Sparta - Army [COMBINED]

1) at least _,000 persians, maybe twice this number, were led by king _. he had already _ the _ half of greece but they headed _. this route through the south was along a _ passage through the mountains, which _ down to within a few _ of the sea at _.

10, xerxes, conquered, northern, south, narrow, dropped, metres, thermopylae

4) fighting finally happened. horrific. for _ days, greeks killed _ of persians as the greeks had _ fighting skills. only a _ greeks killed.

2, thousands, superior, few

6) led by _ hoplites, allies fought until they even fought with their hands and _ (according to _). leonidas was killed and the _, eventually, captured his body and enraged, _ ordered for leonidas to be _ and his head to be driven onto a _, shown for all to see. almost _ hoplite was killed but although it was a defeat, _ was an inspiration and in the following _ the greeks were able to destroy the _ for good. soon after, _ accounts an inscription at the spot saying, 'go tell the _, stranger passing by, that here, _ to their laws, we lie.'

300, teeth, herodotus, persians, xerxes, decapitated, stake, every, courage, months, persians, herodotus, spartans, obedient (eunomia)

leonidas was the king who led spartans in thermopylae, _, and regarded as an _ for the warrior state.

480, icon

2) the greek _ sent a _ force of about _,000 men to defend the _ whilst the rest of the forces regrouped and _ the defence for the _ of greece. the head of this force was sparta's king _ who had gone down in history as the most _ spartan. there was also a handpicked selection of _ hoplites who were all fathers of _ sons. when the persians arrived, the greek forces were already there to defend a _ which they had _ in the middle of the passage, between the _ of thermopylae. the greek allies also used nearby village of _ as their _ base until they were trapped by the persian soldiers who had arrived via the mountain _.

allies, mixed, 7, passage, planned, south, leonidas, famous, 300, living, wall, rebuilt, mountains, alpeni, supply, pass

hoplites disapproved of using _ by armies, like the _, during wars because hoplites believed _ courage was shown through _-to-hand combat. arrows, on the other hand, arrows were used at a _ and were thought to be "_" because they looked like _ wheels

arrows, persians, real, hand, distance, womanish, spinning

the spartan system decreed that the dead should be _ within the city, even near _, unlike other greek cities. this made spartans face the _ of _ often.

buried, temples, reality, death

famous red _ which was dyed _ to hide any _

cloak, red, blood

_ structure: the army was divided into _ with each commanded by a _ commander who was responsible to the _ king (the other back in _). below the commanders, there were other _ and officers so information was spread _.

command, regiments, regiment, campaign, sparta, divisions, quickly

_ of bronze, later _, which protected a hoplite's _

corselet, leather, torso

the perioeci were used as soldiers and as _ to repair weapons and equipment on _. by the _th century, the spartiates and perioeci were fighting _ to each other in _ _ regiments.

craftsmen, campaign, 4, next, 6, mixed

spartans believed death was _ if it served a _ cause for the good of the city.

desirable, higher

5) but during the _, greek forces betrayed by local man called _ who was sold out by the persians to inform them of a _ through the _ which came out the other side of _. when _ broke the next day, the greeks learnt from _ that there was going to be a _. leonidas, dismissed most of the greek forces but kept about _,500 men in the pass between the mountains. basically suicide mission. leonidas said, 'eat a good _ for tonight we dine in the _'

evening, ephialtes, path, mountains, thermopylae, dawn, scouts, pincer, 1, breakfast, underworld

as leonidas left, he told his wife _ to "marry a good man and _ good children".

gorgo, bear

hoplites had _ to protect their legs

greaves

a _ would follow a _ enemy until he felt certain of _ as it was believed to be below their _ to kill _. so many enemies would simply fled from the fearsome spartans, knowing that they would not be chased down and _. creates _ factor.

hoplite, fleeing, victory, dignity, fugitives, killed, fear

each _ held their shield, called a _, in their _ hand and depended on their _'s hoplon to protect his _ _ side. any mistake could rip a hole in the _. soldiers needed to maintain tight _ and _ quickly to new orders and changes in _, which were communicated by _ and pipes. hoplites were named after their _ shields

hoplite, hoplon, left, neighbour, exposed, right, phalanx, obedience, react, tactics, trumpets, hoplon

the _ shield was _ and always inscribed with an "L" standing for _ which meant 'sparta'

hoplon, round, lacedaemonia

if a hoplite lost their _ or was fighting close to an enemy, he could use his _ sword (_cm long) which hung from the _ hand side of a _ round his waist. no examples have survived.

