Spanish Praxis II 5195 Culture
cubism
A 20th century style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes
Pedro Almodóvar
A popular modern Spanish cinema director known presently for his edgy works of "Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios" who made household names of actors and actresses such as Antonio Banderas and Penelope Cruz
describe the historical trends of Spanish architecture
A reflection of history during the time periods starting with the influence of the Romans, then the Muslims, then Romanesque and gothic during the Reconquista and finishing with modernism during the 20th century with works by Antonio Gaudí in Barcelona. Contemporary architects include: Rafael Moneo and Santiago Calatrava
characteristics of the entrance of Latin America into the World Economic Market
After gaining independence from Spain, Latin American countries one-by-one had to: navigate international trade on their own; decide how to control and exploit own natural resources. Led to rise of oligarchical and Marxist perspectives of economic development
Del sentimiento trágico de la vida
Famous essay written by Miguel de Unamuno which explores what it meant and should mean to be a Spaniard
describe the geography of Puerto Rico
First conquered by Juan Ponce de León of Spain after years of Taíno indigenous influence and home to plena and bomba musical genres, this Spanish-speaking territory located in the Greater Antilles (southeast of the US) became a commonwealth (unincorporated) territory of the US in 1952 after briefly being independent in 1898 as a result of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War Capital: San Juan Currency: US Dollar
Fulgencio Batista
He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets.
describe the traditional festival of La corrida
Held annually, this week-long tradition of the running of the bulls takes place in Pamplona to celebrate the festival of San Fermín.
describe the geography of Argentina
Home to tango music, this South American country is the southernmost country in the continent south of Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil with Chile to the west. Pedro de Mendoza founded capital in 1536; declared independence in 1816; dominated by dictatorship of Juan Perón during 20th century Capital: Buenos Aires Currency: Argentine peso Economy based on livestock, grains and oil
describe the origins of and famous actors within Spanish cinema
This division of Spanish entertainment began in the 1930s with the work of Buñuel, then continued with Saura through the 1950s, struggled during the dictatorship of Franco, and continues into present day with works by Almodóvar
describe the influence of Alfonso X (1252-1284)
Known as El Sabio, this famous Spanish monarch ruled over Castilla-León and is best known for his decision to use castellano (Castilian) as the official language of his kingdom (which became today's modern Spanish language)
El Romanticismo
Known as Romanticism, this time period during the first half of the 1800s was characterized by a rejection of neoclassicism and of conservative social order and a turn toward expressing emotion in which authors dealt with grand, sweeping themes in a mystical and flourishing manner.
describe the concept of the Conquistadores
Known as Spanish conquerers, this Spanish term describes a group of several European men (both famous and infamous) who explored and conquered portions of North, Central, and South America on behalf of their country in Europe. Most well-known include: Hernándo Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, and Cristóbal Colón
Cien años de Soledad
This famous work written by Gabriel García Márquez uses the genre of magical realism to examine the relationships between space and time; expose Colombian life and relationship between the social and political in everyday life
Santiago de Compostela
(the burial site of St. James), this is the most popular pilgrimage site, located toward the northwestern tip of Spain.
conversion from liters to gallons
1 gallon ≈ 3.785 Liters
conversion from centimeters to inches
1 in ≈ 2.54 cm
conversion between grams and pounds
1 pound ≈ 454 grams
Gothic influence on Spanish architecture
10-13th century influence from central European countries
describe the work known as the Popol Vuh
Also known as "El Libro de Consejo", this anonymously written, 16th century artefact contains a record of Mayan myths that explain the creation of the world, the history of the Mayans, and some Mayan traditions of the Mayan Indians of the Pre-Colombian period written exclusively in the Mayan-Quiché language.
Día de los Muertos
Also known as Day of the Dead, this is a well-known syncretic Latin American festival in México from Oct. 31st to Nov 2nd in which the Catholic practice of All Saints Day is blended with indigenous traditions for honoring ancestors to become a new and uniquely Mexican celebration
describe the general geography of Central America
Also known as Latin America (or the Capitanía General de Guatemala during colonial times) and famous for its canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, this region lies between North and South America and makes up the countries of México, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panamá
describe the key events of the Mexican Revolution
Also known as the Mexican Civil War, this war was fought over a period of almost 10 years from 1910-1920; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power in 1914 after 31 years as ruler; opposition forces (the Revolutionaries) led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata fought against Constitutionalists; provided governmental shift towards social justice and liberal economics
describe the influence and works of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695)
Also known as the most important American author of lyric poetry and an important representative of the baroque, this Mexican author and nun was known for her poetry, theatre, and prose referencing the disadvantages of being a woman Works: Respuesta a Sor Filotea de al Cruz (prose), Primer sueño (poetry), and El divino Narciso (theater)
discuss the influence of Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
Also known as the most important man of wars of independence in South America, this Venezuelan general is best known for being the liberator of Venezuela, helping Peru and Alto Peru (today's Bolivia) gain their independence, and writing the constitution for the Republic of Bolivia
describe the historical work entitled El Cantar del Mio Cid
Anonymously written in about 1140 in the style of a singing poem, this famous story takes place during the Reconquista and tells the story of how Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar tries to recover his honor after being exiled by Alfonso VI through the battle of Valencia and after doing so, fighting against the bad husbands of his two daughters from house Carrión to marry them off to the heirs of house Navarra and Aragón
Modernism in Spanish Architecture
Antonio Gaudí
describe the theme of Marxism in Latin American politics
Based on the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded, this economic development theory became popular in Latin America as a counter to oligarchical traditional practices.
describe the effects of the Urbanization of Latin America
Because of this demographic phenomenon, housing, poverty, infrastructure, and discrimination between indigenous cultures/languages and the "dominant" culture/language became apparent in this region.
discuss the influence of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811)
Better known as the initiator of Mexican independence, this Mexican priest and patriot is recognized as the father of the country because he gave the "The cry of Dolores" 9/16/1810 which began the start of independence of Mexico from Spain, ended slavery and fought for the rights of the indigenous people of Mexico, and succeeded in establishing a national government before being executed by Royalists in 1811.
