Solid Waste
sulfur, desulfurization
1) liquify coal or remove s 2) pick up h sulfide with ammonia methane from pipe, in tank will dissolve 3) refine it, reduce S released in air
Municipal Solid Waste
1) municipal= something we can control=70% 2) It includes non hazardous waste generated in households, commercial establishments,institutions 3) it excludes industrial process wastes, agricultural wastes, mining wastes, and sewage sludge.
composting process
6 feet high, keep wet, turn every two weeks for aerobic condition, 6-8 months later use for soil conditioner
2008 recycling rates
Auto Batteries: 95.7% Office Type Papers: 74.2% Steel Cans: 66.0% Yard Trimmings: 59.9% Aluminum Beer and Soft Drink Cans: 50.7% Tires: 35.3% Glass Containers: 31.1%
Composting needs
-Air -Water -Food (Organic materials) * Browns categories -dry and dead plant material -need to be moistened before * Greens categories -Are fresh plant materials -Have more nitrogen than browns -good mix of browns and greens is the best nutritional balance for microbes -manure requires more bacterial activity, compost alone
What not to compost
-Chemically-treated wood products (arsenic) -Human wastes -Meat, bones, and fatty food wastes -Pet wastes
Leachate
-Is a liquid resulting from precipitation percolating through landfills containing water, decomposed waste, and bacteria -dead peat absorbs metals
Open dumping
-It is Illegal -Optimum for breeding rats, insects, -Accessible to birds, wild animals, -Fires, air and water pollution
E waste- Harm to human health
-Open air burning -Acid baths -Toxic material contaminating water, air, food and soil, -expose workers to high levels of contaminants such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic, which can lead to irreversible health effects, including cancers, miscarriages, neurological damage
E-waste
-Waste from used electrical and electronic equipment -Worldwide 2007 60 million tons 2015 >500 million tons of which 113 will be recycled -dismantle, burn non-metal, recover lead/gold (acid bath)
Sanitary Landfill
-accepts all types of solid waste -most common -use of (heavy)clay and/or synthetic liners -control of water drainage -cover every day with 6 inches of dirt -6 months, analyze groundwater monitoring well
Pyrolysis
-an experimental thermo chemical process for the conversion of complex organic solids, in the absence of added oxygen, to water, combustible gases, tarry liquids -wire/plastic/rubber=recover wire, oil
Composting
-controlled biological decomposition of organic solid waste under aerobic conditions -Organic waste material are transformed into soil amendments as humus or mulch
Incineration
-controlled combustion process -burning solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible waste to gases and residue containing little or no combustible material -High-temperature incineration:3000F-3400F(1649-1871C) -sort large objects out -produce electricity, water -reduce waste volume to 5-10% -industrial waste=metal ash
Dumping at Sea
-prohibited in United States. -When permitted, all garbage and other refuse is dumped into large garbage scows or barges
Grinding and adding to sewage
-recommended from a convenience and public health standpoint, but the disposal of other refuse remains to be handled -It adds to the BOD load (50% more)of sewage treatment plants -takes 3-4 times longer to break up than human waste
EPA Report on Solid Waste
1) 30 years, measure the success of waste reduction and recycling programs 2) 250 million tons of trash 3) recycled and composted over 85 million tons, 34.1% recycling rate 4) 1.51 pounds out of our individual waste generation of 4.43 pounds per person per day
Sources of Solid Waste
1) Agricultural-51% :%: from farms, ranches, this includes: animal manure, pruning trees, residue from harvesting 2) Mineral Waste- 40% :includes rubble, mining, demolishing waste 3) Industrial- 6% 4) Municipal- 3% : tires, paper rags, kitchen, yard ,cans
Environmental Health Problems Related Solid Waste
1) Chemical Hazards: pesticides, toxic fumes, gases(hydrogen sulfide, methane). 2) Direct contact, broken glass, pathological waste(salvaging) 3) Air, water, soil pollution 4) Breeding places for insects, rodents
Biodegradable material
1) Is waste material capable of being broken down, usually by bacteria, into basic elements. 2) Most organic wastes are biodegradable. 3) result of biological systems
Types of Waste
1) Paper 30% 2) Food 14% 3) wood, rubber, textile 14% 4) plastic 12% 5) metal 11% 6) others 10% 7) yard wate 9%
Treatment and Disposal of Solid Wastes
1) Sanitary Landfill 2) Incineration 3) Open Dumping 4) Composting 5) Grinding and adding to sewage 6) Hog Feeding 7) Pyrolysis 8) Dumping at Sea 9) recycling
Solid Waste Disposal Act
1) To improve disposal technology 2) To improve management practices 3) To support research to new approach for handling solid waste 4) To support training programs 5) Federal assistance to achieve these goals
Solid Waste definition
1) any useless, unwanted or discarded material 2) includes: gases such as air pollutants, Liquids : sewage, solids : refuse.
Recycling
1) is a resource recovery method involving the collection and treatment of waste product for use in manufacturing of the same or another produce 2) separation, collection, processing, reuse
Recycling then and now
In 2009, the recycling rate was 33.8% and 82.0 million tons of materials were recycled In 1960, the recycling rate was 6.4%, and 5.6 million tons of materials were recycled
Refuse
Is all putrescible (biodegradable) or nonputrescible waste material that is discarded or rejected, including but not limited to, garbage, rubbish, incinerator residue, street cleanings, and dead animals
Garbage
Is putrescible solid waste including animal and vegetable waste resulting from handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, or serving of foods.
Industrial waste
Is solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial process.
integrated waste management
REDUCE, RECYCLE, INCINERATE, LANDFILL
Amount generated- E waste
US, 2009, 2.37 million tons 25 percent of these electronics were collected-recycling
Hog Feeding
careful supervision is necessary, must be cooked -Can spread many diseases to man when uncooked garbage is fed to hogs, such as trichinosis, hog cholera, food-and-mouth diseases
incineration pro/con
pro -can be very efficient -decrease waste volume -can be located close to residential areas, safe transportation cost -source of energy such as steam con -Air pollution -Ashes might be considered hazardous waste due to high contents of metals -High capital investment -Expensive to operate and maintain
Sanitary Landfill pro/con
pro -most economical if land is available at reasonable price -low capital investment -Land reclamation (cover 2,3 ft of dirt/use, recover gas) -Moderate operating cost con -Requires top daily cover which might be costly -Water and air pollution, breeding places for vectors of disease if improperly managed
Source reduction
refers to reducing the amount of waste generated that must eventually be discarded, including minimizing volume of products, and extending the useful life of products
degradation
result of environmental factors