SPEA V443 EXAM 3

Don't ask don't tell:

Started in the military, if they don't ask, you shouldn't tell.

Religious see lgb

as queer. Gay come out earlier now, from high school. ONCALE ACTS vs sun downer: harassment CAN occur on same sex.

Gender Role Socialization

things such as family, friends, media, etc.. helped set your identity on what you're allowed to do.(men wear dress on irish day vs normal day) - Prominent reason for sex discrimination, lower wage, sex seg, and other unequal gender treatment.

Percentage of grandparents that care for their grandchildren for at least six months

2.6 million people indicated had primary responsibility for grandhilcdren.

Results of being out at work and job-related psychological outcomes

Benefits are higher affective commitment and job satisfaction View top management as being more supportive Lower role ambiguity, role conflict and conflict between work and home.

Results of offering domestic partner benefits

Companies with more pregressive GLBT had higher stock performance than companies less progressive. When employees enroll partner benefits, costs generally consistent with any increase in number of plan participants.

Definition of sexual orientation

Component of sexuality" characterized by enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, and or affectional attractions to individuals of a particular gender"

HIV/AIDS at Work: Unfounded Fears

Employees resist working with or employing gay males for unfouded fear of contracting HIV/AIDS Nearly half of new HIV/AIDS infections result from heterosexual contract or injection of drug Risk of contracting HIV/AIDS at work is very small. HIV/AIDS is under ADA, and employers are prohibited from discriminating against them.

Role of straight allies (last paragraph)

Including sexual orientation in org nondiscrimination policy Offering equality in benefit to domestic partners Seeking top management support Circumvent employee resistance through training, education, and discipline of those who would persist in discrimination and exclusion

Education level and women's propensity to be in the workforce even if they have young children.

Labor force participations of all women with children increased 47% to 72% Single mothers work more hours than married Women with higher educational level face higher opportunity costs of staying home and more financially able to purchase quality child care and other services.

Earnings of gay men compared to heterosexual men

Lesbian earn more than comparably educated heterosexual women, gay males earn less than comparably educated heterosexual male

Level of difficulty of not disclosing one's gay or lesbian sexual orientation at work

Many gays and lesbians expect, and often receive discrimination, harassment, or termination if they are open at work. Passing: sexual minorities avoid negative consequences of being out by not disclosing their sexual orientation.

Results of the NLSY National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: married men were more likely to have been promoted than single men, but married women less likely to have promoted than single women. Having preschool child was associated with higher promotion rates for men, but lower for women Never married, childless women had highest rates of promotion.

Which group is more religious than the other

Of Hispanics, 57% are catholic, 22% protestants, 12 no religion, and 5 other religion Jews, 53% Judaism, 47% identify with Judaism because parents were jewish.

Concerns that employed grandparents face in caring for their grandchildren

Often cause those children to have special emotional, physical, and psychological needs that may negatively affects GRANDPARENTS at work.

Definition of gender identity/expression

Person's internal sense of gender, and how a person behaviors, appears, or presents with regard to societal expectations of that person.

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

Prohibits employers from discrimination because of pregnancy and related medical conditions but does not require pregnancy related benefit or leave. Empoyers cannot require prenenat women to take levaes or resign, cannot refuse to hire pregnant women, and cannot treat them different than other medical conditions in term of leaves and medical benefit.

Career Outcomes for Employees Who Take Leaves of Absence

Providing job guarantees for those taking maternity and family leave that exceed twelve weeks and providing child care subsidies for qualified employees.

sandwich generation and gender that participates more in elder care

Sandwich generation: people who find themselves caring both children and aging parents 44 million adults provide unpaid care to another adult and 26 million work or have worked while doing so. Women working full time are 4x likely as men working FT to have primary care givers to elderly relatives

Know percentage of the U.S. population that identifies themselves as Christian

- 76% of US population identifies as Christian(25 catholics and 15% as Baptists)

HIV/AIDS at Work:

- Anybody can get it, not just male gay. - You can tell your boss the gay male has HIV, but the manager doesn't have to follow it. - HIV positive, but it does't mean it will turn into AIDS

At young age, population of boys are more than girls. But older, it tends to equal out because boys take risks.