describe the artwork of El Greco (1541-1614)
Born Domenikos Theotokopoulos in Greece, this famous Spanish painter during el Siglo de Oro is best known in the 20th century as one of the precursors of impressionism and cubism, using bold brushstrokes and bright colors in his unique, expressionistic painting style. Famous works: Toledo
describe the impact of Isabel Allende (1942-present)
Born Peruvian in 1942 but considers herself Chilean, this famous magical realist writer is best known for her writings taking inspiration from García Márquez by mixing the fantastic with the real in her famous work La casa de los espíritus
describe the Alhambra and its architecture
Built between the 9th and 13th century during the Moorish occupation of Spain, this UNESCO World Heritage Site (as of 1984) in Granada is a very large complex, with several buildings and different components, including courts, fountains, gardens, etc. known for its Islamic and Christian architectural elements and ornamentation.
describe religious cultural practices within Spain
Catholics could be described as cultural adherents; secularization is strong with most identifying as atheistic, agnostic, or as non-practicing Catholics
Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990)
Chilean military leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses
Fidel Castro (1926-2016)
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba ruling as dictator until 2008
describe the political state of Spain today
Democracy under a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a hereditary monarchy and bicameral parliament
Nochevieja festival
Es una tradición latinoaméricana que ocurre el 31 de diciembre en que se festeja comiendo doce uvas cuando el reloj marca las 12, una por cada campanada y después, toda la gente se dice "feliz año" y brindan con cava
describe the geography of Peru (Perú)
Home to two official languages of Spanish and Quechua, originally home to the Incan civilization and now home to Machu Picchu and the majority of the Andes Mountains, this South American country is located south of Colombia and Ecuador, west of Brazil and Bolivia, north of Chile, with the Pacific to the west. It was conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532 after being dominated by Incans since Pre-Colombian days; became base of Spanish rule in continent in 1542; declared independence with help from José de San Martín in 1821 Capital: Lima Currency: sol Economy based on agriculture
describe the role of the Catholic Church in Latin America
In areas of high concentration of Spanish-speaking countries, Catholic church plays large role because it serves as: memory of Spanish colonization; culturally entrenched and yet often vilified in times of political turmoil
describe role of religion in Latin America
In areas of high concentration of Spanish-speaking countries, marked by syncretism and liberation theology with emphasis on anti-imperialism and care for poor; and rise of protestant Pentecostalism
describe cultural practices tied to family values in Latin America
In regions with high concentrations of Spanish-speaking countries, family values and lifestyle is characterized by strong father, caregiving mother, close extended family households
describe common lifestyle practices in Spain
In this Spanish-speaking country, siestas or afternoon naps are still considered traditional in the southern and rural parts of country during which stores and restaurants will close; dressing well is important both when dressing casual and formal
describe the role of the Catholic Church in Spain
In this Spanish-speaking country, the role of the Catholic church serves as one of the forces unifying several medieval states as evident through the time of the Inquisition and during the reign of Franco
describe common practices in family within Spain
In this Spanish-speaking country: family is highly valued- usually with noon meal eaten at home with family; young people live with immediate family into their 20s and 30s if not married;
describe the role of diversity in Latin America
In this Spanish-speaking region, each region/country has its own heritage including European and indigenous influences with unique social and political history and structures
describe cultural practices tied to lifestyle in Latin America
In this Spanish-speaking region, urban lifestyles similar to those around the world; rural lifestyles more similar to the culture of previous generations; rise in single parenthood and opportunities for women outside the home; community is highly valued; and celebrations are an important part of family and community life
describe the role of the various languages used in Latin America
In this region of the globe, there is the main official language of Spanish and indigenous languages such as Quechua, Mayan, Guaraní, Nahuatl, and Aymara
discuss the influence and works of Horacio Quiroga (1878-1937)
Influenced by Edgar Allen Poe, this famous Uruguayan writer was best known for his short stories that included elements of horror, American nature, and the supernatural. Most famous poem: Arrecifes de coral Famous stories: Anaconda Famous novel: Pasado amor
estancias y liras
These traditional Spanish forms of poetry established by Garcilaso de la Vega that deal with themes of love and the meaning of life despite the absence of religious undertones
describe general geography of South America
Known as Suramerica or Sudamerica, this continent includes the Spanish-speaking countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, and others (Guyana, Suriname, Brazil) home to the world's longest river: the Amazon and the Andes Mountains
describe the works of Federico García Lorca (1898-1936)
Known as one of the most famous authors from the Generación de 27, this famous Spanish writer and musician is best known for his poetry and theatre through which he offers a separate world with creations that oscillate between stylized reality and surreal fantasy (Works: Bodas de sangre, La casa de Bernada Alba)
describe the works of Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas (1580-1645)
Known as one of the most prolific poets of the Siglo de Oro, this famous Spanish poet is known for his conceptistic poetry, sonnets, and satirical works presenting an unsympathetic perspective to the excesses of the nobility for whom he wrote.
describe geography of Costa Rica
Known as one of the most stable and democratic countries in Latin America, this Central American country is located between Nicaragua and Panamá. It was known to be the contact area between Mesoamerican cultures of southern Central America and those in north during Pre-Colombian times until establishment of Spanish permanent settlement in 1563; incorporated into Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica in 1823; declared independence in 1848 Capital: San José Currency: Costa Rican colón Economy based on agriculture and fishing, with main exports of coffee, bananas, pineapple, and cocoa
describe the works of Emilia Pardo Bazán (1852-1921)
Known as the Countess, this famous Spanish novelist (stories, novels, and poems) from the last decade of the 19th century is known for her involvement in the women's liberation movement, trying to introduce naturalism to Spanish literature, and using her characters and situations to deal with the life and customs of Galicia and study the human condition in her best known works of: Los pasos de Ulloa, La madre naturaleza, and Cuentos de la tierra
describe the geography of Antilles
Known as the West Indies, this archipelago located in the Caribbean Sea consists of two groups of islands: the greater (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Cayman Islands) and the lesser (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Granada, Trinidad, and others). Also known to be the first land Colón stepped on in 1492 and for being very ethnically diverse, strong economically for sugar production and early slave trade, and having high African cultural influences
discuss the influence and works of José Enrique Rodó (1871-1917)
Known as the best modernist prose writer, this famous Uruguayan essayist and philosopher was best known for his primary message of warning about North American influence in Latin America
describe the works of Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio (1562-1635)
Known as the founder of the Teatro Nacional de España and the father of modern comedy, this famous Spanish writer is famous for his poetry, theater plays (such as El perro del hortelano), and prose (Arcadia, El peregrino, La Dorotea). He also introduced Spain to the theater style of 3-act comedies using deep characters to deal with themes such as religious doctrine, history and legends, social conditions of the day, and the unjust use of power among the nobility (evident in his famous work, Fuenteovejuna and El mejor alcalde el rey)
discuss the influence and writings of José Martí (1853-1895)
Known as the hero of Cuban independence, this famous Cuban writer (poetry, articles, essays, theatre plays, and novels) and politician was one of most important writers of his time in the modernism genre.
