Spanish-American War Study Guide
Reasons for Imperialism
1. By the mid 1800s, some Americans wanted the US to build a global empire, much like other European nations. 2. The goal: if the US expanded, they would join the ranks of becoming a world power. 3. Nationalism: belief that one is superior to other nations. 4.Economic factors: Need natural resources and new markets to sell products 5. Military Factors: New military tech made Europe & USA stronger than other nations 6. Social Factors: Believed it was duty to spread west Civilization
The Big stick Diplomacy (other)
1. Theodore Roosevelt believed a good leader should "speak softly and carry a big stick": Always try to work things out peacefully bu do not be afraid to use the big stick's policies, Military economic power when you have to, and this was known as the Big stick diplomacy 2. Examples of big stick diplomacy and using the Roosevelt corollary: Expanding the US Navy, Preventing Germany from building material bases in Brazil, & Building the Panama Canal 3. The Panama canal: The goal was to build a canal the the islands of Panama that connects Pacific and Atlantic ocean Isthmus narrow strip of land with bodies of water on both sides, The french tried to build a canal before and ended up failing, When TR was president Panama was controlled by Cuba, TR tried to buy the land Colombia and they refused, But he helped the people of Panama overthrow Colombia and he asked for 48 miles needed to build the canal, The US Built infrastructure as well as dug the canal to be finished in 10 years, The Canal is heavily used today and cuts the trip from New York to California in half.
Spanish American War & Foreign Policy
1. U.S. Helps Cuba: The US Trades with Cuba and Spain controls Cuba, Cuba wants independence from Spain, America promises to support Cuba's independence in order to protect our business interest, 1898 - President McKinley is hoping to avoid war, Extreme journalists call for war - YELLOW JOURNALISM: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, & McKinley sends the USS Maine - a ship to Cuba. 2. The USS Maine Explodes: On Feb 15, 1898, the USS Maine exploded! No one knows what caused the explosion, Yellow Journalism Blamed Spain, They called for WAR, & on April 20, 1898 the US declared war on Spain. 3. Causes of the war: USS Maine explodes, Protect American business in Cuba, America supports Cuba's independence from Spain, & Yellow Journalists call for war. 4. The Spanish-American War: War lasts from April to August 1898, Only 460 Americans die in the battle, 5200 Americans die of disease, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt has the navy battle Spanish ships in the Philippines and destroy Spanish fleet in the Pacific. 5. Rough Riders and victory: Roosevelt volunteers as a Rough Rider, The Rough Riders battle Spain in Puerto Rico, Theodore Roosevelt becomes a national hero, The US Army defeats Spain at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Puerto Rico, & The US wins the war in less than 5 months. 6. Outcome: Cuba gained their independence, US Becomes a world power, Territories (US controls all 3): Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines. 7. After the war: After the Spanish-American war America was a world power, We held territories in Puerto Rico & the Philippines & Guam
Dec. 10, U.S. received Guam & Puerto Rico, U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines, Cuba became an independent country (although the U.S. would control it well into the 20th century), Filipinos were upset with treaty- they wanted independence from Spain- now ruled by U.S., U.S. did not grant independence- worried another country would take over, President McKinley thought Filipinos needed to be Americanized
1898 treaty of Paris
Reasons against imperialism
A threat to the American value system, The huge cost to maintaining a military, & Fear of job loss in the United States.
expansionism
A type of policy that calls for expanding a nation's boundaries.
1867- William Seward proposed purchasing Alaska From Russia, Seward's Folly and Seward's Icebox, Frozen land but rich in natural resources like timber, minerals, and oil
Alaska
Main Idea of American Imperialism and Spanish War
America emerged as a world power as a result of victory over Spain in the Spanish-American war (1898), Theodore Roosevelt's strong foreign policy drove America to a more active role in world affairs.
1. Causes of the Spanish-American War
American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain, Protection of American businesses in Cuba, Sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Yellow journalism - exaggerated reporting that inflamed public opinion.
I think he did. It is because he was saving a bears life. And was talking about war.
