span 307 test 2
Antes de Lutero, Erasmo creó los metodos de una nueva teología basada en el estudio de la Biblia. Erasmus, Desiderius born Oct. 27, 1469 , Rotterdam, Holland [now in The Netherlands] died July 12, 1536, Basel, Switz.
Before Luther, Erasmus created the methods of a new theology based on the study of the Bible. Erasmus, Desiderius Born Oct. 27, 1469, Rotterdam, Holland [now in The Netherlands] died July 12, 1536, Basel, Switz. Humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the New Testament, and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature.
The First Voyage of Columbus Christopher Columbus departed on his first voyage from the port of Palos (near Huelva) in southern Spain, on August 2, 1492, in command of three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. His crew mostly came from surrounding towns such as Lepe and Moguer.
The First Voyage of Columbus Columbus called first at the Canary Islands, the westernmost Spanish possessions. He was delayed there for four weeks by calm winds and the need for repair and refit. Columbus left the island of Gomera on September 6, 1492, but calms again left him within sight of the western island of Hierro until September 8.
The Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a successor state to the empire founded in 800 by Charlemagne, who revived the title of Roman emperor in the West. According to Carolingian theory, the Roman Empire had merely been suspended, not ended, by the abdication of the last Roman emperor in 476
The Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a successor state to the empire founded in 800 by Charlemagne, who revived the title of Roman emperor in the West. According to Carolingian theory, the Roman Empire had merely been suspended, not ended, by the abdication of the last Roman emperor in 476
El rey de Francia, Francisco I, prisionero de Carlos V, es recibido en Valencia.
The King of France, Francis I, prisoner of Charles V, is received in Valencia.
Los claustros del Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes proyectan patrones luminosos a media mañana.
The Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes cloisters cast mid-morning light patterns.
El Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes fue encargado en 1476 por los Reyes Católicos, para celebrar una victoria sobre Portugal.
The Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes was commissioned in 1476 by the Catholic Monarchs, to celebrate a victory over Portugal.
exploraciones y conquistas entre 1510 y 1550 Entre 1510 y 1550 (epoca de Carlos V) se realizaron las grandes exploraciones y conquistas.
Explorations and conquests between 1510 and 1550 Between 1510 and 1550 (Time of Carlos V) the great explorations and conquests were realized.
En Inglaterra, la reforma religiosa tuvo un carácter cismático mas que herético: Enrique VIII, deseando divorciarse de Catalina de Aragón para casarse con Ana Bolena, se proclama a sí mismo como Suprema Cabeza de la Iglesia de Inglaterra, creando la Iglesia Anglicana.
In England, religious reform had a schismatic rather than a heretical character: Henry VIII, desiring to divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn, proclaims himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England, creating the Anglican Church.
En España, entre 1520 y 1560, se produce una disputa entre ortodoxia catolica y erasmismo europeista. Cuando estalla en Alemania la revolución luterana, el Santo Oficio (La Inquisicion) tuvo a partir de entonces en el luteranismo un nuevo campo de acción.
In Spain, between 1520 and 1560, a dispute arises between Catholic orthodoxy and Europeanist erasmismo. When the Lutheran revolution breaks out in Germany, the Holy Office (the Inquisition) has since then in Lutheranism a new field of action.
LOS AUSTRIAS ESPAÑOLES •EMPERADOR CARLOS I Y V DE ALEMANIA (1517-1556) •FELIPE II (1556-1598) •REY FELIPE III (1598-1621) •REY FELIPE IV (1621-1665) •REY CARLOS II (1665-1700)
SPANISH AUSTRIA • EMPEROR CARLOS I AND V OF GERMANY (1517-1556) • FELIPE II (1556-1598) • KING FELIPE III (1598-1621) • KING FELIPE IV (1621-1665) • KING CARLOS II (1665-1700)
Segunda oleada reformista: EI calvinismo. Desde finales de los años 30, aparece en Europa el calvinismo (Juan Calvino, 1509-1564), doctrina protestante cuya base doctrinal es la total predestinación del cristiano. Reduce los sacramentos a dos, y no como conferidores de gracia sino como signos externos de fe. Desde Ginebra, la capital protestante de Europa, se propaga el calvinismo par Europa, creando comunidades como los hugonotes (Francia), los puritanos (Inglaterra), los presbiterianos (Escocia) y los cuáqueros (que pasan a Norteamérica y fundan Filadelfia)
Second wave reformist: EI Calvinism. Since the late 1930s Calvinism appeared in Europe (John Calvin, 1509-1564), a Protestant doctrine whose doctrinal basis is the total predestination of the Christian. It reduces the sacraments to two, and not as conferring of grace but as external signs of faith. From Geneva, the Protestant capital of Europe, Calvinism spread to Europe, creating communities such as the Huguenots (France), the Puritans (England), the Presbyterians (Scotland) and the Quakers (who pass to North America and found Philadelphia)
Sudamérica. Francisco Pizarro conquista Perú, habitado por los incas (1531-37). Fundación de Lima en 1535.
South America. Francisco Pizarro Conquers Peru, inhabited by the Incas (1531-37). Foundation of Lima in 1535.
THE HABSBURGS (LOS AUSTRIAS) Spain owned Sardinia, the southern third of Italy, and two thirds of the Americas, while Maximilian got Milan through yet another marriage in 1493, so when Charles V became emperor in 1520, he found himself with an awesome amount of territory...
THE HABSBURGS (LOS AUSTRIAS) Spain owned Sardinia, the southern third of Italy, and two thirds of the Americas, while Maximilian got Milan through yet another marriage in 1493, so when Charles V became emperor in 1520, he found himself with an awesome amount of territory...
THE HABSBURGS (LOS AUSTRIAS) The royal Habsburg Family of Europe, one of the oldest and most prominent dynasties from the 15th to the 20th centuries, was named after the family castle of Habsburg, or Habichtsburg ("Hawk's Castle")
THE HABSBURGS (LOS AUSTRIAS) The Habsburgs came into European prominence with the election of Count Rudolf as the German king and Holy Roman emperor Rudolf I in 1273.
2 direcciones básicas en la política exterior y en la cultura
2 basic directions in foreign policy and culture
CAPITULO 6Espana bajo los habsburgos, siglos xvi &xvii
Chapter 6 Spain under the Habsburgs, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
- 1400-1519: The Aztec (Mexica) Empire c. 1325: Tenochtitlan is founded. 1502-1520: Montezuma II expands the Aztec (Mexica) empire. - 1438-1538: The Inca Empire c. 13th c.: The first Inca, Manco Capac establishes Cuzco. 1438: The ninth Inca, Pachacutic, begins the expansion of the empire. 1513: Under Huayana Capac Quito is conquered. 1533: The Empire is conquered by a Spanish army under Francisco Pizarro. - 1519-1810: The Spanish Empire 1519-1521: The Aztecs Empire is conquered by a Spanish army led by Hernán Cortes. 1527: Beginnings of the encomienda system. 1531-1534: The Inca Empire is conquered by a Spanish army led by Francisco Pizarro. 1535: Lima is founded. Viceroyalty of New Spain is established. 1542-1545: The News laws which made the Amerindian natives vassals of the King. 1550: Bartolome de Las Casas defends the rights of natives peoples at Valladolid.