describe the geography of Cuba
Known as the largest island in the Greater Antilles and home to salsa music, this Caribbean Spanish-speaking country is located south of Florida and west of the Bahamas; was ruled by the Taíno and Guanajatabey groups prior to the conquest of Diego Velásquez de Cuéllar in 1511; declared independence in 1898; was under control of a communist dictator from 1959 until 2008 Capital: La Habana or Havana (English) Currency: Cuban peso
describe the geography of El Salvador
Known as the smallest country in Central America, this country is located south of Guatemala and west of Honduras. It was first inhabited by the Mayans, conquered by Alvarado in 1524, incorporated into Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica in 1824, and gained its independence in 1841. Capital: San Salvador Currency: Salvadoran colón Economy based on agriculture with coffee as main product
describe the Spanish Armada
Known as the turning point in Spanish history signifying the decline of Spain's influence both politically and economically, this was an "invincible" fleet of 20,000 sailors and 130 ships that set sail from Spain under the order of King Felipe II that was sent and embarrassingly defeated in the English Channel by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1588
describe the geography of Dominican Republic
Known by its Spanish name as la República Dominicana and home to merengue music, this country is located in the Greater Antilles on the island of Hispaniola which it shares with Haiti and declared its independence from Spain in 1821 Capital: Santo Domingo (founded in 1496) Currency: Dominican peso
describe the geography of Panamá
Known for being the home of a famous Canal, this Central American country is the southern most country just north of Colombia. It was inhabited by Chocó, Chibcha, and Caribe indigenous groups during Pre-Colombian period prior to discovery by Rodrigo de Bastidas y Colón in 1501 and colonization by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in 1510; incorporated to Viceroyalty of Peru and Nueva Granada becoming part of Colombia in 1821; declared independence from Colombia thanks to US aid in 1903 Capital: Ciudad de Panamá Currency: balboa
describe the geography of Mexico
Known for being three times the size of Texas, being the home of the Aztecs (in the central region) and the Mayan (in the Yucatan southern region) civilizations, this Central/North American country south of the United States and north of Guatemala and Belize was conquered by Hernando Cortés in 1520 and later declared independence from Spain in 1821. Capital: México D.F. or la Ciudad de México Official name: Estados Unidos Mexicanos Currency: Mexican peso Economy based on: agriculture, industry, mining, and tourism
El Realismo
Known for replacing el Romanticismo, this prevailing literary style in Spain lasted during the second half of 19th century (including authors such as Benito Pérez Galdós and Emilia Pardo Bazán) and was characterized by authors writing about common themes and people rather than grandiose ideas, using styles of language employed by different classes and regions, having strong feelings about social issues of day and using writing to explore, praise and condemn ways Spain handled the problems
describe the influence of Isabel and Fernando and its effects on the Reconquista
Known individually as King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, the marriage of these two Catholic Monarchs in 1469 led to the end of the Reconquista, the establishment of the Inquisition, the unification of all the provinces in Spain, and the beginning of Spanish conquest via the conquistadores throughout the world.
Festival de los tres Reyes Magos
La festival latinoaméricana y española que ocurre el 5 de enero en que Melchor, Gaspar y Baltasar traen regalos para todos los niños de España que dejan en sus zapatos mientras todos duermen
Festival de los Reyes
La festival latinoaméricana y española que ocurre el 6 de enero en que los niños juegan con sus regalos nuevos y es costumbre comer el roscón de Reyes, un bizcocho de nata o crema que guarda una sorpresa dentro
discuss key events within the Cuban Revolution
Lasting from 1953 to 1959, this political revolution removed the United States supported Fulgencio Batista from power (in 1958) and led to the establishment of Cuba as a communist country under the dictatorial rule of Castro
describe the economic state of Spain today
Leading source of income: tourism (ideal climate and rich culture); uses the Euro and member of EU; currently viewed as one of the most powerful developers of renewable energy--> solar power in particular
describe the purpose of the Royal Spanish Academy
Located in Madrid, on the web at www.rae.es, and with a motto of "limpia, fija, y da esplendor", this structure known in Spanish as the Real Academia Española was established in 1713 as a governing body responsible for regulating the Spanish language by seeking to provide linguistic agreement and a common standard among all Spanish-speaking regions.
describe the geography of the Canary Islands
Located in the Atlantic Ocean off the northeastern coast of Africa, this group of islands includes the largest Tenerife and seven others. Capital: Santa Cruz de Tenerife
describe the geography of the Balearic Islands
Located in the Mediterranean Sea, this group of Spanish islands includes Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera Capital: Palma de Mallorca
describe the major geography of Spain
Located on the Iberian Peninsula and home to 50 provinces divided into 17 autonomous regions, this European country is known as the birthplace of the modern-day Spanish language. Capital: Madrid Currency: euro Population ('20) ≈ 47.43 mil four official languages: Spanish (castellano); Catalan (Catalonia/Barcelona); Galician (Galicia); Basque (Basque country) home to five main rivers: Ebro, Duero, Tajo, Guadiana, Guadalquivir Important cities: Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia, Seville, and Zaragoza
describe the geography of Chile
Located south of Peru, southeast of Bolivia, and west of Argentina, this South American country is known for being the home of the Andes Mountains and the Atacama Desert in the north. It was explored by Diego de Almagro in 1536; conquered by Pedro de Valdivia in the 1540s and 1550s; declared independence with help from José de San Martín in 1818 Capital: Santiago Currency: Chilean peso Economy based on agriculture, minerals (specifically known as largest producer of copper and wine), and tourism
El libro del buen amor
Written by Juan Ruiz in the 1320, this famous work includes narrative, lyric, and didactic styles as the main characters debate about love and if man should put aside his thirst for sex and embrace divine love instead
describe the deposition of Perón in Argentina (1955)
Married to Eva (Evita, about which Don't Cry for Me Argentina was written) and rising to power in 1946, this Argentine politician is best known for improving living conditions for the working classes, restricting constitutional liberties, being ousted in 1955 due to his adopted authoritarian style, getting reelected as president in 1973 after being in exile in Spain, and being the precursor for the dictatorial rule of a military coup after dying in 1974 and the subsequent death of his wife in 1952
describe the works of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616)
Most well-known for his novel El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, this famous Spanish author was very prominent during el Siglo de Oro for his satires and novels
La Movida
Name given to cultural movement post dictatorship of Franco in which the social and religious conservatism under Franco was thrown off and saw rise of Spanish freedom of expression in art, music, speech, breaking moral taboos, etc.