Based on your reading, do you believe Roosevelt made as a good president today?
90 miles south of US in Caribbean Sea, 1854- offered to buy Cuba from Spain - NOOOOO!, 1898- Spain's colonial empire had weakened; Cuba been revolting against Spain since 1895; US had millions of $ invested in Cuban sugar industry, Feb 15 - USS Maine explodes and more than 250 Americans are killed, April 9 - Spain agreed to armistice and to end camps, Yellow journalists blamed Spain and wanted war, Americans yelled "remember the Maine", April 11 - President McKinley asked Congress to approve using force in Cuba, April 25 - US declared war on Spain - first media war.
Cuba
Combines social Darwinism with belief own race superior to others, US Duty to spread customs and religion (Christianity) to "civilise" other peoples
Cultural Superiority
Imperialism is when one country controls or dominates another country mainly for the benefit of the stronger country
Define imperialism using your own words
Yellow journalism was the style of sensation-themed headlines and reporting. Newspapers competed on the streets for readers at that time.
Define yellow journalism in your own words
It was used in the early 1900s. At different times, the American military was sent into countries, including Haiti, Dominican republic, and Nicaragua
Explain the foreign policy of the US Following the Roosevelt corollary?
Big Stick Diplomacy
Foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt when he stated that the US should walk softly with a big stick
Established global presence to protect US interests, Control seas to allow trades with far away lands and protect territories, Established naval bases around the world, 1883-1890: 9-steel hulled battleships were built, After 1890 - US had worlds 3rd largest naval fleet.
Global Military Presence
Led by hereditary monarch and independent, 1820s - American missionaries moved to to spread their religion, Many of their children and grandchildren became sugar planters - sold sugar to US, US did not want foreign powers controlling the islands - continue sugar trade, 1875 - Hawaiian King Kalakaua signed Reciprocity Treaty giving US special Reciprocity (US had sole use of Pearl harbor and US would not tax imported Hawaiian sugar), 1891 - King Kalakaua died - his sister took over, Queen forced to abdicate, President Cleveland wanted Queen to regain throne, Not resolved until President Cleveland left office, 1897 - President McKinley took for office, 1898 - US Entered war with Spain - needed Pacific naval bases, Aug 12, 1898 - US Annexed Hawaiian Islands, Did not allow native Hawaiians to vote on it, Remained Territory until statehood in 1959
Hawaiian Kingdom
Americans were concerned about what might happen to American business interests in Cuba.
How could the rebellion in Cuba have affected American business interests?
He refused to shoot an old bear that chased other hunters. It would not be sportsmanlike to shoot a tied up bear.
How did Roosevelt become the inspiration for the "Teddy bear"?
They had forced many Cubans in the country side to move to camps under Spanish Soldiers
How did Spanish leaders respond to the Cuban rebels?
Theodore Roosevelt and the rough riders became famous in the fighting as a result
How did the Spanish-American war impact Roosevelt's reputation?
They should not have forced Cubans to moved to a dangerous area.
How should Spanish leaders have responded to the Cuban rebels?
The US Would oppose any attempt by an European country to take control of any Country in the Americas.
In your opinion, why did Roosevelt not want European countries in the Americas?
Business owners looked for new markets, Technology advancements helped factories produce more goods, Wanted to export goods to other countries, Find cheaper raw materials to produce goods.
Industrialization
4. President Theodore Roosevelt's strong policy drove the US to a more active role in world affairs
Roosevelt served as Vice President when President McKinley was assassinated (1901-1909), He adds the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine which said: Foreign countries should not interfere with the West Hemisphere & The US would police the Americas and had the right to interfere in economic matters of nations in Americas, And Roosevelt urged the Big stick diplomacy
2. America was victorious in the Spanish-American War
Spanish forces were defeated in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, The war lasted from April-August 1898; resulting in only 400 American deaths (The US Secretary of State called it "a splendid little war"), Theodore Roosevelt later as a US President played a very visible role as leader of a group of volunteer soldiers known as the Rough riders.