- By the age of 25, female outnumbered male.

Racial Profiling of Arabs (or People Who Look as though They Might Be Arab)

- Definition of profiling and who experiences it Flying while Brown refers to instances which law-abiding middle easterners were questioned or removed from planes • Amount of Arab Americans that are Christian • 80% of ARAB Americans are US citizein, 2/3 of them ARE CHRISTIAN(mostly Catholic), 24% muslim

Sex, Race, and Ethnicity

- Differences among women in education, participation rates, and employment levels, but white women are advantages relative to women of color. Current issues for women of color - Being a women or person of color has disadvantages stemming from multi rage and gender stereotypes, discrimination, and segregation - White women benefited from AAP, more likely to be in management

Disparate or Adverse Impact

- Disparate treatment occurs when applicant or employee is intentionally treated differently than males are treated. - Disparate adverse impacts: when employers apparently neutral policy or practice negatively affects women employment opportunities.

Gender and sexual orientation are different

- Gender is who you are? - Sexual orientation is who you want to be with?

Individuals protected under Title VII

- Prohibits employers of 15 people or more from discrimination against employees or applicants in hiring/firing because of their religious beliefs

Status of organizations with inclusive GLBT policies vs. those with less inclusive policies

- Small org are okay

Sex Discrimination

- Title VII of civil right act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in employment related matters - Both male and female are likely to get harassed. Later women become the harasser(40-50) - Less claimed men are harassed, but they are. Because they get harassed by same sex, or ambarassed because women harass them. - Gotta know you have the right to file a claim, a harassed-free environment,

Women's Roles in Organized Religion

- With focus on women's roles as leaders and clergy - Women as Clergy: 2 largest US denominations do not allow women to serve in highest leadership positions of their churches. - Stained galss ceiling: women clergy are often confined to junior, associate, or co pastor positions in smaller congregations and have lower earnings than male clergy - Female clergy are likely to be more involved in political and social issues than male clergy.

Reasonable Accommodations

- Without undue hardship, it allows employees to observe their normal religious practices

Worldwide statistics on women's earnings and likelihood of being in poverty compared to men

- Women accepting rather than bargaining for pay Contributes to wage gap and slows career advancement Create dissatifcation and turnover Women who do negotiate are less successful at it

Education and earnings of gay men and lesbians when compared with heterosexual men and women

-- Gays and lesbians have higher educational levels than heterosexuals.

Sex Segregation

70% of ones gender, makes up a position in a company. (more men than women in a certain job). -Effects of working in male-dominated jobs and female-dominated jobs (both men and women) -Pay disparity for a female nurse vs. a male nurse ½ of all workers seek jobs that are atleast 80% sex seg - 7 times many male dom jobs than females - Law supply and demands says crowding of women into limited jobs, resulted in lower womens wages

Women earn 80 cents to a dollar earned by men,

And PT work futher exaggerates the wage gap

Perception of women do not work

Media influences However, black women enter the workforce does not include them

Reogiscity:

Degree which they consider themselves religious

Gap is becoming smaller

Due to trend for younger women obtain more education, 25-29 age advanced degree holders are female. However, higher education does not guarantee salaries of women will be equal to male

T/F: all arab American are Muslim:

FALSE

Factors affect these differences in return

Feminine typed job, or penalties for deviating from preferred male norm may be greater for those higher status than for women who are lesbians Lesbian perceive themsleves as independent, thus viewed as more committed than heterosexual women

glass ceiling,

Glass Ceiling:An invisible barrier that prevents women, people of color, and people with disabilities from progressing beyond a certain level in organizations.

glass escalator effect

Glass Escalator: Refers to men's rapid ascent into management and higher-level positions after entering female-dominated occupations.

how to reduce influence of sex and gender discrimination

Individual women can earn as much education as possible, seek male dominant job, egotiate salaries, and monitor salary increases through their lives. Choose employers carefully, look for diversity programs, and commitment to gender equity.

