Span 302 Grammar Unit 2

z -> c; verbs like empezar

A.A.A.C. (Triple A + C) - abrazar (to hug); abracé - alcanzar (to reach); alcancé - almorzar (to have lunch), almorcé - comenzar (to start/begin), comencé

Incomplete actions (uses of the imperfect)

After ya, the imperfect express an actions in the past that was about to happen, but was interrupted. Ir a + infinitive can also be used in the imperfect to express the same thing. - Ya salía cuando sonó el teléfono. (I was on my way out when the phone rang.) - Remember the imperfect describes the action you were doing before you were interrupted, the past tense describes the action you were doing after you were interrupted. - Imperfect -> before you were interrupted - Past Tense -> after you were interrupted

Age (uses of the imperfect)

Age is often expressed with the imperfect. The verb tener is used in the imperfect to indicate that someone was a certain age when something happened. - Cuando tenía dieciocho años, conocí al amor de mi vida. (When I was eighteen, I met the love of my life.) The verb cumplir (to fulfill, to compete; yeah it is) is used in the preterite to indicate that someone turned a certain age. - Cuando cumplí diecinueve años, todo había terminado ya. (When I turned nineteen, it [our relationship] was over.)

Stem Changes -ir/-er

All -ir verbs with e -> ie, o -> ue, or e -> i stem changes in the present indicative also have a stem change in the usted/él/ella and the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms in the preterite. Ayer, en la fiesta, Lisa pidió tapas de jamón. (At the party yesterday, Lisa ordered ham tapas.)

Verbs with irregular stems all together (j group)

CDT IPT - Conducir; Conduj- - Decir*; diji- (*Decir = also has vowel changes in the stem.) - Traducir (to translate); traduj- - Introducir (to Introduce); introduj- - Producir (to produce); produj- - Traer (to bring); traj- - ¿Trajiste suficiente dinero? (Did you bring enough money?) - No, no traje dinero. (No, I didn't bring any money).

Irregular Verbs that follow no pattern, but need to just be memorized

D.S.I. Ir, ser, and dar are irregular in the preterite. Note that ser and ir have identical preterite forms. Context clarifies which of the two verbs is being used. Note that dar is irregular because it ends in -ar but it has the preterite endings of -er and -ir verbs with no accents - Fuiste a pasear con Alicia? (Did you go for a walk with Alicia?)

More verbs like caer, leer, and concluir

El gobierno construyó calles nuevas. (The government built new roads.)

Verbs with irregular stems all together (i group)

H.Q.V. - Hacer; hic- - Querer; quis- - Venir; vin- Patricia no hiza nada hoy. (Patricia didn't do anything today).

To say how long you did something: hace/hacía + period of time + que (no) + past tense verb

Hace/hacía + period of time + que(no) + past tense verb is used to express how long since something has/had (not) been done. - Hace tres años que vivo en Madrid. (I lived in Madrid for three years.) The imperfect is often used to indicate that a certain amount of time is over. - Llevo mucho tiempo sin verte. (I haven't seen you in a long time. (I still haven't seen you.)) - Llevaba mucho tiempo sin verte. (It's been so long since I've seen you, but now I have seen you.)

Verbs that change meaning in the preterite vs imperfect pt. 2

Infinitive: conocer to know, to be familiar with (people, places) • A description La conocía bien. I knew her well. • An action (to meet [for the first time]) La conocí ayer. I met her / was introduced to her yesterday. Infinitive: saber to know (information, skills) • A description Sabía cocinar. She knew how to cook. • An action (to find out; to discover) Supo la noticia. She found out the news. Infinitive: tener to have • A description Ellas tenían el pelo rubio. They had red hair. • An action (to get; to receive) Ellas tuvieron (had) un accidente. They had / got into an accident.

Verbs that change meaning in the preterite vs imperfect pt. 3

Infinitive: querer (to want) - La gente del pueblo se asomaba la venta porque quería ver qué sucedía. (The townspeople looked out their windows to see what was happening.) • An action: querer - to try without necessarily succeeding. - La mujer quiso visitar el cementerio donde estaba enterrado su hijo Infinitive: no querer (not to want) - La mujer no quería despertar al cura. (The woman did not want to wake up the priest.) An Action: no querer (to refuse) - La mujer no quiso irse de la casa del cura sin verlo. (The woman refused to leave the priest's house without seeing him.) Infinitive: poder (to be able to; can) - En la distancia, se podía escuchar la música que tocaba la banda. (The music the band was playing could be heard in the distance.) An action: poder (to manage to; succeed in) - La mujer pudo convencer a la hermana del cura de que fuera a buscarlo. (The woman managed to convince the priest's sister to go fetch him.) Infinitive: no poder (to be unable to (in a general sense)) - No se podía respirar en el tren a causa del calor. (It was so hot inside the train that one couldn't breathe.) An action: no poder (to be unable to; to fail to) - La chica no pudo subir la ventana del tren. (The girl was unable to close the window in the train.)

