South Asia

population pyramid

- a graphical representation of a population's age groups and composition of males and females - ages of people are grouped in cohorts with younger people on the bottom and older on the top

Mahayana

- practiced by most Buddhists worldwide - China and Japan

the isolated Himalayan countries of Nepal and Bhutan largely existed as what?

buffer states (caught between the powerful British Empire and China)

South Asia remains a what?

complex realm at the crossroads of modernization and traditional cultural and religious values

outsourcing

contracting out a portion of a business to another party, which might be located in a different country

India is one of the global leaders in ____________

fiber production

__________________ in particular continues to be a significant issue in India

sexual violence

Mohandas K. Gandhi

- Mahatma - London-educated lawyer - one of the leaders in India's struggle for independence - organized local communities to participate in nonviolent protests - inspired later civil rights leaders

Sri Lanka

- a majority Buddhist country - ethnicity and religion are closely linked

Indus River Valley Civilization

- beginning around 3300 BCE - present-dat Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northwestern India - relied on monsoon rains to provide water to the Indus River - early settlers developed systems of urban planning, baked brick houses, and at its peak had over 5 million people

Jainism

- emerged in India in the first century BCE and emphasizes ahimsa, nonviolence toward all living beings - also seek to break free from attachments and inner passions and aim to keep an open mind toward different perspectives - influential for Gandhi and his emphasis on nonviolent resistance

Sikhism

- emerged in the Punjab region of northwestern - monotheistic religion founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak that combines elements of both Hinduism and Islam - believe in reincarnation - prohibits the worship of idols, images, or icons

Buddhism

- emerged out of Hinduism in Northern India following the life and teachings of Hindu prince Siddhartha Gautama

Islamic Empire

- extended into Afghanistan and Pakistan - the ruling Islamic Mughal Empire was in decline, leaving a power vacuum that would be exploited by the British

K2

- highest peak in the Karakoram Mountain Range - second highest mountain in the world - far and fewer people have successfully made it to the top compared to Everest

Karakoram Mountain Range

- passes through Pakistan, India, China, and Afghanistan - highest concentration of peaks above 8,000 meters - K2 is the highest peak

Hinduism

- polytheistic religion with a wide variety of individual beliefs and practices - highly regional and individual religion and its polytheistic nature reflects this open understanding of belief - 95% of followers live in India

Mount Everest

- resulted from the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate - located in the Himalaya Mountain range (on the border of Nepal and China) - highest mountain in the world

Four Noble Truths

1) Suffering is universal and inevitable 2) the immediate cause of suffering is desire and ignorance 3) there is liberation from suffering 4) the eightfold path is the means to achieve liberation from suffering

Buddhists generally share a belief in the

Four Noble Truths and a common belief in karma, dharma, and reincarnation

social stratification

Hindu scripture discusses four distinct castes (or groups), of people in society

South Asia's Rivers

Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra

___________ fertility rate remains the highest in the region at around 3.5

Pakistan

Deccan Plateau

formed from the region's tectonic activity

communal conflict

refers to violence between members od different communities

caste system

social hierarchy

80 percent of its yearly rainfall from the monsoon and the rains are essential for what?

subsistence and commercial agriculture in the region

despite political and military turmoil, Pakistan has been able to do what?

substantially decrease its poverty rate

Bhutan's government has promoted

the measure of gross national happiness (GNH), as opposed to relying strictly on measures of economic or industrial development and has sought sustainable ways to develop and urbanize

what is the most important climatic feature of South Asia

the monsoon

majority Muslim

the new Islamic state of Pakistan

what does ample rainfall contribute to?

the region's hydroelectricity potential

Majority Hindu

the secular state of India

Untouchables/Dalit

they perform work that makes them spiritually unclean, such as handling corpses, tanning hides, or cleaning bathrooms

what do the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra provide for today?

they provide for the water needs of many of this region's people, irrigation for agricultural lands, and an abundance of fish

what did the British do because they saw local industries as competition?

they shifted their development to export raw materials

80% of all illnesses in India result from what?

water-borne diseases

karma

your deeds, good or bad, will return to you

Vedism

- Aryan invasion - religious texts = Vedas - combined with local religious beliefs to form the modern-day religion of Hinduism (500 BCE)

British Empire

- British East India Company - took over large stretches of land in India - established tea and cotton plantations - took control of South Asia's resources

India's 2017 Population Pyramid

- reveals rapid population growth over the past few decades - the leveling off at the base indicates that population growth may be slowing - India's cultural preference for male children is clearly apparent

what concerns have the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra had in recents?