Family policies in US seem woefully inadequate Lanham ACt

Lanham ACt provides subsidized childcare during war years. War end subsidized end. US policies viewed children responsibility as women's. Whereas develoepd countries view as societal concern.

Quid pro quo harassment:

Manager, supervisors, or other make sexual demands used as basis for employment decisions such promotion or termination.

Why minority women and younger women are target of sexual harrassment compared to white women adn older women

Minority and yougner women often work in low status job, which make it easier to harrassment.

Average, working mothers experience 5% wage penalty per child

Result of perception women with children are less committed to working, distracted, and less valuable than people without.. However, it is a commitment to working. Penalty result from women with children being less productive than those without, however, haven't been demonstrated

Women spend on average of 17 years caring for children and 18 for aging parents, during their working years. Half of employees are not covered by the Family and Medical Leave ACt Factors covered by the FMLA?

Size of employer and number of employees and hour they work. Larger employers are more likely to qualify.

Bad perceptions of women with kids were evident in the research and in court cases

Stereotypes play an important role, father escape because they are financial provider

sticky floor

Sticky Floors:The commonplace situation of relatively few women or minorities advancing past first or second level management. Glass Walls: The invisible horizontal barriers that constrain women, people of color, and people with disabilities to certain occupations and positions within organizations.

-Definition of Religious Discrimination

Treatment of employees or customers unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs -To avoid it, leaders should recognize the diversity of religious belief, implement procedure so people are treated equitably, provide number of holidays employees may use to be away from work, careful scrutinize appearance, and ensure employees awre of org policies may conflict with employees religious, and appropriate accommodation may be available

Hostile Work Environment:

Unwelcome sexual conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with job performance, or creating an intimiating offensive work environment.

**Who consider to be more religious?

Women

Women Vs. Men on who is more likely to live in poverty over the other

Women - Factors feminization of poverty Lower rate of participation in the workforce Greater parttime work Female and male wage gap Longer life expectancies

What causes disparity income between FT male and female?

Women FT job likely to be working fewer hours and work in a LOWER WAGE JOBS. HOWEVErR, gap between YOUNGER men and women is smaller.

Salary between heterosexual, gay, and bisexual

Women make less than men Gay man in male dominant position, the gay man will make less than a hetero man. But if he is in a female dominant position, the gay man will make more. The lesbian will make more in a female dominant position, they will make more than women. But if lesbian in a male dominant position, the lesbian will make more than gay male but less than hetero male.

glass wall,

a barrier to moving laterally in a business to positions that are more likely to lead to upward mobility

-What happens to the effectiveness of anti discrimination and equal pay legislation as a result of socialization?

affects women treatment in org. -- neutralized antidis and equal pay legislation by setting up different career choices for men and women. - Differences in male-dominated and female-dominated positions in the same field.

People who are not religious,

are in a religion

Sustainable birth rate and perceptions that childcare is mother responsibility

are probably 2 important contributors to social policy regarding parenting.

51% of workforce

are women, however, they are dominant minority.

Theres no federal law for

bisexual groups.

Ch 10: since 1975 labor force participation of women with children under age 18 increased 47% to 71% What factors affecting this increaded?

changing norms, mores, and societal expections; divorce; single parenthood; stagnation of mens wages and women personal desire to work.

higher earning of sexual lesbian

compared with heterosexual women

Sexual orientation is defined as

component of sexuality characterized by enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, and affectional attraction to indivudal of a particular gender

Factors US policies change to be more supportive?

declining birth rates, societal demands, and needs for more workers might help change US policies

Women and men are penalized by parents,teacher, society, and employers

female are discouraged to be aggressive and encouraged to cooperates.