G -> gu; verbs like jugar

L.P.E.N. - llegar (to arrive); llegué - pagar (to pay (for)); pagué - entregar (to deliver); entregué - negar (to deny/refuse); negué

More stem changes! (I -> Y)

Note that i changes to y in the usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas firms of all these verbs. This also happens with the stem-changing letter, I, falls between two vowels. *Note that the tú, nosotros/as, and vosotros/as forms of caer, leer, and oír (but not concluir) have written accents to reflects the correct pronunciation.

The preteirte and the imperfect

Past-tense forms and the verbal aspect (Formas del pasado y aspecto verbal) Past-tense forms - Spanish has two simple tenses to express the past: the preteirte and the imperfect. Both are similar to the English preteirte, but are used differently, depending on the context.

Verbos de dicción (Verbs of diction)

Pedir, preguntar, responder, decir -> son pretérito siempre

The imperfect vs the past tense compared

Preterite: Used for simple past actions that have a definitive start/ending. Ayer monté en bicicleta por tres horas. Yesterday I rode my bike for three hours. Imperfect: What you used to do/would do/"was" De niño montaba mucho en bicicleta. As a child I used to ride my bike a lot.

Guar -> gü; verbs like averiguar

S.A.D.A. - santiguarse (to make the sign of the cross); me santigüé - apaciguar (to appease/pacify); apacigüé - desaguar (to drain); to drain - atestiguar (to attest/testify); atestigüé

Verbs with spelling changes (Stem changing verbs)

Some verbs have minor spelling changes in the preterite in order to keep the same consonant sound. The endings are regular except for the yo form. Spelling changes are in the yo form only: - c -> qu (buscar- to look for; busqué) - g -> gu (jugar- to play; jugue) - guar -> gü (averiguar -> to find out / check; averigüé) - z -> c (empezar -> to start/begin; empecé) Ayer busqué a Carlos todo el día. (I looked for Carlos all day long yesterday.)

Verbs that change meaning in the preterite vs imperfect

Sometimes verbs have different translations in English, depending on whether they are conjugated in the imperfect or the preterite. This is because in English, words—not verb endings—express the difference between a description (or ongoing state) and an action. Refresher: - Infinitive or description: Imperfect - Just stating what happened or just stated an action: The Preterite

Verbs like buscar; c -> qu

T.E.P.S. - tocar (to play an instrument/to touch) -> toqué - explicar (to explain) -> expliqué - practicar (to practice) -> practiqué - sacar -> saqué (to take out /withdraw)

The imperfect

The Spanish imperfect tense (el pretérito imperfecto o copretérito) is used to describe past habitual actions or to talk about what someone was doing when they were interrupted by something else. It is what you "used to" do. Regular verbs in the imperfect Almost all of the verbs in Spanish are regular in the imperfect. There are no stem changes. The same endings are used for -er and -ir verbs.

Preterite vs. Imperfect

The Spanish preteirte and imperfect tenses convey different aspects of actions, events, and states of being, and indicate how they are perceived in relation to time. The preteirte action has a starting and/or fishing point and clearly shows that an action took place at definite time or has been completed. On the other hand, the imperfect action does not have a concrete beginning or end; rather, it expresses an ongoing, habitual repeated, or frequent action in the past or an action with indefinite time frame.

A Note about the Preterite and the Imperfect

The Spanish preterite and imperfect tenses can sometimes be translated the same way into English, even through the meaning of preterite and imperfect actions are different. - Ex. El perro saltó por encima de la cerca. (The dog jumped over the fence. This is also in the preterite) - El perro saltaba por encima de la cerca. (The dog jumped over the fence over and over again. This is also in the imperfect.)

