SPC 2608 Speaking to Persuade (CH 16)

Speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of the given policy

Ethics and Persuasion

-Make sure goals are ethically sound and use ethical methods -Can defend them if questioned or challenges -Knowing facts is not enough, need to be honest in what you say -MORE SUBTLE FORMS OF DISHONESTY: quoting out of context, portraying a dew details as the whole story, and misrepresenting the sources as facts and figures. -Take care to present statistics, testimony, and other kinds of evidence fairly and accurately -Respect rights of free speech and expression, stay away from name calling and other forms of abusive language

Organizing speeches on questions of value

-Most organized topically -First point= establish standards for your value judgement -Second point= applying standards to subject of speech Specific purpose: To persuade... Central idea: Whatever value at question Main points: 1) standards 2) how standards fit in this situation

Psychology of Persuasion

-Persuasion is a physiological process. -Occurs when 2 or more points of view exist

How listeners process persuasive messages

-Persuasion is something done WITH an audience, not TO. -Listeners engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker. -While listening, they asses credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals. -Similar to what happens in vocal conversation except respond internally

Organizing speeches on questions of fact

-Usually organized topically.. each main point is a reason Specific purpose: To persuade my audience that____ Central idea: There are.... Main points: 1) reason 1, 2) reason 2, 3) reason 3

Monroe's motivated sequence

1) attention: gain attention by: relating to audience, showing importance, make startling statement, arousing curiosity, posing question, telling dramatic story, or using visual aids. 2) need: make audience feel need for change.. show serious problem 3) Satisfaction: Provide solution for problem 4) Visualization: Intensify desire for plan by visualizing benefits. use vivid imagery ] 5) Action: call for action and reinforce *preferred method for most because more detailed

Speeches to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Challenge of persuasive speaking

Challenge of persuasive speaking: persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging... objective more ambitious and audience analysis and adaptation become more demanding... may also deal with controversial topics that tough on your listeners basic attitudes, values and beliefs. May increase resistance to persuasion and make your task more difficult How successful you are in any particular persuasive speech will depend above all on how well you tailor your message to values, attitudes, and beliefs of your audience

Analyzing questions of policy

NEED- first basic issue... is there a serious problem or need that requires change from current policy -Burden of proof- obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary PLAN- the second basic issue in analyzing policy: is there a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? (show plan that is similar that has been successful elsewhere) PRACTICALITY- The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?

Nonpartisan

Nonpartisan- informative speech situation where speaker acts as lecturer or teacher.. give information as impartially as possible

Organizing speeches on questions of policy

Problem-solution order: method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with existence of problem and second main point presents solution Problem-cause-solution order: A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second analyzes problem, third presents a solution Comparative advantages order: A method of organizing speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other solutions Monroe's motivated sequence: Method of organizing persuasive speeches that seem immediate action. Five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Question of Policy= a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken -always go beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something should or should not be done. -goal may be to either gain passive agreement or motivate action from listeners

Persuasive speeches on Question of fact

Question of fact= a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion -many cannot be answered absolutely -Some will involve prediction

Persuasive speeches on questions of value

Question of value= a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action -demand value judgements -what is right vs wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair and unfair

Partisan

Situation for persuasive speech (question of fact)... speaker is advocate and aim to not be impartial, but present one view of facts as persuasively as possible.. and to refute

Degrees of Persuasion

Strongly apposed-> Moderately opposed-> Slightly opposed-> Neutral-> slightly in favor-> Moderately in favor-> Strongly in favor

Mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade Example: advertising- aimed at particular segments of the market. Maybe do questionnaires to determine positions

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions Act as an advocate