- 1400-1519: The Aztec (Mexica) Empire c. 1325: Tenochtitlan is founded. 1502-1520: Montezuma II expands the Aztec (Mexica) empire. - 1438-1538: The Inca Empire c. 13th c.: The first Inca, Manco Capac establishes Cuzco. 1438: The ninth Inca, Pachacutic, begins the expansion of the empire. 1513: Under Huayana Capac Quito is conquered. 1533: The Empire is conquered by a Spanish army under Francisco Pizarro. - 1519-1810: The Spanish Empire 1519-1521: The Aztecs Empire is conquered by a Spanish army led by Hernán Cortes. 1527: Beginnings of the encomienda system. 1531-1534: The Inca Empire is conquered by a Spanish army led by Francisco Pizarro. 1535: Lima is founded. Viceroyalty of New Spain is established. 1542-1545: The News laws which made the Amerindian natives vassals of the King. 1550: Bartolome de Las Casas defends the rights of natives peoples at Valladolid.
- Por otra parte, ataca la autoridad del Papa, - niega la superioridad del clero, - condena las ordenes mendicantes - y propone el matrimonio de los sacerdotes. - De los sacramentos, sólo admite el Bautismo, la Eucaristia bajo dos especies, y la Penitencia, pero negando a los eclesiasticos la facultad de perdonar los pecados.
- On the other hand, attacks the authority of the Pope, - deny the superiority of the clergy, - condemned the mendicant orders - and proposes the marriage of the priests. - Of the sacraments, only Baptism, the Eucharist under two species, and Penance, but denying ecclesiastics the power to forgive sins.
- Pedro de Valdivia conquista Chile, habitado por los araucanos. Fundación de Santiago en 1541. - Por el norte de Perú, Sebastián de Belalcázar conquista las tierras de Quito (1533) y la altiplanicie de Bogotá (1537). Fundación de Bogotá en 1538.
- Pedro de Valdivia conquers Chile, inhabited by the Araucanians. Foundation of Santiago in 1541. - In the north of Peru, Sebastián de Belalcázar conquers the lands of Quito (1533) and the plateau of Bogota (1537). Foundation of Bogota in 1538.
EPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS: LITERATURA • En el teatro, todavía rudimentario, hay autores como Juan del Encina, Lucas Fernández, Bartolomé Torres Naharro y Gil Vicente.
EPOCA OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS: LITERATURE • In the theater, still rudimentary, there are authors such as Juan del Encina, Lucas Fernández, Bartolomé Torres Naharro and Gil Vicente.
Todos estos descubrimientos producen una gran transformación en el campo de la economía. Desde principios del S. XVI una enorme masa de productos (algodón, azúcar, seda, maderas, café, cacao, tabaco arroz) afluyen directamentamente a Europa. En la primera etapa, los portugueses monopolizaron el comercio de las especias y los españoles el comercio de los metales preciosos (oro y plata).
All these discoveries produce a great transformation in the field of economics. Since the beginning of the 16th century, a huge mass of products (cotton, sugar, silk, wood, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice) have flowed directly into Europe. In the first stage, the Portuguese monopolized the trade of spices and the Spanish trade of precious metals (gold and silver).
Américo Vespuccio (b. 1454 - d. 1512) Born into a noble family in Florence, Italy, this Italian navigator made four voyages to America, two for Spain and two for Portugal. Primer viaje: 1499-1500 Segundo viaje: 1501-1502
Américo Vespuccio (b. 1454 - d. 1512) Born into a noble family in Florence, Italy, this Italian navigator made four voyages to America, two for Spain and two for Portugal. First trip: 1499-1500 Second trip: 1501-1502
En ese momento, Portugal tiene dos opciones para llegar a la India: • Continuar la ruta de Bartolomeu Dias a través del Índico • Aceptar la idea de Cristóbal Colón que desde 1484 había presentado al rey Juan II de Portugal el proyecto de llegar a la India navegando hacia el Oeste. Portugal rechazó el proyecto de Colón, que en 1492, logró realizarlo con la ayuda de España. Por su parte, Portugal patrocina la expedición de Vasco de Gama que sale de Lisboa hacia el Índico en 1497 y llega a la India en 1498.
At that time, Portugal has two options to reach India: • Continue the route of Bartolomeu Dias through the Indian Ocean • Accept the idea of Christopher Columbus who from 1484 had presented to King Juan II of Portugal the project of arriving in India sailing to the West. Portugal rejected the project of Columbus, that in 1492, managed to realize it with the aid of Spain. Portugal, for its part, sponsors the expedition of Vasco de Gama, which leaves Lisbon for the Indian Ocean in 1497 and arrives in India in 1498.
CARAVELA (CARAVEL) a light sailing ship of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries in Europe, much-used by the Spanish and Portuguese for long voyages. Apparently developed by the Portuguese for exploring the coast of Africa, the caravel's chief excellence lay in its capacity for sailing to windward. It was also capable of remarkable speed. Two of the three ships in which Christopher Columbus made his historic voyage in 1492 were caravels, the Niña and the Pinta.
CARAVELA (CARAVEL) a light sailing ship of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries in Europe, much-used by the Spanish and Portuguese for long voyages. Apparently developed by the Portuguese for exploring the coast of Africa, the caravel's chief excellence lay in its capacity for sailing to windward. It was also capable of remarkable speed. Two of the three ships in which Christopher Columbus made his historic voyage in 1492 were caravels, the Niña and the Pinta.
CHARLES V Charles was the son of Philip I the Handsome, king of Castile, and Joan the Mad, and the grandson of Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy, as well as of the "Catholic Kings" Isabella I the Catholic, of Castile, and Ferdinand II the Catholic, of Aragon.
CHARLES V Charles was the son of Philip I the Handsome, king of Castile, and Joan the Mad, and the grandson of Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy, as well as of the "Catholic Kings" Isabella I the Catholic, of Castile, and Ferdinand II the Catholic, of Aragon.
CONTRARREFORMA. CONCILIO DE TRENTO - En la primera etapa del Concilio (1545-47) se aprueba que la versión latina de la Biblia, conocida como La Vulgata, es la única autentica para uso teológico. - Se atacan una serie de conceptos protestantes: El hombre no está predestinado, sino que goza de libre arbitrio, y todos los hombres pueden salvarse.
COUNTER REFORMATION. CONCILIO DE TRENTO - In the first stage of the Council (1545-47) it is approved that the Latin version of the Bible, known as La Vulgata, is the only authentic for theological use. - A series of Protestant concepts are attacked: Man is not predestined, but enjoys free will, and all men can be saved.