Provinicas Unidas de Centroamérica
Name given to the unified countries of Central America between 1823 to 1838 prior to the individual independence movements of each country
describe the Spanish territory of Melilla
One of two enclaves owned by Spain that border Morocco in the Mediterranean Sea Population ('18) ≈ 86,384
describe the Spanish territory of Ceuta
One of two enclaves owned by Spain that border Morocco that is located in the Mediterranean Sea Population ('18) ≈ 85, 144
describe the geography of Bolivia
One of two landlocked countries cut off from water with four official languages (Spanish. Quechua, Guaraní, and Aymara), this South American country is located to the south of Brazil and Perú, east of Chile, and north of Argentina and Paraguay. It was discovered by Gonzalo and Hernando Pizarro in 1530; was part of Alto Perú until 1776 when incorporated into Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata; gained independence through help of Simón Bolívar in 1825; ruled by President Evo Morales Constitutional capital: Sucre Administrative capital + seat of government: La Paz Currency: Bolivian boliviano Economy rich in natural resources such tin, silver, natural gas, and major producers of coca
describe the geography of Paraguay
One of two landlocked countries cut off from water with two official languages of Spanish and Guaraní, this South American country is located south of Bolivia and east of Argentina and is split in half by its river of the same name. It was inhabited in Pre-Colombian times by Guaraní before arrival of Aleixo García and Pedro de Mendoza in 1536; Guaraní rebellion between 1735 and 1756; incorporated into Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776; declared independence in 1811 after wars with Spain and Argentina Capital: Asunción Currency: guaraní
El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha
Published in two parts (part one in 1605 and part two in 1615) as a parody of the chivalric Golden Age books, this famous novel written by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra recounts the adventures of Alonso Quijano, an old man who goes crazy after reading too many chivalric novels and in his altered state, believes he is Don Quijote, a traveling knight who goes on many adventures during his search for love. (Most famous scene: Alonso fighting against windmills of Córdoba believing they are giants)
Moctezuma II
Ruler of the mighty Aztec empire from 1502 to 1519, this famous Aztec leader is well-known as the emperor who was conquered by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés in 1519 and murdered in May 1520 during the Night of Tears ransack of Tenoochtitlán.
political prisoners under Franco (SWATP)
Scientists Writers Artists Teachers Professors
Romanesque influence on Spanish architecture
Semi-circular arches 6-10th century
discuss the influence of José de San Martín (1778-1850)
This Argentinian general is known as the liberator of Argentina and Chile and protector of Peru by fighting with the Spaniards against the French in Spain's war of independence, but later fought against the Spanish in the quest for independence for Latin American countries such as Argentina, Chile, and Peru
describe Spanish metric system similarities with imperial measurement system
Spain uses metric; the US uses imperial 1. Time seconds (segundos); hours (horas); days (días) 2. Angles degrees (grados)
Carlos Saura
Spanish cinema director in the 1950's known globally for his works: "La Madriguera," (seen in picture) "Cria Cuervos," and "Sweet Hours"
Arab Influence in Spanish Architecture (Mudejar Style)
Specifically in Córdoba Developed by the Moores in Christian Spain Developed between the 12-16th century Known for its extensive brickwork Synagogues of Santa María la Blanca and El Tránsito in Toledo, Spain.
describe the geography of Nicaragua
This Central American country lies southwest of Honduras and El Salvador with Costa Rica to the south. It was inhabited by many Indian groups including Nahuas in Pre-Colombian times until arrival and conquest by Gil González De Ávila in 1522; incorporated into Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica in 1824; and declared independence in 1838 Capital: Managua Currency: córdoba Economy based on agriculture with focus on exportation of cotton, coffee, sugar, and bananas
describe the influence of the house of the Bourbons
Taking power officially as a result of Carlos II (Hapsburg) of Spain designating Felipe V (Duke of Anjou) as his successor, this famous royal house was responsible for starting the War of Spanish Succession in 1701, the implementation of reforms to consolidate power and strengthen the efficiency of bureaucracy in Spain and colonies, and was one of the main factors of the early revolutionary movements in Latin America
describe the historical roots of Muslim influence in Spain
Thanks to the Reconquista time period of Spain under their control from 711 until 1492, the influence of this group is most evident in Spanish architecture like that in the Mezquita Catedral de Córdoba, the language with words starting with al-, and expressions like ojalá (Should Allah will it)
Primera crónica general de España
This cronicle, written by King Alfonso X el Sabio during the 13th century, serves as a record to help historians understand medieval Spanish history
Roman influence on Spanish architecture
The Romans built a network of roads, bridges, and aqueducts that linked many of the major Spanish cities, such as Córdoba, Tarragona, and Toledo
Boterismo
The style of painting that is used to describe the art work of Fernando Botero is most easily recognized due to his use of exaggerated and disproportionate volumes, especially to depict the human figure add humorous details to show criticism and irony.