U.S. attacked Spain in Pacific first- the Philippines, Theodore Roosevelt ordered Admiral George Dewey to get into striking position before war was even declared, May 1 - attack ordered, Wooden Spanish fleet easily beaten at Battle of Manila Bay, Capital of Manila would not be taken until ground troops arrived 3 months later, U.S. Navy 3rd most powerful in world- U.S. ground troops NO!, Lacked adequate training, equipment, & food- arrived in Cuba wearing wool clothes!, Spanish troops outnumbered U.S. 7 to 2, June- U.S. Navy helped by blocking Spanish fleet along Cuba's coast, Trapped Spain's Atlantic fleet, Ground troops approached Santiago slowly, 17,000 troops: 4 African-American regiments & Rough Riders, Rough Rider- volunteer regiment Roosevelt organized & trained, July 1- Roosevelt and Leonard Wood let Rough Riders & 2 African-American regiments in a charge up Kettle Hill- WON!, More troops charged nearby San Juan Hill- WON!, July 13- Spain surrendered after fleet destroyed, July 25- U.S. invaded nearby Puerto Rico- easily taken, Aug. 12- armistice
The Spanish-American war
Later half of 19th century, Before 1890 - Continental US And Alaska, By 1917 - global empire, Acquired colonies around the world, Roosevelt Corollary, and missionary diplomacy - control the Western hemisphere
US Imperialism
No. He said that if the US gave in Philippines independence, some other nation would probably attack the islands and take control.
Was President McKinley justifies in keeping the Philippines?
It means "war" to me. It is like fighting
What does Roosevelt's quote from 1899 mean to you?
It depicts Roosevelt as wanting the US to become like a world constable or international policeman helping to settle disputes among nations.
What does the political cartoon of Roosevelt depict?
The USS Maine had exploded in February of 1898 on accident and sank in the shallow water of Havana Harbor. 250+ were to be killed.
What had REALLY happened to the USS Maine?
American leaders sent the USS Maine on a friendly trip to Cuba in January of 1898. Americans blame the Spanish for the incident
What happened to the USS Maine in Havana Harbor? Who did most Americans blame for the incident?
Roosevelt knew that many people in Panama wanted to break away from Colombia and form a new independent country. His goal was accomplished by the Big stick diplomacy.
What stopped Roosevelt from building the canal?
The Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine added a new policy to the Old policy.
What was the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine?
With the war over, peace talks were held between Spain and the US. A treaty was signed at the end of the year. Cuba became an independent country, the peace treaty gave US Control of the Philippines, Guam, & Puerto Rico. And, the US was now seen as world power.
What were the results of the Spanish-American war?
possession
When a territory is under the rule of another country.
If anyone had to go in a country in the Americas with military force to deal with a serious problem, he said, it would be better if the US Did it.
When and why did the US begin rejecting the Roosevelt Corollary?
world power
When nations have a military or other powers.
It was in 1898
When was the Spanish-American War fought?
The canal was opened in 1914. The government of Panama owns it.
When was the canal opened and who owns it?
The canal dug across Panama saves the ships many thousands of miles between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.
Why did Roosevelt want to build the Panama canal?
Most Americans at this time were proud of the new role America was taking in the world. Many others, however probably agreed with the caption on this drawing but its an awful stretch.
Why do you think many Americans were concerned about America's stretch across the globe?
At that time, the Filipino Islands, like Cuba were controlled by Spain
Why was the battle fought in the Philippines, and not Cuba?
Nationalists believed US Needed its own colonies to prove it's a worldwide power, US Needed to be able to compete with other countries that had their own worldwide empire.
World wide Power
Sphere or influence
a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. (under the rule of another country w/sections)
Expansionism
expanding a country's territory
protectorate
technically independent. A country that's independent
imperialism
the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation
annexation
to bring an area under the control in adding something to a region or country
Isolationism
type of foreign policy when a nation avoids involvement in world affairs.
Yellow Journalism
type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers (with gruesome events)