CONTRARREFORMA. CONCILIO DE TRENTO EI Concilio marca el inicio de la Contrarreforma católica (contra la Reforma protestante) y con ello provoca el repliegue hispánico: • En 1551, se prohibe la lectura de la Biblia en lengua vulgar. • En 1558 se prohibe la importación de libros extranjeros. • En 1559, se prohibe a los estudiantes españoles estudiar en el extranjero y se publica un nuevo Índice de Libros Prohibidos en el que figuran las obras de Erasmo.
COUNTER REFORMATION. CONCILIO DE TRENTO The Council marks the beginning of the Counter-Reformation Catholic (against the Protestant Reformation) and with that it causes the Hispanic withdrawal: • In 1551, reading of the Bible is prohibited in Vulgar language • In 1558 the importation of foreign books is prohibited. • In 1559, Spanish students are prohibited from studying abroad and a new Index of Prohibited Books is published, which shows the works of Erasmus.
CONTRARREFORMA. CONCILIO DE TRENTO -La justificación se alcanza par la fe y par las obras. -Se defiende la existencia de los siete sacramentos como medios reales de la gracia divina y -se afirma la transubstanciación y la presencia real de Cristo en la Eucaristía.
COUNTER REFORMATION. Council of Trent -The justification is reached by faith and by works. -The existence of the seven sacraments is defended as the real means of divine grace and - affirms the transubstantiation and the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Carlos I de España y V de Alemania (1517-1556) He struggled to hold his empire together against the growing forces of Protestantism, increasing Turkish and French pressure, and even hostility from the Pope. At last he yielded, abdicating his claims to the Netherlands and Spain in favour of his son Philip II and the title of emperor to his brother Ferdinand I and retiring to a monastery.
Carlos I de España y V de Alemania (1517-1556) He struggled to hold his empire together against the growing forces of Protestantism, increasing Turkish and French pressure, and even hostility from the Pope. At last he yielded, abdicating his claims to the Netherlands and Spain in favour of his son Philip II and the title of emperor to his brother Ferdinand I and retiring to a monastery.
Carlos I de España y V de Alemania (1517-1556) Holy Roman emperor (1519-56), king of Spain (as Charles I, 1516-56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I, 1519- 21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America.
Carlos I de España y V de Alemania (1517-1556) Holy Roman emperor (1519-56), king of Spain (as Charles I, 1516-56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I, 1519-21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America.
Carlos V fue padre de varios hijos naturales, como Margarita de Parma
Carlos V was the father of several natural children, such as Margarita de Parma
Carlos hace su entrada triunfal en Amberes como Señor de los Países Bajos Hans Mackart.- Hamburgo, Kunsthalle. (Recreación histórica)
Carlos makes his triumphant entry in Antwerp as Lord of the Netherlands
Capitulo 5 Reyes Catolicos Edad Moderna (1492-1808) Período histórico que abarca desde finales del siglo XV hasta principios del XIX. Fechas clave: - 1492: Descubrimiento de América, Conquista de Granada (Final de la Reconquista), Expulsión de los judíos - 1789 Revolución Francesa - 1808 Guerra de la Independencia Española contra la invasión napoleónica
Chapter 5 Catholic Kings Modern Age (1492-1808) Historical period that covers from the end of the fifteenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Key Dates: - 1492: Discovery of America, Conquest of Granada (Final of the Reconquest), Expulsion of the Jews - 1789 French Revolution - 1808 Spanish War of Independence against the Napoleonic Invasion
Características del reinado de Carlos V -Apertura del Imperio Español -Coincide con el auge de la Reforma protestante -Intentos de lograr la reunificación cristiana (católicos y protestantes) mediante el diálogo -Prosperidad económica -Exploraciones y conquistas en el Nuevo Mundo -Política exterior: Guerras contra franceses, turcos y protestantes. Territorios vastísimos en Europa y en América.
Characteristics of the reign of Charles V -Appearance of the Spanish Empire -It coincides with the rise of the Protestant Reformation - Attempts to achieve Christian reunification (Catholics and Protestants) through dialogue - Economic prosperity -Explorations and Conquests in the New World Foreign Policy: Wars against French, Turks and Protestants. Territorios vastísimos in Europe and in America.
Cristobal Colón parece que nació en Génova, Italia, en 1451. Tras una serie de viajes comerciales por el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico, a finales de los 70 se halla en Portugal. En contacto con el matemático florentino Toscanelli, concibió el proyecto de llegar al Oriente por el Oeste. Juan II de Portugal rechazó el proyecto (1484) y entonces Colón acudió a los Reyes Católicos, con quienes se entrevistó en 1486, pero éstos estaban ocupados con la guerra de Granada, y sólo en 1492, ante los muros de Granada, se firmaron las Capitulaciones de Santa Fe.
Cristobal Columbus seems to have been born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451. After a series of commercial trips to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, in the late 1970s he was in Portugal. In contact with the Florentine mathematician Toscanelli, he conceived the project of reaching the East by the West. John II of Portugal rejected the project (1484) and then Columbus went to the Catholic Monarchs, with whom he met in 1486, but these were occupied with the war of Granada, and only in 1492, before the walls of Granada, were the Capitulations of Santa Fe.
DIAS, BARTOLOMEU Bartolomeu Dias (1457-1500) was a great Portuguese navigator and explorer who explored Africa's coast. In 1488, Dias led the first European expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, leaving Tagus, Portugal in 1487. This breakthrough of circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope opened up lucrative trading routes from Europe to Asia. Dias may have originally called the southern tip of Africa the "Cape of Storms"; it was later renamed the Cape of Good Hope. On a later expedition (in 1500, with Pedro Álvares Cabral), Dias sailed near South America on the way to Africa, and spotted land at Espírito Santo in Brazil, calling it the "Land of the True Cross." Although they thought it to be an island, Dias was still among the first Europeans to see Brazil. Dias died during this expedition; he was lost at sea near near the Cape of Good Hope in 1500.
DIAS, BARTOLOMEU Bartolomeu Dias (1457-1500) was a great Portuguese navigator and explorer who explored Africa's coast. In 1488, Dias led the first European expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, leaving Tagus, Portugal in 1487. This breakthrough of circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope opened up lucrative trading routes from Europe to Asia. Dias may have originally called the southern tip of Africa the "Cape of Storms"; it was later renamed the Cape of Good Hope. On a later expedition (in 1500, with Pedro Álvares Cabral), Dias sailed near South America on the way to Africa, and spotted land at Espírito Santo in Brazil, calling it the "Land of the True Cross." Although they thought it to be an island, Dias was still among the first Europeans to see Brazil. Dias died during this expedition; he was lost at sea near near the Cape of Good Hope in 1500.
Don Juan de Austria, Jeromín, fue presentado a su padre a los doce años de edad
Don Juan de Austria, Jeromín, was introduced to his father at the age of twelve
Duque de Lerma, valido de Felipe III Sistema de validos Consiste en que el rey deja las responsabilidades políticas en las manos de un favorito (el valido). En España se inicia con Felipe III de Austria (su valido principal fue el Duque de Lerma), y continúa con Felipe IV (su valido fue el Conde-Duque de Olivares) y Carlos II (su valido fue Nithard). No fue un sistema exclusivo de España, porque los reyes de Francia y de Inglaterra tuvieron también validos.