Surrealist Movement (Cinema)
The use of shocking, irrational, and absurd imagery in works of cinema
Pedro Páramo and El llano en llamas
These famous works were written by Rulfo and deal in the genre of magical realism by creating historical stories based on ignorant, poor, and desolated country people as they deal with social injustice and the supernatural
describe Latin American Military Regimes
These political groups are characterized by their heavy involvement in the formation and ruling of Latin American countries most known for overthrowing too authoritarian and/or leftists governments, violating human rights, and devolving into dictatorships. Examples: Somoza family Nicaragua; Augusto Pinochet Chile; Rafael Trujillo Dominican Republic; Fidel Castro Cuba
describe the geography of Honduras
This Central American country, located between Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, was once home to the Mayans until arrival of Cortés and Alvarado in 1524 then was incorporated into the Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica in 1824 and finally gained independence in 1838. Capital: Tegucigalpa Currency: lempira Economy based on: export of bananas, coffee, corn, and tobacco
describe the geography of Guatemala
This Central American country, located south of Mexico, was once inhabited by the Maya until being conquered by Pedro de Alvarado in 1523. It also had jurisidiction over all of Central America under the Capitanía General de Guatemala until it joined the Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica and became its own country in 1839.. Capital: La ciudad de Guatemala Currency: quetzal Economy based on: agriculture of coffee, sugar cane, and bananas
discuss the impact of Cristóbal Colón
This Genoese navigator is considered the first of the European discoverers of America and credited with visiting/colonizing the Caribbean islands of Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, the Antilles, and the eastern coasts of Central and South America under the approval of the Catholic Kings of Spain and arrived in the new world in October 1492 using three ships: Niña, Pinta, and Santa María
describe the history of the Mayans
This Indian group, known as one of the most advanced cultures in the Pre-Colombian world, inhibited the currently located Yucatan, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize. Created: math system, calendar, and hieroglyphic writing The Popol Vuh: Mayan literary work Historic sites: Tikal (see picture) Practiced human sacrifices to appease their Gods (Itzamná, Kinich Ahau, Txchil, and Chac) Language: Mayan
describe the history of the Aztecs
This Indian group, known for being the most powerful people group in all of greater Mesoamerica and under the leadership of Moctezuma I and II, inhabited central Mexico prior to the arrival of Cortes. Their capital of the empire was Tenochtitlán and it was there that they developed society with different classes, practiced the daily sacrifice of a human heart as was the only way to please the sun so that it would shine every day, worshipped their various gods (Quetzalcoatl, Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, Tlalok, and Coatlicue), and spoke their native Nahuatl language.
describe the history of the Incas
This Indian group, known for having an advanced culture and society based on agriculture and clans, inhibited the now Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile; architecture was their most important form of art Language: Quechua (still spoken in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador) Practiced human sacrifices--specifically child/virgin to please their Gods (Inti and Viracocha) Famous leader: Túpac Amaru Famous sites: Machu Picchu, Cuzco, and Pisac
Nochebuena festival
This Latin American tradition takes place on the 24 of December and is celebrated with the singing of Christmas carols, and eating marisco, pavo o jamón con los dulces tipicos como el turrón, el mazapán y los polvorones
Las Posadas
This Latin American tradition, held annually between December 16 and December 24, involves a ritual re-enactment of Mary and Joseph's search for a lodging in Bethlehem performed just before Christmas in various Latin American countries
describe the works of Octavio Paz (1914-1998)
This Mexican poet and essayist won the Nobel Prize for his work in literature in 1990 and wove central ideas of loneliness and existential restlessness into his works, his best-known being: El Laberinto de la Soledad, Libertad banjo palabra, and Piedra de sol
describe the geography of Venezuela
This South American country is bordered by Brazil and the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea to the North; Colombia and Guyana to east. It was founded in 1567 by Alonso de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci; declared independence in 1811 thanks to efforts of Simón Bólivar Capital: Caracas Currency: Venezuelan bolivar Economy exports oil and oil products
describe the geography of Uruguay
This South American country is located between Argentina and Brazil in the Río de la Plata area. It was inhabited by Charrúa in Pre-Colombian times; first discovered by Juan Día de Solís in 1516 after discovering the Río de la Plata then settled by Sebastián Gaboto in 1527; Spanish got colony from Portugal 1777; occupied by British in 1806; beseiged by Brazilian troops in the 1840s; declared independence after fightings Spaniards, Portuguese, and changes of government in 1825 Capital: Montevideo Currency: Uruguayan peso Economy based on agriculture and pastoral products
describe the geography of Ecuador
This South American country, south of Colombia, north of Peru, and located directly on the equator, was known to be one of centers of Incan empire during Pre-Colombian period until Spanish arrival in 1527. It was then conquered by Sebastián de Benalcázar in 1533; declared independence during 18th and 19th centuries Capital: Quito Currency: US Dollar Economy based on agriculture and service- largest exports are bananas, oil and oil products
discuss the impact of Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541)
This Spanish conquistador was most well-known for his multiple expeditions in South America and his successful conquest of Peru and the seat of the Incan empire, establishing Peru as a Spanish colony
describe the artwork of Juan Gris (1887-1927)
This Spanish painter is well known for his paintings and collages influenced by the cubism of Picasso and Barque and by the bright colors of Matisse; however, his cubism was more pure and mathematical
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and effect in the Basque country
This armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization was founded in 1959 seeking to gain autonomy from Spain in Basque Country (located south of France and north of Spain) after being prompted by Franco's attempt to homogenize the language and culture of region using terrorist attacks to accomplish their goal and officially dissolving in 2018
describe the geography of Colombia
This country is the most northern country in the South American continent where it is bordered by Venezuela and Atlantic on east; Pacific Ocean northeast; Ecuador and Peru SW; Brazil SE. It was first visited by Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501; colonized by Spanish under name Nueva Granada between 1524 and 1534; joined with Ecuador and Venezuela to form the República de la Gran Colombia; secession of Ecuador and Venezuela as independent nations in 1830 lead to becoming own republic under Nueva Granada until changed name to United States of Colombia in 1863 Capital: Bogotá Currency: Colombian peso Economy based on agriculture with most important exports of coffee, corn, rice, sugar, cotton and bananas
describe the theme of Oligarchy in Latin American politics
This economic development theory is marked by having a structure of governance politically, economically, and culturally in which the elite class (primarily of European descent) held an outsized amount of control and capital of a country, organization, or institution.
describe the artwork of Diego Velázquez (1599-1660)
This famous 17th century Spanish painter was known as a portraitist during the Siglo de Oro (Golden Age) who produced historical and cultural depictions of royalty, notables, and commoners that were a source of inspiration for impressionists and realists such as Picasso and Dalí.
