience higher rates of racial/ethnic microaggression engage in greater amounts of psychoactive substance use than others.

true

Evidence that opioids or heroin were the first drug used by 25% of individuals who use illicit drugs contradicts the cannabis gateway drug theory

true

Exogenous opioid use is many times more reinforcing, therefore more addictive, than behaviors eliciting endogenous receptor site activity in the "pleasure" or "reward" areas of the brain.

true

Heavy drinking is defined as consuming five or more drinks (for males) and four or more drinks (for females) within a couple of hours on each of 5 or more days during the past 30 days.

true

High intensity drinking involves drinking two to three times the amounts defined as binge drinking.

true

In the DEA scheduling system the most heavily controlled substances are categorized with the lowest number (Schedule I).

true

In the United States, in the past year, more than 80% of persons meeting criteria for an AUD did not receive professional treatment for it.

true

In the subtypes of alcoholism research (data analyzed by Moss, Chen, & Yi), the chronic severe form was the least common type observed

true

It is difficult, if not impossible, to predict/control whether a person will have a "good trip" or "bad trip" each time they use LSD.

true

Kids who learn about drug abuse at home are about 1/2 as likely to abuse drugs as kids who don't.

true

Low-risk (moderate) drinking includes both daily and weekly limits for men, women, and persons over the age of 65.

true

Making clean syringes/needles and fentanyl testing strips easily available to individuals engaged in substance misuse represent harm reduction strategies.

true

Many more persons in the United States experience alcohol use disorder than experience substance use disorder involving illicit drugs.

true

Naloxone is often (but not always) able to reverse an opioid overdose event because it is an opioid antagonist.

true

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) can help in smoking cessation by reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms so a person may find it less compelling to go back to smoking.

true

Once tolerance to a substance has developed, a person might continue to use that substance even more in order to feel normal.

true

One reason why adolescents might be susceptible to substance misuse and substance use is related to their heightened reward sensitivity--the rewarding effects are experienced as more rewarding than if their use of the substance started later in life. Correct!

true

Positive parenting that addresses unambiguous norms about substance use and involves age-appropriate parental monitoring of adolescents' activities has the power to weaken negative peer influences on substance use.

true

Self-medication theory suggests that some individuals use psychoactive substances as a means of quieting psychic conflict, filling emotional emptiness, and/or escaping the emotional aftermath of trauma experiences.

true

Stimulant rebound happens as a dose wears off and the person experiences a steep emotional low ("crash") before the next dose.

true

Studying theory about substance misuse and substance use disorders is important because theory and research that tests theory inform the kinds of intervention approaches we choose.

true

Substance misuse being a multi-determined phenomenon means that multiple factors operate together to determine whether substance misuse is the outcome.

true

The War on Drugs is "credited" with contributing to mass incarceration in the U.S.

true

The addictive potential of psychoactive drugs is related to the concentration of dopamine released being much greater than what is released by natural behaviors like eating and sex

true

The brain compensates for repeated episodes of substance use by reducing the number of dopamine receptors available.

true

The brain-calming effect of sedative-hypnotic and CNS depressant drugs is typically mediated by increased inhibitory neurotransmitter activity.

true

The main difference between substance use and substance misuse is that substance misuse concerns use patterns or use in risky situations where physical health, mental health, and/or social problems may result.

true

The original disease model of addiction was popularized as a way of reducing the degree of stigma associated with a moral model of addiction.

true

Third-hand smoke exposure refers to exhaled smoke residue remaining on surfaces in an area where someone has been smoking.

true

To discourage students from starting to use drugs, Principal Johnson made an impassioned assembly speech emphasizing the statistics showing how many 10th and 12th grade students in the 2018 Monitoring the Future study use illicit drugs and how this number is way too great. Social norms theory suggests that his strategy is likely to backfire.

true

Twin concordance studies showing that monozygotic twins are more similar in substance misuse/SUD phenotype than dizygotic twins indicate genetic influences on this outcome.

true

Upregulation and downregulation are part of the body's effort to regain a state of homeostasis.

true

When a person needs less of a substance to experience the same effects after a period of having used that substance, they are said to have developed sensitization to that substance.

true

When adult individuals first decide to change their alcohol misuse behavior, about equal proportions first try self-change versus formal treatment strategies.

true

While pedigree studies can strongly suggest that a genetic influence exists for developing alcohol use disorders, these studies alone cannot prove it since family members also share environmental influences.

true

Zachary is contemplating cutting back on his regular binge drinking. He realizes that he will miss being around his heavy drinking buddies but that he will have more money to spend on other things and he will feel healthier every day when he gets up. He is concerned about how hard it will be to make this change but sure that his family will be happier and maybe be proud of him again. He worries that he may lose his job if he keeps up with the current pattern. Zachary is demonstrating (decisional balance) ambivalence

true

A person who is not a regular heavy drinker and has a blood alcohol level of 0.10% is likely to be:

unsafe driving a car, motorcycle, motorboat, jet ski, or snowmobile

Tobacco use is a serious public health concern: among smokers, up to what percentage are eventually killed by tobacco?

up to 1/2

What is the sequence of stages identified in the 3-stage cycle of addiction?

use progresses to binge or intoxicated use; progress to withdrawal symptoms; preoccupation and craving response to periods of abstinence