Duke of Lerma, valid of Felipe III Validation system It consists of the king leaving the political responsibilities in the hands of a favorite (the valid). In Spain begins with Felipe III of Austria (its main valid was the Duke of Lerma), and continues with Felipe IV (its valid was the Count-Duke of Olivares) and Carlos II (its valid was Nithard). It was not an exclusive system of Spain, because the kings of France and England were also valid.
EL SACRO IMPERIO ROMANO Charles V had been both the king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor but had given up both the thrones out of sheer exhaustion. He was convinced that it was impossible for one man to rule such an enormous area so, before he went off to spend his retirement in the calm of a Spanish monastery, he divided his possessions as follows
EL SACRO IMPERIO ROMANO Charles V had been both the king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor but had given up both the thrones out of sheer exhaustion. He was convinced that it was impossible for one man to rule such an enormous area so, before he went off to spend his retirement in the calm of a Spanish monastery, he divided his possessions as follows
EPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS: LITERATURA • En prosa, son típicas las novelas de caballerías (chivalry novels): Amadís de Gaula, Palmerín de Oliva). • Sobre todo, es importante LA CELESTINA (1499), novela dialogada, obra cumbre del humanismo renacentista.
EPOCA OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS: LITERATURE • In prose, the chivalry novels are typical: Amadís de Gaula, Palmerín de Oliva). • Above all, it is important THE CELESTINE (1499), a dialogue novel, a masterpiece of Renaissance humanism.
Exploraciones y conquistas entre 1510 y 1550 (época de Carlos V) - Desde Méjico, los españoles exploraron y colonizaron América Central. -La ciudad de Panamá fue fundada en 1519. -Castañeda y Espinosa descubrieron el litoral de Costa Rica (1520) y González Dávila y Hernández de Córdoba la actual Nicaragua (1522-24). Después conquistaron Honduras (1524) y Guatemala y San Salvador (1523-28)
Explorations and conquests between 1510 and 1550 (time of Charles V) - From Mexico, the Spanish explored and colonized Central America. -The city of Panama was founded in 1519. -Castañeda and Espinosa discovered the coast of Costa Rica (1520) and González Dávila and Hernández de Córdoba the present Nicaragua (1522-24). Later they conquered Honduras (1524) and Guatemala and San Salvador (1523-28)
Exploraciones y conquistas entre 1510 y 1550 (época de Carlos V) - El conquistador aspiraba a instalarse en América con una situación parecida a la que ocupaban en España los nobles. Para ello reclama del Rey tierras, cargos de gobierno y mano de obra indígena.
Explorations and conquests between 1510 and 1550 (time of Charles V) - The conqueror aspired to settle in America with a situation similar to that occupied by the nobles in Spain. To this end, he claims from the King lands, positions of government and indigenous labor.
Exploraciones y conquistas entre 1510 y 1550 (época de Carlos V) Norteamerica y Centroamerica. - EI español Hernan Cortés sale de Cuba en 1519, lucha contra los aztecas y conquista la capital de Méjico (Tenochtitlán) en 1521. La confederación azteca recibió el nombre de Nueva España. - Después, Cortés llegó hasta California (1536)
Explorations and conquests between 1510 and 1550 (time of Charles V) North America and Central America. - Spanish Hernan Cortes left Cuba in 1519, fought against the Aztecs and conquered the capital of Mexico (Tenochtitlán) in 1521. The Aztec confederation was given the name of New Spain. - Cortes then went to California (1536)
Felipe El Hermoso (Brujas 21-VI-1478 / Burgos Austria, conde de Flandes y rey consorte de Castilla (1504-1506) por su matrimonio (1496) con la heredera de los Reyes Católicos, Juana I (la Loca). Hijo del emperador alemán, Maximiliano de Habsburgo, y de María de Borgoña
Felipe El Hermoso (Bruges 21-VI-1478 / Burgos Austria, Count of Flanders and King Consort of Castile (1504-1506) for his marriage (1496) to the heiress of the Catholic Monarchs, Juana I (La Loca), son of the German Emperor, Maximilian of Habsburg, and of Mary of Burgundy
Felipe II de España y I de Portugal (1556-1598) Repliegue del Imperio Hispánico Contrarreforma católica: - escisión de Europa en dos bloques: Católico y Protestante - Primeras crisis - 1571: Derrota de los turcos en la batalla de Lepanto
Felipe II de España y I de Portugal (1556-1598) Repliegue of the Hispanic Empire Catholic Counter-Reformation: Split of Europe into two blocks: Catholic and Protestant First crises 1571: Defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition that sailed around the Earth (1519-1522). Magellan also named the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition that sailed around the Earth (1519-1522). Magellan also named the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan: (b. 1480 - d. 1521) Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the earth by sea for Spain. He discovered the Strait of Magellan. He was killed in the Philippines in 1521 and his voyage was completed by Sebastian del Cano (or Elcano).
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition that sailed around the Earth (1519-1522). Magellan also named the Pacific Ocean. Early in his career, Magellan sailed to India and the Far East many times Africa's Cape of Good Hope. He sailed for his native Portugal, but a dispute with the Portuguese King Manoel II turned him against the Portuguese. Thereafter, he sailed for Spain. Magellan and his friend the astronomer Ruy de Falero proposed to King Charles V (of Spain) that a westward voyage around the tip of South America would take them to the Moluccas (spice-rich islands) and avoid the Portuguese (with whom they were competing fiercely). The voyage began September 8, 1519, and lasted until September 6, 1522 (almost 3 years). Magellan sailed from Seville, Spain, with five ships, the Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago. Three years later, only one ship (the Victoria) made it back to Seville, carrying only 18 of the original 270 crew members. Magellan was killed towards the end of the voyage, in the Philippines, during a battle with the natives. The Basque navigator Juan Sebastián de Elcano (del Cano) completed the trip. Amerigo Vespucci: (b. 1454 - d. 1512) Born into a noble family in Florence, Italy, this Italian navigator made four voyages to America, two for Spain and two for Portugal.
THE HABSBURGS (LOS AUSTRIAS) In 1477 the future emperor Maximilian I married Maria, the daughter of the late duke of Burgundy; this netted the Low Countries and a good-sized chunk of what is now eastern France. Most of Burgundy had to be ceded to France, but Maximilian and Maria managed to retain the Netherlands.
THE HABSBURGS (LOS AUSTRIAS) They had a son named Philip, who scored another lucky marriage, this time with Joanna, a child of Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Philip died at an early age, and Joanna went mad, making her unfit to rule; the combined Hapsburg-Spanish inheritance now passed to Joanna's son, Charles V. Felipe I de Austria, esposo de Juana La Loca y padre del emperador Carlos V
John Calvin
French Jean Calvin, or Cauvin theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (1536 but elaborated in later editions; Institutes of the Christian Religion ), and the institutional and social patterns he worked out for Geneva deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinistform of Protestantism is widely thought to have had a major impact on the formation of the modern world.