Guernica
This famous 1937 work by Picasso depicted a brutal attack by German bombers on a Spanish town during the Spanish Civil War (his other famous work is Les Demoiselles d'Avignon)
describe the artwork of Frida Kahlo (1907-1954)
This famous 20th century Mexican painter, who was married to Diego Rivera for a short time, was known as a surrealist who used bright colors and simple and primitive forms deeply rooted in Mexican and Amerindian culture in her self-portraits and other depictions of the feminine form Example of artwork: The Two Fridas (shown in picture)
describe the impact and works of Ernesto Sábato (1911-2011)
This famous Argentine writer and literary critic was known for translating various scientific books; writing numerous essays and articles on literature, science, metaphysics, and politics; and internally recognized for his novels: El túnel and Sobre héroes y tumbas,
discuss the influence and works of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811-1888)
This famous Argentinian writer and ex-president (1868-1874) was best known for his essays and novels which revolve around the theme of fighting against ignorance, chieftains, and dictatorship Works: Facundo, o Civilización i barbarie Other works: De la educación popular
discuss the influence and works of Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986)
This famous Argentinian writer of poetry, essays, and stories was known as one of best know Spanish-language writers because he was a leader in the literary movement called ultraismo and the cosmovision genre which dealt with metaphysical problems. Famous works of poetry: Fervor de Buenos Aires, Luna de enfrente Famous short stories: El jardín de los senderos que se bifurcan
describe the works of Pablo Neruda (1904-1973)
This famous Chilean poet with Marxist convictions was friends with members of Generation '27, and identified with the victims of wars, social injustice, and tyranny through his modernistic works celebrating nature and the American man. He also won Nobel prize for literature in 1971 Works: Crepusculario, Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desperada, España en el corazón and La mujer negra
describe the impact and works of Gabriel García Márquez (1928-2014)
This famous Colombian magical realism writer is recognized as one of the greatest narrative writers of the 20th century and influenced the writings of Isabel Allende.
describe the impact and artwork of Fernando Botero (1932-present)
This famous Colombian painter is known as one of the most celebrated Latin American artists of the century due to his unique Boterismo style of figurative painting
Celia Cruz (1925-2003)
This famous Cuban singer, better known as the "Queen of Salsa" / Guarachera de Cuba, was and still is considered the most influential figure of Cuban music in the 20th century. Her best known song: La vida es un carnaval
Túpac Amaru
This famous Incan chief is best known for his unsuccessful revolt against the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1780 which led to the annihilation of the Incan empire and subsequent conquest of Machu Pichu and the establishment of Perú as a Spanish colony
describe the impact and works of Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012)
This famous Mexican novelist and diplomat was known for writing novels as a way to examine Mexican culture and seeks a way to preserve it while also examining universal themes and aspects of human psychology based on the historical and explore real themes through fictional works employing magic realism. Works: La region más transparente, Terra nostra, La frontera de cristal
describe the works of Juan Rulfo (1918-1986)
This famous Mexican novelist and prose writer was known as the most profound of Mexican prose writers of the 40s in the magical realism genre
describe the artwork of Diego Rivera (1886-1957)
This famous Mexican painter (who was married to Frida Kahlo for a short time) was known as one of the world's most famous muralists (alongside Orozco and Siqueiros) who was influenced by Italian Renaissance/Russian communist movement.
describe the artwork of David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974)
This famous Mexican painter was known as one of the world's most famous muralists (alongside Orozco and Rivera) and most realistic muralist who painted his murals in Mexico after the Mexican revolution incorporating his political and Marxist influences into his works.
describe the artwork of José Clemente Orozco (1883-1949)
This famous Mexican painter was known as one of three Mexican muralists who revitalized modern Mexican art by focusing on Pre-Columbian culture after the Mexican Revolution with less political messages of social justice for the working class and native Indians
discuss the influence and works of Rubén Darío (1867-1916)
This famous Nicaraguayan writer was known as a major figure of modernism and best known for his poetry using novel meter and rhythms that transformed poetry
describe the impact and works of Mario Vargas Llosa (1936-present)
This famous Peruvian novelist and politician is most known for his realistic novels about political topics and the vulgarity of the external and internal human nature and being a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2010 Best known works: Los jefes, la ciudad y los perros, Conversación en la cathedral; Lituma en los Andes
discuss the influence of General Francisco Franco
This famous Spanish nationalist leader is well-known for leading a campaign against the Republican government of Spain in 1934, dividing the nation into two factions: Franquistas/Nationalists and Republicans/Loyalists during Spanish Civil War, establishing a church- and army-supported absolute dictatorship after the war from 1936 until his death in 1975.
Plácido Domingo (1941- present)
This famous Spanish opera singer and current director of the Los Angeles Opera is known as one of the three most famous tenors in Spain and holds the record for most featured singer to appear at the New York Metropolitan Opera since 1968. His opera performances include Carmen, Madame Butterfly, Don Rodrigo and others (Marina, Rigoletto, Lucia di Lammermoor)
describe the artwork of Francisco Goya (1746-1828)
This famous Spanish painter and print-maker was known as a historical/political realist who used varying art styles from Baroque, to Rococo, neoclassicism and expressionism and was a great influence for modern artists because of his accomplishment of being the first artist to paint what he wanted and not what the king or the church told him to paint.
describe the artwork of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1618-1682)
This famous Spanish painter during the Siglo de Oro is famous for his soft, muted painting style when painting both religiously themed works, children in everyday life, and portraiture. Most famous work: The Assumption of the Virgin
describe the artwork of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
This famous Spanish painter is and was regarded as the most influential artist of the 20th century due to the use of the Cubism style and his strong political messages conveyed in his paintings as he hated the fascist government of Franco.
describe the works of Garcilaso de la Vega (1501-1536)
This famous Spanish poet is famous for bringing Italian poetry forms such as sonnets and elegies (in the form of estancias y liras) to Spain and adapting them to the Spanish language
describe the works of Gustavo Adolfo Becquer (1836-1870)
This famous Spanish poet, is best known for his rimas and prose pieces that bridge the gap between Romanticism and modern poetry.