Euqal Pay Act

first major piece of civil rights legislation in 20th century. It is a disadvantage for organizations because they failed to utilize women talents

Married men likely to have access to

flexible schedules

Many fortune 500 ocmpanies include

full partner benefits for same sex partners

Some states can fined for being

gay or lesbian. but otehr states prohibits

CIS gender:

gender identify at birth.

Being fmaily fiendly is viewed as positively by both parents and non parents; attached to family friendly org. 2.6 million grandparents, majority are employed, and have responsibility for grandchildren under 17 They have fewer support than parents, but it does concerns may be more difficult than those experienced as parents Differences between grandparents and parents?

grandparents experience same work and issues, such as need for flexibility, . They may not have legal custody of their grandchildren. Have emotional, physical, and psychological needs that are greater than other parents

Elder Care

growing in importance as a work and family issues as us population ages.

On average gay males have higher educaiton but lower earnings than

heterosexual men

Research shows evidence on lower earning of gay men compared with similar educated

heterosexual men

lesbian have higher edu and earningss more than

heterosexual women

Flexible Schedules: flextime:

increase ability of employees to meet both work and family needs. Benefits of flexible scheduling to an organization Tardiness and intention to quit are lower and job satisfaction are high in organization that allows flextime. Flexible Schedules for Singles: important considerations for employers to make in scheduling singles Outside of parenting responsibilities, religious, community, school, or non work commitments make flexible desirable to all employees.

Instead of telling, beyer should have addressed the discrimination by focus the selection committee on her job accomplishments

instead of her behavior.

Sexual orientation is

invisible, despite people perception they can tell WHO IS gay les or heterosexual

Fear of hiring someone who is gay link with HIV/AIDS

it is no longer gay disease, it is contracted through heterosexual contact or IV drug use. Small chance of contracting HIV at work

men in nearly all 20 leading occupations earn more than women

male nurses earning may due to specilization in different areas.

No federal legislation exists prohibit sexual orientation discrimination, though sevearl states

may prohibit it It is prohibited in federal civlian workplaces by exectuive order 11478

Partner benefits

medical benefits, BUT it refer to MEDICAL BENEFITS right to retirement and pension plans, leave for family and medical leave and other broader benefit

Sexual Harassment:

negative job satisfaction, productivity, and increase intention to quit. - Happens to women a lot - Less occur in work where roles are clear and workers are treated respectfully. - Not only can happen to different sexes. Sexual Harassment of Women : Unwelcome conduct of sexual nature in workplace; form of sex discrimination

Hostile work environment cannot happen,

pamphlet, shirt, etc..

no fed law protect sexual orientation discrimination in

private workplaces in the US, but many states do prohibit it

Subsidized k12 and public college tuition reflect

recognition population needs to be educated for economic growth

Wages in teaching profession, more women are

represented and higher where few women are represented.

Similarities and differences in income of white women and women of color

similarities: women all races experience galss ceiling, sexual harrassment, sex segregation, and other negative conerns at work. differences: white women are high earners compared to most owmen of colorsm and work in management positions. White women tend to marry white men who earn highest earners. Black women are more ilkely to be unmarried, and to black men.

RACIAL PROFILING

singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity

**Flexible Schedule is

something employees can be religious accommodate.

Perception that women do not work or uncommited are influenced by

stereotypes, misperceptions, and the media

Overall men are more likly to have access to flexible schedule

than women

Asian men likely to have access flexible scheduled, followed by

white men

Asign women with degree holders, make more than

white women Asian men with doctorate earn more than nonhispanic white

Religion is the largest reason k.

why people see discrimination at wor

Step help reduce sex segregation

women should seek male dominated jobs, parents/shcool can avoid socializing hcildren for gender appropriate roles

men with children under 18 have more access to flexible schedule than

women. but women are more likely to have more responsibility