Descubrimientos geográficos de España y Portugal anteriores al Descubrimiento de América -Todos estos hechos favorecieron , entre 1430-1470 la obra de los navegantes portugueses , que descubren y marchan la ruta de Guinea desde donde se transportab el oro de Sudán.
Geographical discoveries of Spain and Portugal prior to the Discovery of America - All these events favored, between 1430 and 1470, the work of the Portuguese navigators, who discovered and marched the route of Guinea from where the gold of Sudan was transported.
Descubrimientos geográficos de España y Portugal anteriores al Descubrimiento de América -Para el siglo XIII, hay dos rutas marítimas previas a la ruta de América: - La ruta del Levante Mediterráneo, que conducía a Siria y a Egipto - La ruta de comunicación del Mediterráneo con el Atlantico:(Genova, Sevilla, Amberes)
Geographical discoveries of Spain and Portugal prior to the Discovery of America -For the thirteenth century, there are two sea routes prior to the route of America: - The route of the Mediterranean Levant, which led to Syria and Egypt - The communication route from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic: (Genoa, Seville, Antwerp)
Descubrimientos geográficos de España y Portugal anteriores al Descubrimiento de América A partir de 1350, una serie de circunstancias estimulan la búsqueda de una ruta marítima que enlazara con el Sudán, de donde llegaba a Europa una parte del oro necesario para el comercio. - El final de la Reconquista y el control del Estrecho de Gibraltar por castellanos y portugueses - la aparición de la carabela - la mejora del sistema de navegación basado en el uso de la brújula y de las cartas de navegar - la falta de oro en Europa Occidental a mediados del s. XV
Geographical discoveries of Spain and Portugal prior to the Discovery of America From 1350 onwards, a series of circumstances stimulated the search for a maritime route linking the Sudan, from which a part of the gold needed for trade arrived in Europe. - The end of the Reconquest and control of the Strait of Gibraltar by Castilians and Portuguese - the appearance of the caravel - improvement of the navigation system based on the use of compass and navigational charts - the lack of gold in Western Europe in the mid-s. XV
Descubrimientos geográficos de España y Portugal anteriores al Descubrimiento de América En 1481, Portugal decide prolongar la ruta africana para llegar por mar a la India e Indonesia, de donde procedían las especias. En 1488, Bartolome Dias dobla el Cabo de Buena Esperanza y descubre la costa africana del Océano Índico..
Geographical discoveries of Spain and Portugal prior to the Discovery of America In 1481, Portugal decides to extend the African route to arrive by sea to India and Indonesia, from where came the spices. In 1488, Bartolome Dias doubled the Cape of Good Hope and discovered the African coast of the Indian Ocean ..
Martin Luther
German priest and scholar whose questioning of certain church practices led to the Protestant Reformation. He is one of the pivotal figures of Western civilization, as well as of Christianity. By his actions and writings he precipitated a movement that was to yield not only one of the three major theological units of Christianity (along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) but was to be a seedbed for social, economic, and political thought.
Casa de Austria The Kingdom of Spain and all of its European territories and its American colonies, were given to his son Phillip II.-The Holy Roman Empire was given to his brother Ferdinand. This division meant that there were two separate branches of the Habsburg dynasty in 1600, the Spanish and the Austrian
Habsburg territories divided between Ferdinand and Philip Spanish Habsburgs Austrian Habsburgs
Continúa la política y guerras de su padre. Guerras contra Inglaterra y Países Bajos. Anexión de Portugal y sus colonias en 1580: Máxima expansión hispánica universal El reino de Elizabeth I de Inglaterra coincide con Felipe II: Derrota de la Armada Invencible, 1588
He continues his father's politics and wars. Wars against England and the Netherlands. Annexation of Portugal and its Colonies in 1580: Maximum Universal Hispanic Expansion The Kingdom of Elizabeth I of England coincides with Philip II: Defeat of the Invincible Navy, 1588
JORGE MANRIQUE born 1440 , probably at Paredes de Nava, Castile [now in Spain] died March 27, 1479 , in front of Castle Garci-Muñoz, near Calatrava, Spain Spanish soldier and writer, best known for his lyric poetry. Manrique's best-known literary work, Coplas por la muerte de su padre (1492; "Stanzas for the Death of His Father"), is a lyric poem in honour of his father, Rodrigo Manrique, Count de Paredes and grand master of the Military Order of Santiago. Written in pie quebrado, a 12-line stanza having 4 triplets of 8- , 8- , and 4-syllable lines and with a rhyme scheme of abcabcdefdef,the Coplas achieved a haunting, timeless quality.
JORGE MANRIQUE Born 1440, probably at Paredes de Nava, Castile [now in Spain] died March 27, 1479, in front of Castle Garci-Muñoz, near Calatrava, Spain Spanish soldier and writer, best known for his lyric poetry. Manrique's best-known literary work, Coplas for the death of his father (1492; Stanzas for the Death of His Father), is a lyric poem in honor of his father, Rodrigo Manrique, Count of Paredes and grand master of the Military Order of Santiago. Written in broken foot, to 12-line stanza having 4 triplets of 8-, 8-, and 4-syllable lines and with a rhyme scheme of abcabcdefdef, the Coplas achieved a haunting, timeless quality.
Juana la Loca (Toledo 6-XI-1479 / Tordesillas 12-IV-1555) Reina de Castilla (1504-1555), segunda hija de los Reyes Católicos. De acuerdo con la política internacional de su padre tendente a reforzar las relaciones con el Sacro Imperio, en 1496 contrajo matrimonio con el archiduque Felipe (el Hermoso)
Juana la loca (Toledo 6-XI-1479 / Tordesillas 12-IV-1555) Queen of Castile (1504-1555), second daughter of the Catholic Monarchs. According to the international policy of his father tending to strengthen relations with the Holy Empire, in 1496 he married the Archduke Philip (the Beautiful)
EL BARCO MÁS FAMOSO DEL MUNDO: LA SANTA MARÍA
THE MOST FAMOUS BOAT IN THE WORLD: SANTA MARÍA
Judeo-Spanish Origins On 31 March 1492, the Spain of three religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism) followed the example of other European nations. After the fall of Granada, which marked the end of the Reconquista, the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, decided to expel those Jews who refused to convert to Catholicism. The nearly 200,000 Spanish Jews who went into exile in Portugal, northern Europe and the entire Mediterranean basin were called Sepharades or Sephardim (sp. Sefarditas), based on the Hebrew name for Spain, Sepharad (these words have at times been written alternatively with "f" rather than "ph").
Judeo-Spanish Origins On 31 March 1492, the Spain of three religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism) followed the example of other European nations. After the fall of Granada, which marked the end of the Reconquest, the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, decided to expel those Jews who refused to convert to Catholicism. The nearly 200,000 Spanish Jews who went into exile in Portugal, northern Europe and the entire Mediterranean basin were called Sepharades or Sephardim, based on the Hebrew name for Spain, Sepharad (these words have sometimes been written alternatively with " F "rather than" ph ").