describe the artwork of Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
This famous Spanish surrealist/cubist painter was known for his classical technique as well as widely imaginative images. (works: La cesta del pan, El hombre invisible, La persistencia de la memoria, Metamorfosis de Narciso, Madona de Port Lligat, Ultima cena, Descubrimiento de América por Colón)
Jacinto Guerrero (1895-1951)
This famous Spanish zarzuela composer composed his most famous work "El huésped de sevillano"
Federico Chueca (1846-1908)
This famous Spanish zarzuela composer composed many famous zarzuelas in the género chico, including his most famous work "La gran via"
Amadeo Vives (1871-1932)
This famous Spanish zarzuela composer composed the zarzuela "Doña Francisquita"
José Serrano (1873-1941)
This famous Spanish zarzuela composer was the musical heir of Chueca composed his most famous work "La canción del olvido"
describe the works of Antonio Gaudí (1815-1926)
This famous and most well-known Spanish architect is most famous for his incorporation of various gothic, romantic, modern and oriental traditions and unique patterns based on nature into his masterpieces, including the Basilica de la Sagrada Familia (still in construction) in Barcelona; the Parc Güell, the Casa Milà, and the Casa Batlló
describe the works of Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)
This famous author, philosopher, and professor from the generación del '98 is best known for being deeply engaged in intellectual debates of the day (wrote his best-known essay Del sentimiento trágico de la vida)
Historia de México: de la conquista al futuro
This famous mural by Diego Rivera is one of many that represent the revalorization of the indigenous Mexican Roots by highlighting symbols and historical figures from the colonial period. (Some of his other famous works include: La creacion, La leyenda de Quetzalcoatl, Sueño de una tar de dominical en la Alameda Central, La historia de la cardiología)
Nueva democracia
This famous mural by Siqueiros (along with his other murals such as Victimas de la guerra, Victimas del fascismo, El tormento de Cuauhtémoc, El entierro del obrero sacrificado, Los elementos, Los mitos, El llamado de la libertad) are more realistic than Rivera's and Orozco's in that they show aspects of Pre-Colombian culture and its relationship with colonial culture in Mexico
La casa de los espíritus
This famous novel by Isabel Allende follows a Chilean family for four generations as they examine sociopolitical issues in Chile during the postcolonial period
La persistencia de la memoria
This famous painting by Dalí is known for its blend of surrealism and cubism
El tres de mayo 1808
This famous painting by Goya depicts the execution of Spanish soldiers by the French army during the Peninsula/Spanish War of Independence
Versos sencillos
This famous poem (in addition to Versos libres y Ismaelillo) by José Martí revolve around the central ideas of freedom and liberalism, representing the beginning of modernism in Latin America
Azul
This famous prose written by Darío talks about the search for ideal beauty within social problems created by materialism
describe the works of Benito Pérez Galdós (1843-1920)
This famous realistic Spanish author is well-known for his realist novels, dramas, and chronicles based on inspiration taken from work of Dickens in England and Balzac in France (also wrote Doña Perfecta and Fortunata y Jacinta)
Sueños y discursos
This famous satirical work by Quevedo is famous for its mockery of subgroups of Spanish noble society during the Spanish Golden Age
describe the impact and works of Julio Cortázar (1914-1984)
This famous surrealist Argentinian author was famous for his stories, essays, and novels dealing with reality, fantasy, and the absurd by creating realistic images of the monstrous to transmit his ideas in his novels works: Bestiario, Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce, Rayuela
describe the artwork of Joan Miró (1893-1983)
This famous surrealist Spanish painter and sculptor is best known for his more experimental techniques and modern representation of objects. Best known scuplture: Pájaro lunar Best known paintings: Carnaval de Arlequí and Granja
discuss the impact of Hernándo Cortés (1485-1547)
This infamous Spanish conquistador is most well-known for his defeat and take-over of the Aztecs and his conquest of most of modern-day Mexico; founded La Hispaniola (DR/Haiti) and Cuba; infamous because of his harsh treatment of the Aztecs and other indigenous people
Santiago Calatrava
This internationally famous Spanish contemporary architect is most recognized for his work on the Milwaukee Art Museum in Wisconsin (as well as Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències in Valencia, Spain, and Turning Torso building in Malmo, Sweden)
Rafael Moneo
This internationally famous Spanish contemporary architect is most recognized for the following projects: the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles and Wellesley College in Massachusetts (as well as the Audrey Jones Beck building in Houston, TX)
Semana Santa festival
This is a Spanish festival commemorating Holy Week through parades and various religious festivals
Tomatina Festival
This is a famous Spanish tradition in Valencia in which everyone throws tomatoes at each other
Leyendas
This is a famous collection of prose pieces written by Gustavo Becquer that exemplifies the Romantic style of prose dealing with themes of myth, love, life, and death in a mystical, lyrical style
describe the local Spanish tradition of Fallas
This is a local Spanish traditional festival held in Valencia in which a parade of large paper floats are set on fire at the end of a procession
describe the art of zarzuela
This is a particular type of performance that mixes theater and music in which singing and speaking take turns that originated and were enjoyed by the privileged class in Spain during the 17th century; became popular again in the 19th and 20th century. Famous composers include: Vives, Chueca, Serrano, and Guerrero
conceptismo
This is a style of poetry established by Quevedo known for its brief but deep style in contrast to the more flowery poetry of other writers during the Siglo de Oro
La independencia nacional
This is one of Orozco's most famous murals in which messages of social justice for working class and native Indians are found (Some of his other works include: Omnisciencia, Luchas proletarias, La justicia, Riquezas nacionales, and Buena vida)
Las Meninas
This is the most famous work of Diego Velázquez that was completed in 1656 depicting a baroque portrayal of the Infanta Margarita (daughter of the king) surrounded by maids and currently hangs in the Museo del Prado in Madrid
Describe the Reconquista
This is the term given to describe the attempt on the part of the Spaniards to recover their land and restore a united faith of Christianity (specifically Catholicism) from the control of the Muslims from 712-1492; famous victories including the Christians reclaiming Asturias in the 720s and Granada by the Spaniards in 1492
Luis Buñuel
This leading Spanish surrealist director was the first Spanish cinema director to be recognized internationally through the 1930s via such films as "Belle de Jour," (seen in picture) and others ("El discreto encanto de la burguesía," and "Ese obscure objecto del deseo")
Portrait of Picasso
This painting by Gris reflects his version of a more pure and mathematical cubism compared to Picasso
factors influencing Latin American independence movements
This period of revolutionary endeavors starting in 1810 until 1898 was caused by disenchantment of creole (Latin American living people with European ancestors) population being ruled from afar, the Napoleonic Wars, freedom of trade in New World, and influences/ideals of the Enlightenment
rimas
This poetic style developed by Becquer during Romanticism incorporates themes of love and life written in a free verse format; best example is from poem "Poesia...eres tu"
describe the effects of syncretism in Latin America
This religious term describes the mixing or integration of Catholic practices and festivals into indigenous religious practices and festivals, creating unique religious traditions in Latin America such as Día de los Muertos
discuss the Peninsula War and War for Independence
This series of wars, which began when Napoleon attempted to take over the Iberian Peninsula by Spain and France attacking Portugal in 1807, resulted in people of Madrid pushing back in famous Dos de mayo uprising (May 2nd, 1808) and led to eventual withdrawal of French troops after trying to occupy it in 1814
describe sociolinguistics
This term describes the study the relationships between language and society and how they interact, modify, and impact each other.