- significant environmental concerns - they have supported increasing numbers of people along their banks

Vajrayana Buddhism

- sometimes considered a subset of Mahayana Buddhism - practiced in the Himalayas - Tibetan Buddhism is a notable example

agricultural density

- the ratio of the number of farmers to the area of land - in developing countries where many people work as farmers, agricultural density is very high

some of the world's largest megacities are located in

Pakistan

what are some of the other castes in the caste system?

Warrior Caste Merchant Caste Laborer Cast of landless serfs

what did British rule increase?

Westernization in South Asia and they created an extensive rail transportation

what do the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra form?

a lowland region that was home to several ancient civilizations

India's Western Ghats

a mountain range on its western coast causes orographic on its windward side

The British agreed to withdraw from India but political and religious differences resulted in what?

a partition of the former British territory in 1947

______ and ______ have contributed to the imbalance between males and females

abortion and infanticide

The Aryans

an Indo-Iranian group from modern-day Iran, invaded northern India - speakers of Indo-Iranian languages and brought their language (Sanskrit), their culture, and their ideas of social order to the South Asian realm - Hinduism and the caste system emerged

____________ and _________ density can gives insight into the concentration of a country's population and allows us to make comparisons between countries

arithmetic and physiologic

The monsoon rains provide what?

benefits for South Asia's agriculture and economy

orographic precipitation

caused when physical barriers form air masses to climb where they then cool, condense, and form precipitation

South Asia has the highest rates of ________________ of any world region

child malnutrition

Geographers often use the concept of __________ to investigate population.

density

Arithmetic density

determined by taking the number of people in an area divided by the size of the area this gives us a fairly limited view of population density

four key features of Hinduism

dharma karma reincarnation worship

in a country that has few female police officers, high rates of _________________ and a relatively _____ status of women, sexual violence will likely remain until the broader, systemic issues are addressed

domestic violence low

local government and community leaders have sought to escape the shadow of the 20th century's turmoil by

embracing new models of development and cooperation

South Asia is a diverse region in terms of

ethnic landscape, culture, and religious beliefs

What separates the region from the rest of the Eurasian landmass?

formidable physical barriers

inequality between __________, __________, ________, and ________ remains a problem in much of the region

genders religious groups castes ethnic groups

South Asia has a _______ agricultural density

high

Brahmins

highest caste consist of priests and teachers 3% of India's total population

Nepal and Bhutan remain isolated...

in terms of physical geography and global economic integration

the slums in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh indicative of what?

inadequate infrastructure and economic inequality

economic growth has reduced poverty in India, corruption has ________

increased

the British during the Industrial Revolution

interested in expanding their supply of natural resources

What did the Nepal and Bhutan's isolation do?

it allowed them to develop unique cultural features with little influence from outside groups, but it also left them with less economic and industrial development

South Asia is the ________ populous place in the world (home to 1.8 billion people)

most

the low levels of urbanization mean what?

most people in the region still practice agriculture

Threvada

oldest branch of Buddhism primarily practice in Southeast Asia Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand majority religion in Sri Lanka

sex ratio

ratio of males to females

Green Revolution

refers to changes in agricultural technology and productivity beginning in India in the 1960s

monsoon

refers to the seasonal shifts in wind that result in changes in precipitation

what can a good monsoon year do?

replenish the region's water supplies and increase crop yields, driving down food prices

Himalaya Mountains

result in orographic precipitation cause a dry area on their leeward side (rain shadow)

the region remains largely _________

rural

Maurya Empire

stretched across the Himalaya and Karakoram mountain ranges, extending into most of South Asia by 250 BCE followed by a number of different dynasties

Physiologic density

takes into account this difference by examining the number of people per unit of arable or farmable land

what caused most of the physical geographic features of South Asia?

tectonic activity

________________ is an important part of Pakistan's and Bangladesh's economies.

textile production

rain shadow

the Himalaya Mountains are so formidable that they cause a dry area on their leeward side

what created the mountain ranges that we see in this region today?

the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate (the two masses folded like an accordion)

reincarnation

the idea that once you die, your spirit is reborn

Dharma

the laws and duties of being and is different for every person

what contributes to a lack of knowledge about the nutrients needed for children?

the low status of women

One side of the Himalayas are some of the ____________ places on Earth (with over 30 feet of rain) and on the other side, the rain shadow, from the mountains forms the _____________ and the ________________.

wettest Gobi Desert Tibetan Plateau

what negative thing do the torrential rains of the monsoon cause

widespread flooding, destroying agricultural lands and transportation infrastructure, and can contribute to water-borne and insect borne illnesses (due to the significant amounts of standing water)

China in the 1950s

without the knowledge of India, built a road through the northern portion of the state and was given territory by Pakistan