King Philip III Guerra Civil en Inglaterra. Cromwell gana y el rey Charles I es decapitado. A los pocos años hay la restauración de la monarquía con Charles II. Hegemonía francesa. Bajo el reino de Louis XIII (Richelieu) y Louis XIV, Francia empieza a dominar la política de Europa.
King Philip III Civil War in England. Cromwell wins and King Charles I is decapitated. Within a few years there is the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II. French Hegemony. Under the reign of Louis XIII (Richelieu) and Louis XIV, France begins to dominate the politics of Europe.
El rey Sebastián de Portugal, Muerto en la batalla de Alcazarquivir , 1578.
King Sebastian of Portugal, killed in the battle of Alcazarquivir, 1578.
Felipe III de España y II de Portugal (1598-1621) Pacifismo Cambio de coyuntura: de la expansión a la depresión Inicio del sistema de validos Barroco: expresión del alma hispánica en la literatura y las artes: Cervantes Don Quijote (1605). Lope de Vega: autor dramático que reforma el teatro español, creando la "Comedia." Quevedo: poeta y novelista.
King Sebastian of Portugal, killed in the battle of Alcazarquivir, 1578. Pacifism Changing conjuncture: from expansion to depression Start of validation system Baroque: expression of the Hispanic soul in literature and the arts: Cervantes Don Quixote (1605). Lope de Vega: dramatic author who reforms the Spanish theater, creating the "Comedy." Quevedo: poet and novelist.
Philip II born , May 21, 1527, Valladolid, Spain died Sept. 13, 1598 , El Escorial, Spain
King of the Spaniards (1556-98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580-98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish Empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the "Invincible Armada" in the attempted invasion of England (1588).
La Celestina -Spanish dialogue novel, generally considered the first masterpiece of Spanish prose and the greatest and most influential work of the early Renaissance in Spain. -Originally published in 16 acts as the Comedia de Calisto y Melibea (1499; "Comedy of Calisto and Melibea") and shortly thereafter in an expanded version with 21 acts as the Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea (1502), the work has been popularly known since its publication as after its chief character, the bawd who serves as the go-between for the young lovers Calisto and Melibea. Celestina's deeply explored personality dominates the plot, ostensibly tragic, of the uncontrolled passion of the lovers, which ends in disaster after its consummation. Calisto is killed in a fall from the ladder to Melibea's window; Melibea commits suicide. Celestina's coarse humour and ironic commentary, however, undercut the tragic potential of the situation; the vivid depiction of her character overshadows the philosophical significance of the work in its theme of the vanity of the human struggle against the forces of fate. -Authorship of the work, which was published anonymously, is generally attributed to Fernando de Rojas (c. 1465-1541), a converted Jewish lawyer about whom little else is known.
La Celestina -Spanish dialogue novel, generally considered the first masterpiece of Spanish prose and the greatest and most influential work of the early Renaissance in Spain. -Originally published in 16 acts as the Comedia de Calisto y Melibea (1499; "Comedy of Calisto and Melibea") and shortly thereafter in an expanded version with 21 acts as the Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea (1502), the work has been popularly known since its publication as after its chief character, the bawd who serves as the go-between for the young lovers Calisto and Melibea. Celestina's deeply explored personality dominates the plot, ostensibly tragic, of the uncontrolled passion of the lovers, which ends in disaster after its consummation. Calisto is killed in a fall from the ladder to Melibea's window; Melibea commits suicide. Celestina's coarse humour and ironic commentary, however, undercut the tragic potential of the situation; the vivid depiction of her character overshadows the philosophical significance of the work in its theme of the vanity of the human struggle against the forces of fate. -Authorship of the work, which was published anonymously, is generally attributed to Fernando de Rojas (c. 1465-1541), a converted Jewish lawyer about whom little else is known.
Posteriormente, • Núñez de Balboa atraviesa el Istmo de Panamá en 1513 • Magallanes descubre el Estrecho de Magallanes en 1520 • Elcano da la primera vuelta al mundo en1522.
Later, • Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 • Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan in 1520 • Elcano gives the first round the world in 1522.
Luther encuentra el principio de "la justificacion par la fe" (lo que salva al hombre es la fe, no las obras), al que va unido el concepto de predestinación, ya que la Providencia concede o no la fe. Sus tres dogmas son: - la naturaleza humana está radicalmente corrompida, - la fe es el unico vehículo de la salvación - y la Sagrada Escritura es la única fuente de fe.
Luther found the principle of "justification for faith" (what saves man is faith, not works), to which is bound the concept of predestination, since Providence grants faith or not. His three dogmas are: - human nature is radically corrupted, - faith is the only vehicle of salvation - and Holy Scripture is the only source of faith.
ARTE MUDÉJAR Se llama mudéjar al estilo que emplea formas y técnicas islámicas fundidas con formas y técnicas del territorio cristiano donde se desarrolla, entre los siglos XII y XVI.
MUDEJAR ART It is called Mudejar style that employs Islamic forms and techniques foundations with forms and techniques of Christian territory where it develops, between the XII and XVI centuries.
ARTE MUDÉJAR Los elementos constructivos suelen ser cristianos (románico, gótico), mientras que la decoración es típicamente árabe. Uso de materiales pobres (ladrillo, yeso). Las torres mudéjares derivan de las torres almohades y poseen la habitual decoración de red de rombos o sebka.
MUDEJAR ART The constructive elements are usually Christian (Romanesque, Gothic), while the decoration is typically Arabic. Use of poor materials (brick, plaster). The Mudejar towers derive from the Almohad towers and have the usual decoration of diamond or sebka net.
Salamanca: Fachada de la Universidad
Plateresco
Plateresco En el estilo plateresco, mas que la estructura del edificio, cada vez más alejada del gótico, importa la exuberante decoración -en especial de las fachadas- compuesta por grutescos (It is said of the capricious adornment of tiny beasts, chimeras and foliages ) medallones (medallions) con cabezas o bustos, festones (garland), figuras grotescas, etc., y un elemento nuevo, la columna abalaustrada (any of a set of closely spaced posts that support a rail, as of a staircase or balcony)
Plateresque In the Plateresque style, rather than the structure of the building, increasingly removed from the Gothic, it imports the exuberant decoration - especially the facades - Composed of grotesques (chimes and foliages) medallions with heads or busts, festoons (garland), grotesque figures, etc., and a new element, the bullet column (any of A set of closely spaced posts that support a rail, a staircase or balcony)
The ornate, baroque designs were termed Plateresque because they resemble the detailed work of silversmiths.