To mark the beginning and the end of an action (uses of the preterite)

The Spanish preterite indicates the start, the end, or the completion of events and actions in the past. Specific verbs or expressions like the end or finally can be used in English to convey this information about the action. - Escribí las cartas. (I wrote the cards.) Note: Also remember Spanish does not rely as much on Subject Pronouns as English does, so adding a yo before escribí is unnecessary and redundant because of how Escribir is conjugated (it's in the yo form), this already tells you who the subject of the sentence is. ----- You use subject pronouns when the subject of a sentence is uncertain or you changing the subject of the sentence/paragraph

The preterite (aka el pretérito perfecto simple)

The Spanish preterite tense (el pretérito o el pretérito perfecto simple) is used to describe actions completed at a point in the past. These actions have a specific start point and end point. Regular verbs Regular -er and -ir verbs have the same endings in the preterite. Note that the yo and usted/él/ella forms carry a written accent. The tú and vos endings are the same.

Courtesy (uses of the imperfect)

The imperfect can be used to make polite requests. - Quería pedirte una cosa. (I wanted to ask you for something.)

Background information and setting (specifically the scene) (uses of the imperfect)

The imperfect can be used to set the scene for past actions. For example, it can be used to describe the time of day, how someone felt, or what was happening when another action took place. - Eran las seis. (It was six o'clock) The descriptions in a given background provide information about specific actions that can be expressed in the preterite. - Eran las seis cuando sonó el despertador. (It was six o'clock when the alarm went off.) In stories, the imperfect is used for descriptions in the past or to tell about happening when a specific action took place. Time expressions like de pronto (suddenly) and en ese momento (at that moment) indicate the beginning of a specific past action that interrupts ongoing actions. This interrupting action is expressed with the preterite. - Había paz en el mundo. El sol brillaba y me sentía optimista, pero ese mismo día cambió mi vida para siempre. (There was peace in the world. The sun was shining and I felt optimistic, but on that same day my life changed forever.)

Characteristics (uses of the imperfect)

The imperfect is used to describe the characteristics of people, things, or conditions in the past. - Luis y yo nos queríamos mucho. (Luis and I loved each other a lot.)

Weather (uses of the imperfect)

The imperfect is used to describe the weather with actions that are expressed in the preterite. - Ayer nevaba mucho cuando salí. (It was snowing a lot yesterday when I went out.) When describing the weather during a specific period in the past, the preterite can be used. - Ayer nevó mucho cuando salí. (It snowed a lot yesterday.)

Three ways of telling a story using the imperfect and the past tense

The main actions of a story are generally related to one another in these three basic ways: • Acciones en proceso y simultáneas: Use the imperfecto to describe two or more actions that were taking place (or were ongoing) simultaneously: in other words, to say that the activities were happening at the same time. Connect the two actions with y (and) or mientras (while). Patricia miraba el desfile en la televisión mientras yo decoraba la mesa. Patricia was watching the parade on TV while I was decorating the table. • Serie de acciones completadas: Use the pretérito to express a series or sequence of completed actions: in other words, to say what happened, one thing after another. Connect the actions with words such as primero, después, and luego. Primero Ana y Luisa cenaron en un café; luego se reunieron con unos amigos. First Ana and Luisa had supper in a café; then, they got together with some friends. • Una acción interrumpe otra acción: One action may interrupt another that was already taking place. Use the imperfecto to describe the ongoing action. Use the pretérito for the action that began, ended, or otherwise interrupted the ongoing one. Connect the two parts of the sentence with cuando (when) or mientras (while). Mientras veían los fuegos artificiales, empezó a llover. While they were watching the fireworks, it started to rain.

To indicate a sequence of events (uses of the preterite)

The preterite can be used to describe actions that were part of a list or chain of events. In this context, the preterite marks the end of one action and the beginning of the next. Rosa se levantó temprano. Se vistió rápidamente, no comió nada y salió corriendo a tomar el autobús. (Rosa got up early. She got dressed quickly, didn't eat anything, and rushed out to catch the bus.) Using the imperfect in the same context would indicate habitual or repeated actions in the past. Rosa se levantaba temprano, se vestía rápidamente, no comía nada y salía corriendo a tomar el autobús. (Rosa used to get up early, get dressed quickly, eat nothing, and rush out to catch the bus.

To indicate that an action took place in the past (uses of the preterite)

The preterite indicates that an action or situation actually already happened and ended Some time expressions that signal the preterite are anoche, anteayer, ayer, la semana pasada, and el mes/año/siglo pasado. Ex. Fui a Madrid el año pasado. (I went to Madrid last year.) The preterite is also used to state historical facts. - Hernán Cortés llegó a México en 1519. (Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico in 1519.)