hoplon, short, 30, right, belt

_ speaking = lycurgus encouraged spartans to speak _ but _

laconically, little, concisely

hoplites wore _ boots

leather

hoplites could have their hair _ in battle because it was thought to make them look _ and scarier

long, taller

_' decree ensured all spartiates dedicated themselves to being a hoplite - even being _ from doing other work. spartan life was for war so the economy was placed in the hands of helots on _, women on finances and trade or craft to the _

lycurgus, banned, kleroi, perioeci

only helot _ could be baggage-holders and _ in times of war.

men, skirmishers

women were taught to show _ emotion except _ for a fallen _ - unlike a traditional _ funeral. of course, this was different for a king's funeral where many thousands of people, spartiates, perioeci, helots, were obliged by _ to attend the kings' funeral. news of their death was carried by _ and down the country. the entire community observed _ days of mourning, beating their _ as a sign of _. whereas at other spartiate funerals, death was met with a stiff _ lip and no _

no, pride, relative, greek, law, horsemen, 10, foreheads, grief, upper, emotion

before the _ invaded, the _ oracle informed that the spartans that their city would either be conquered or "will _ the death of a king". so leonidas went to defend the _ knowing he would die

persians, delphic, mourn, pasage

_ = fighting formation emerging in _th century which the spartans were masters of. it was a _ formation of soldiers normally _ rows deep. during battle opposing _ would approach each other _ and, when they met, the two sides would _ at each other with their _ trying to hit _ areas of an enemy. if the _ soldiers in the _ row were killed, the men in the rows behind would step up _ place to keep the _ wall in tact

phalanx, 7, rectangular, 8, phalanxes, quickly, thrust, spears, unprotected, best, front, one, defence

_ helmet gave great protection but it was _ to see out of and _ well.

plumed, hard, hear

_ said lycurgus decreed that the spartans should not face the _ enemy too often so their _ would remain a secret. it would be harder fighting an enemy you don't know how it will _, creating a _ factor

plutarch, same, tactics, attack, mystique

the dead spartans were wrapped up in their _ _, without any treasures.

red, cloaks

_ was very important to the military. _ would sacrifice when setting out from sparta and when reaching the _ so the gods would be in _ of their mission. before a battle a king would always sacrifice to the _ in order to remind soldiers that their efforts would be remembered in _. if their sacrifice was favoured, the _ played a song to _, one of the _ gods of sparta and the _ would advance

religion, king, borders, favour, muses, song, pipes, castor, twin, hoplites

the _ was the main weapon for _-fighting spartans. it was _m long

spear, phallanx, 3

3) stressful _-off for _ days while king _, king of persians, tried to persuade greeks to _ without a fight. xerxes said, '_ up your arms', _ replied, 'come and _ them!'. during this, he sent a _ riding on a horse to watch the greek camp - xerxes was _ to hear that the hoplites were preparing for battle by _ their hair - preparing themselves for a _ death.

stand, 4, xerxes, surrender, deliver, leonidas, get, spy, shocked, brushing, glorious

the spartan _ stated that all spartiates should be full-time _. it was especially _ as no other greek city-state had a professional army before, just had all citizens fight when needed.

system, soldiers, radical

the battle of _ in _ was the greatest example of sparta's _ but it was really a military _

thermopylae, 480, heroism, defeat

plutarch said that spartiate _ 'even continued into adulthood as no one was _ to live as they wanted to'

training, allowed

basic item of a hoplite's uniform was his _

tunic

only men who had died in _ and women who had died in _ could have their names inscribed on a _ - these were the _ sacrifices.

war, labour, gravestone, ultimate

hoplites had to be _ and careful to watch the helots who were _ in case they rebelled or _. often spartiates would carry round _ with them in the camp and would keep a close eye on the _ store

wary, skirmishes, deserted, spears, weapons