Plateresque carvings of shells, armour, crossbows, helmets and shields decorate the entrance to the Museo Arqueologico, Granada
Biblia Polyglota Complutensis. A la difusión de la ciencia contribuyó la invención de la imprenta por Gutenberg hacia 1450. El primer libro impreso en España se publicó en Valencia hacia 1474 y para finales del s. XV eran muchas las ciudades españolas en las que se hacían impresiones. Aparte del Cardenal Cisneros, el mayor humanista español de esa época es Antonio de Nebrija, autor de la Gramática castellana (1492)
Polyglota Complutensis Bible. To the diffusion of science contributed the invention of the printing Gutenberg around 1450. The first book printed in Spain was published in Valencia around 1474 and by the end of the s. XV were many Spanish cities in which impressions were made. Apart from Cardinal Cisneros, the greatest Spanish humanist of that time was Antonio de Nebrija, author of the Castilian Grammar (1492)
EPOCA DE LOS REYES CATOLICOS : LA CULTURA: RENACIMIENTO (RENAISSANCE) Y HUMANISMO -Focos culturales renacentistas europeos: En Italia: Florencia (Corte de los Médicis), Roma, Venecia. En Alemania, universidades de Erfurt, Basilea, Lovaina. En Francia, la difusión del humanismo fue algo más tardía - En España, el reinado de los Reyes Católicos coincide con el humanismo. La corriente renacentista se nota en la gran cantidad de personalidades cultas, en el italianismo imperante y en la creación de nuevos centros culturales universitarios, a todos los cuales superó la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, fundada por Cisneros y en la que se publica la Biblia Políglota (1517)
TIME OF CATHOLIC KINGS: CULTURE: RENAISSANCE AND HUMANISM - European Renaissance Cultural Faces: In Italy: Florence (Court of the Medici), Rome, Venice. In Germany, universities in Erfurt, Basel, Leuven. In France, the diffusion of humanism was somewhat later - In Spain, the reign of the Catholic Monarchs coincides with The humanism. The Renaissance current is evident in the great number of educated personalities, in the prevailing Italianism and in the creation of new university cultural centers, all of which surpassed the University of Alcalá de Henares, founded by Cisneros and in which the Bible is published Polyglot (1517)
EPOCA DE LOS REYES CATOLICOS : LA CULTURA: RENACIMIENTO (RENAISSANCE) Y HUMANISMO Renacimiento: resurgir de la antigüedad clásica, grecorromana, que inaugura la Edad Moderna. Nace en Italia y se extiende por el occidente europeo durante los siglos XV-XVI Humanismo: es el cultivo de las lenguas, la filosofía y las ciencias del mundo clásico
TIME OF CATHOLIC KINGS: CULTURE: RENAISSANCE AND HUMANISM Renaissance: resurface of classical antiquity, Greco-Roman, which inaugurates the Modern Age. It was born in Italy and extended in Western Europe during the XV-XVI centuries Humanism: it is the culture of the languages, the philosophy and the sciences of the classic world
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) Predominio de dos direcciones básicas en la política exterior y en la cultura: - castellana (el Atlántico -de las Canarias al Nuevo Mundo-; el Cantábrico, el Mar del Norte, Flandes; la ruta de las lanas) - aragonesa(El Mediterráneo-Italia; proyección exterior de Aragón; influencias del humanismo italiano) Aspectos generales (cont.)
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) Predominance of two basic directions in foreign policy and culture: - Castilian (the Atlantic from the Canary Islands to The new World-; The Cantabrian Sea, the North Sea, Flanders; The wool route) - Aragonese (El Mediterranean-Italy; External projection of Aragon; Influences of Italian humanism) General (cont.)
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) -Aspectos generales: - Sustitución del pluralismo político medieval por la monarquía hispánica moderna.
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) - Aspects General: - Replacing the Medieval political pluralism by the Modern hispanic monarchy.
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) - Recuperación económica después de la grave depresión de la segunda mitad del S. XIV y del S. XV (la peste negra). Castilla se beneficia de su negocio lanero
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) - Recovery Economic crisis after the severe depression of the second half of the S. XIV and the S. XV (the Black Death). Castilla benefits from its wool business
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) -Vigorosa política internacional de la que resultará la hegemonía española en Europa durante el S. XVI. - Expansión hispánica en el Nuevo Mundo a raíz del Descubrimiento de América en 1492. - Desarrollo cultural del humanismo (cultivo de las letras y las ciencias clásicas) impulsado por Cisneros y Nebrija. Aspectos generales
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) - Vigorous international politics that will result in Spanish hegemony in Europe during the 16th century. -His Hispanic expansion in the New World following the Discovery of America in 1492. - Cultural development of humanism (cultivation of The letters and the classic sciences) driven by Cisneros and Nebrija. General features
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) -Although employed earlier, the appellation Católicos was formally conferred on them in a bull published by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in recognition of -their reconquest of Granada from the Moors (1481-92), -their New World discoveries (1492), -and their strengthening of the church by such agencies as the Spanish Inquisition and such measures as compelling Jews to convert to Christianity or face exile (1492).
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) -Although employed earlier, the Appellation Catholics was formally conferred on them in a bull published by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in recognition of -their reconquest of Granada from the Moors (1481-92), -their New World discoveries (1492), and their strengthening of the church by such agencies The Spanish Inquisition and such measures as compelling Jews to convert to Christianity or face exile (1492).
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) -Isabel de Castilla y Fernando de Aragón. -Llamados Reyes Católicos. -Su matrimonio en 1469 condujo a la unificación de España
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) -Isabel de Castilla and Fernando Of Aragon. -Called Reyes Católicos. - His marriage in 1469 led to the unification of Spain
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516) Isabel de Castilla y Fernando de Aragón. Aspectos generales (cont.): •Eliminación de toda disidencia religiosa (no católica): Expulsión de los judíos en 1492. Expulsión de los mudéjares granadinos en 1502. La Inquisición se encarga de salvaguardar la fe católica
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516) Isabel of Castile and Fernando de Aragón. General (cont.): • Elimination of all religious dissidence (non-Catholic): Expulsion of the Jews in 1492. Expulsion of Mudejar Granada in 1502. The Inquisition is responsible for safeguarding the Catholic faith
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516). POLITICA INTERNACIONAL - Esfuerzo por la unidad peninsular: - Guerra de Granada: La guerra duró once años (1481-1492) - Intento de anexión de Portugal: frustrada política matrimonial (Portugal no se anexionó a España hasta bastante más tarde, durante el período 1580-1640, con Felipe II) - Conquista de las Islas Canarias (1500) -Anexión de Navarra (1512), recuperación de los condados de Rosellón y Cerdaña (1493) cedidos por Francia
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516). INTERNATIONAL POLICY - Effort for the peninsular unit: - War of Granada: The war lasted eleven years (1481-1492) - Attempt to annex Portugal: frustrated marriage policy (Portugal was not annexed to Spain until much later, during the period 1580-1640, with Philip II) - Conquest of the Canary Islands (1500) -Amployment of Navarre (1512), recovery of the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne (1493) ceded by France
ÉPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS (1479-1516). POLITICA INTERNACIONAL - Reconquista del reino italiano de Nápoles (1505): conflictos con Francia - Política matrimonial internacional: - Catalina de Aragón & Enrique VIII de Inglaterra (padres de Mary Tudor); - Juana La Loca & Felipe de Austria (padres del emperador Carlos V); - Juan & Margarita de Austria; - Isabel & Alfonso de Portugal; - María & Manuel de Portugal - Política mediterránea y africana: Intento de prolongar la Reconquista en el Norte de África •Descubrimiento de América (1492) •España, gran potencia europea
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS (1479-1516). INTERNATIONAL POLICY - Reconquest of the Italian kingdom of Naples (1505): conflicts with France - International marriage policy: - Catalina de Aragón & Henry VIII of England (parents of Mary Tudor); - Juana La Loca & Felipe de Austria (parents of Emperor Charles V); - Juan & Margarita of Austria; - Isabel & Alfonso de Portugal; - Maria & Manuel de Portugal - Mediterranean and African policy: Attempt to prolong the Reconquest in North Africa • Discovery of America (1492) • Spain, a great European power
EPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS: LITERATURA • En poesía se cultivan los romances (composiciones de versos de ocho sílabas y rima asonante sobre temas épicos y líricos); los cancioneros o colecciones poéticas. Entre los poetas destacan El Marqués de Santillana (Serranillas) y Jorge Manrique (Coplas por la muerte de su padre)
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS: LITERATURE • In poetry romances (compositions of eight-syllable verses and rhyming assonance on epic and lyric themes) are cultivated; The song books or poetic collections. Among the poets include El Marqués de Santillana (Serranillas) and Jorge Manrique (Coplas for the death of his father)
EPOCA DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS: ESTILOS ARTÍSTICOS: - Gotico flamígero o florido (llamado también isabelino), caracterizado por el recargamiento decorativo sobre arcos y agujas. - Plateresco : estilo nuevo de influencia renacentista italiana es el arte plateresco, llamado así porque imita el arte de los plateros (silversmith) y caracterizado también por la exuberancia ornamental. - Mudéjar: combinación de elementos cristianos e islámicos.