Impersonal constructions of había and hubo

The preterite of haber, hubo, expresses an action or state that has ended. - En el sigo XX hubo muchas guerras. (In the 20th century, there were many wars.) While the imperfect, había, describes the existence of something in the past without stating it ended. - Casi en ningún país había paz en esa época. (Almost no country had peace during that period.)

Irregular forms in the imperfect

There are only three irregular verbs in the imperfect. Here's an acronym to remember them: S.I.V. - Ser - Ir - Ver

Verbs with irregular stems all together (u group)

There are three groups of verbs with irregular stems. The endings of these verbs are the same as regular -er and -ir verbs except for the yo and usted/él/ella forms. Note that these two forms do not have written accents. Irregular stems: u group (SETH P PAC) - saber; sup- - estar; estuv- - tener; tuv- - haber; hub- - poner; pus- - poder; pud- - andar; anduv- - caber; cup- Rita estuvo muy poco tiempo en Madrid. (Rita was in Madrid for a very short time.)

Uses of the imperfect

Uso del pretérito imperfecto CBD WHI CA In Spanish, the imperfect is used in the following ways: - Characteristics - Background information and Setting (specifically the scene) - Dreams and Children's games - Weather - Habits and preferences - Incomplete actions (aka Ongoing Actions) - Courtesy - Age

Uses of the preterite

Uso del pretérito perfecto simple In Spanish, the preterite is used in the following ways (TTTT, the four T's): - To mark the beginning and the end of an action - To indicate that an action took place in the past - To indicate a sequence of events - To move a story forward (you will see later on in the quizlet for this one)

Ver (imperfect)

Ve + er/ir regular forms of the imperfect veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían

Dreams and children's games (uses of the imperfect)

When children invent games based on fantasy or imagination, the context is created using the imperfect. When dreams are talked about, the start of the story is often Soñe que... and the rest is told in the imperfect and other past structures. The preteirte is rarely used. - Juguemos a que estábamos en una nave espacial, que tú eras un monstruo y que yo te perseguía. (Let's pretend that we're in a spaceship, you're a monster, and I'm chasing you.) - Soñé que era el día del examen y que no había estudiado nada. (I dreamt that it was exam day and that I hadn't studied anything.)

Habits and preferences (uses of the imperfect)

With action verbs, the imperfect often describe habits, routines, or events that used to happen repeatedly or at regular intervals in the past. Time expressions like todos los días (everyday), cada año (every year), and siempre (always) are often used to emphasize the repetition of an action. - ¿Ibais a la escuela todos los días? (Did you [pl.] go to school every day?) The imperfect can be used to express two or more past actions that used to happen at the same time. - Siempre me caía cuando montaba en bicicleta. (I always used to fall when riding my bike.)

-ar forms (imperfect)

aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban cantar (to sing) - cantaba - cantabas - cantábamos - cantabais - cantaban The Nosotros form will always have an accent above the second vowel in the form.

Ser (imperfect)

era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran

Ir (imperfect)

iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban

The verb oler

to smell The verb oler, is a unique o -> ue verb. Forms: huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelen

Summary of uses to tell a story

to summarize, the imperfect and the preterite are used in the following ways to tell stories and anecdotes: To set the scene (what normally happened, the time or date, the location, the characters, what was going on) → imperfect - Todas las noches, el señor Fulano salía al jardín y observaba el cielo. - Era el doce de abril y el señor Fulano estaba en el jardín con su perro. - Esa noche un avión volaba enfrente de la luna. To move the plot or storyline ahead → pretérito - El señor Fulano buscó su celular y sacó una foto de la luna. To pause to describe (a scene, a character) → imperfecto - La luna era amarilla como el queso. - El señor Fulano estaba fascinado. To advance the story line once again → pretérito - El señor Fulano decidió tuitear la foto. To conclude by summing up the experience → pretérito - La foto del señor Fulano se hizo viral

regular preterite -ar endings

é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron Viajar viajé viajaste viajó viajamos viajasteis viajaron

Regular Preterite -er/-ir

í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron Comer Comí Comiste Comió Comimos Comisteis Comieron Salir Salí Saliste Salió Salimos Salisteis Salieron Note that regular -ar and -ir verbs have the same nosotros/as form in both in the present indicative and the preterite. Context will usually indicate the tense.

-er/-ir forms (imperfect)

ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían comer (to eat) - comía - comías - comía - comíamos - comíais - comían vivir (to live) - same forms as comer The Nosotros form will always have an accent above the second vowel in the form.