describe the Boom in Latin American Literature
This term refers to group of Latin American writers in the 1960s and 1970s whose works reached European audiences to a greater extent thanks to their: modernist style, multi-layered perspectives, use of urban and rural settings, educated and colloquial language, and fearless approach to tackling themes of political/social turmoil, mixed history, and fantasy
El Siglo de Oro
This time period, known as the Spanish Golden Age lasting from 1492 to 1650, is characterized by a flourishing of Spanish art (under Greco, Velázquez, and Murillo), literature (under Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Quevedo, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz) and music under the reign of the Hapsburgs during the 1500s and 1600s.
describe the Spanish Inquisition
This was a court established first in Spain during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in 1480 and then in the Nueva España whose purpose was to discover and punish heretics and investigate crimes against the faith (witchcraft, bigamy, blasphemy, and possession of forbidden books) in order to ensure the orthodoxy of Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity; intensified after royal decrees in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave the country; known for using torture during interrogations; abolished in 1834
describe La Generación del '98
This was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers (including Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado, and Pío Baroja) active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898), committed to cultural and aesthetic renewal, and associated with modernism whose works display their reactions and perspectives towards the moral, political, and social crisis of Spain and the overbearing, unacademic conservatism in arts and academia.
Episodios nacionales
This was a set of 46 novels written in the historical fiction genre by Pérez Galdós in which he explores the 19th century history of Spain through the eyes of several different characters
discuss the Spanish Civil War
This was a war between the Nationalists (under the control of general Franco) and the republicans (composed as anarchists, communists, and socialists) that started in 1936 when Franco led a campaign against the republicans lasting until 1939; resulted in Franco establishing his dictatorship until 1975
describe La Generación del '27
This was an influential group of Spanish poets (including Federico García Lorca) who rose to prominence before Spanish Civil War (1923-1927) whose poetry represented diverse styles, free verse, bridging the gap between Spanish folk tradition, classical poetry, and the up and coming styles in rest of European poetry.
Ariel
This work by Rodó is famous for being an intellectual guide for Uruguayan people of his generation due to his desire for Latin American youth to reject materialism and embrace their own culture
describe post-Franco Spain
Time period after 1975 which saw rise of a successful constitutional democracy until 1982 and the rise of La Movida cultural movement
describe Spain under Franco
Time period in Spanish history from 1936 until 1975 marked by religious and cultural conservatism, autocratic decision-making, oppression, lack of freedom, fidelity to the Catholic Church, support from the oligarchy, efforts to homogenize Spain linguistically and culturally and keep it free from economic and cultural foreign influence, permiso marital severely limiting legal and economic rights of women, ban of public use of languages like Catalan and Euskera (Basque language), and heavy reliance on internal production rather than free trade.
La casa de Bernarda Alba
Written by García Lorca in 1936, this dramatic play presents themes of social norms, reputation, marginalization, and individual freedom through the eyes of una familia de mujeres viviendo bajo el mismo techo y el mando de una madre fuerte de opiniones algo anticuados.
describe the work known as La Celestina
Written by Fernando de Rojas in 1499 and also known as the Tragicómedia de Calisto y Melibea, this famous novel is known as the first Spanish novel to represent the Spanish Renaissance, focus on divine themes, and resulted in the revival of attention toward ancient Roman comedies
1898 and independence movements in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
Year in which Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines won their independence from Spain in the Spanish-American War after several unsuccessful attempts at revolution; resulted in Spain effectively losing its status as an empire and world power and influenced the writers of Generation of '98
A Quinceañera is also..
a Latin American tradition in which a girl celebrates her 15th birthday with a lavish party
Ultraismo
a literary movement born in Spain in 1918 (lead by Argentine writer Jorge Borges), with the declared intention of opposing Modernismo, which had dominated Spanish poetry since the end of the 19th century.
describe the issues of Indigenous Rights in Latin America
discrimination between indigenous culture/language and "dominant" culture/language; more European in appearance = higher status
discuss early independence movements in Latin America and its effects on Spain
loss of global empire, wars and political unrest on the peninsula, and a destabilized, isolated, slow economy
describe Spanish metric system differences from imperial measurement system regarding volume
metric = mililiters (mililitros); centiliters (centilitros); liters (litros) imperial= ounce (onza), cups (taza), quarter (cuarto), gallons (galón)
describe Spanish metric system differences from imperial measurement system regarding longitude and distance
metric- centimeters (centímetros); meters (metros); kilometers (kilómetros) imperial- inches (pulgadas); feet (pies), yards (yardas), miles (millas)
describe Spanish metric system differences from imperial measurement system regarding weight
metric- gram (gramo); kilogram (kilogramo) ; ton (tonelada) imperial- ounce (onza); pounds (libra) ; ton (tonelada)
Language Success Exceeds Past Knowledge Grammar And Regions
mnemonic phrase to remember the seven examples of factors affected by sociolinguistics: geographical Location, Socioeconomic class, Education level, Prior Knowledge or contact with other languages, Gender, Age, and Race (ethnicity)
describe the relationships between indigenous cultures/peoples and Europeans
strained and marginalized due to the: increased mortality as a result of European diseases and conquests; heavy exploitation of natural resources; invasion of city centers; and complex hierarchical system of ethnicity due to Spanish having open romantic and martial relationships with indigenous population