TIME OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS: ARTISTIC STYLES: - Flemish or flowery Gothic (also called Elizabethan), characterized by decorative recharge over bows and needles. - Plateresco: new style of Italian Renaissance influence is Plateresque art, so named because it imitates the art of silversmith and also characterized by ornamental exuberance. - Mudéjar: combination of Christian and Islamic elements.
The Age of the Habsburgs 1519-1700 The Beginnings of Spanish Power 1469-1492: Ferdinand and Isabella unite Aragon and Castille. 1478: The Spanish Inquisition. 1492: Granada falls to Ferdinand's army, ending the Reconquista. 1519-1556: Charles V 1519: Spaniards conquer Mexico. 1536: Spaniards conquer Peru. 1555: Peace of Augsburg. 1556-1598: The reign of Philip II 1568: The Revolt of the Netherlands Begins 1571: The Battle of Lepanto 1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Age of the Habsburgs 1519-1700 The Beginnings of Spanish Power 1469-1492: Ferdinand and Isabella unite Aragon and Castille. 1478: The Spanish Inquisition. 1492: Granada falls to Ferdinand's army, ending the Reconquista. 1519-1556: Charles V 1519: Spaniards conquer Mexico. 1536: Spaniards conquer Peru. 1555: Peace of Augsburg. 1556-1598: The reign of Philip II 1568: The Revolt of the Netherlands Begins 1571: The Battle of Lepanto 1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada
EI plateresco Edificios: Salamanca: Fachada de la Universidad; Casa de las Conchas; Palacio de Monterrey, Plaza Mayor, Door - Cathedral Salamanca Sevilla: Ayuntamiento Alcalá de Henares: Fachada de la Universidad León: Fachada de San Marcos
The Plateresque Buildings: Salamanca: Facade of the University; House of Shells; Monterrey Palace Seville: City Hall Alcalá de Henares: Facade of the University León: Facade of San Marcos
El plateresco Recibe este nombre porque la decoración recuerda al arte de los plateros (silversmith)
The Plateresque It receives this name because the decoration reminds to the art of the silversmiths (Silversmith)
El burgomaestre Jan van de Werbe recibe el juramento de Carlos en los Estados Generales Henry Leys.-Museo Real de Bellas Artes de Bruselas
The burgomaster Jan van de Werbe receives the oath of Charles in the Estates General
los conflictos religiosos del siglo XVI: luteranismo calvinismo anglicanismo
The religious conflicts of the sixteenth century: Lutheranism Calvinism Anglicanism
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1510- 1554) Vázquez Coronado explora, en medio de enormes penalidades, el Sudoeste de los actuales Estados Unidos, desde Tejas hasta Kansas y desde Arizona al Gran Cañón del Colorado (1540-42)
Vazquez Coronado explores, in the midst of enormous penalties, the Southwest of the present United States, from Texas to Kansas and from Arizona to the Grand Canyon of Colorado (1540-42)
Catedral de Burgos,
gótico florido
•Cimborrio de la catedral de Burgos,
gótico florido
•Interior de la catedral de Burgos,
gótico florido
Hernán Cortés (1485-1547)
was a Spanish adventurer and conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain (1519-21). -Cortes sailed with 11 ships from Cuba to the Yucatan Peninsula. -Cortés traveled inland and "discovered" Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. -He conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico, claiming all of Mexico for
Juan Ponce de Leon (1460?-1521)
was a Spanish explorer and soldier who was the first European to set foot in Florida. He also established the oldest European settlement in Puerto Rico and discovered the Gulf Stream (a current in the Atlantic Ocean). Ponce de Leon was searching for the legendary fountain of youth and other riches. Ponce de Leon descubrió Florida en 1512.
Hernando De Soto (1500?-1542)
was a Spanish explorer who sailed the Atlantic Ocean and was the first European to explore Florida and the southeastern US. Hernando de Soto sale de Florida, explora Georgia y Alabama y descubre el Mississipi
Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490?-1557?)
was a Spanish explorer who sailed to North America from Spain, leaving in 1527. He traveled from Florida to Texas on a raft, then walked from Texas to Mexico City. He also explored the Paraguay River in South America.
•Primer viaje 1492-1493. Sale el 3 de agosto de 1492 de Palos con las carabelas Pinta, Niña y Santa María. El 12 de octubre llega a la isla Guanahaní (Bahamas) que llamó San Salvador. Luego descubrió Haití (La Española) y Cuba. • Segundo viaje (1493-1496) Se descubren las Antillas, Puerto Rico y Jamaica • Tercer viaje (1498-1500) Descubre por primera vez tierra firme • Cuarto viaje (1502-1504) A partir de 1507 se sabe que existe una cuarta parte del Mundo entre el Atlántico y la India hacia el Oeste a la que se pone el nombre de America en honor a Americo Vespuccio
• First trip 1492-1493. It leaves the 3 of August of 1492 of Palos with the caravels Pinta, Niña and Santa Maria. On October 12 he arrives at Guanahani Island (Bahamas), which he called San Salvador. Then he discovered Haiti (Hispaniola) and Cuba. • Second voyage (1493-1496) Discover the Antilles, Puerto Rico and Jamaica • Third voyage (1498-1500) Discover for the first time the mainland • Fourth voyage (1502-1504) From 1507 it is known that there is a quarter of the World between the Atlantic and India towards the West to which the name of America is named in honor of Americo Vespuccio
