Speech 1315 Final Review

Key Question to Ask as a Speaker

" Am i getting through to my listeners?

Explain internet domain names and their meanings

* "org" nonprofit organization * ".com" commercial (business) * ".net" networks *".gov" government non military organization *" .mil" U.S. Military branches * ".edu" educational and research institutions

Amount of Words Spoken and Processed

* 50-70 percent of our communication time listening.

Define and explain abstracts and citations

* Abstract: Summary of key Information > an article is designed to give you enough information to decide whether you want to see the complete text of that article. * Citation: basic bibliographical reference that includes the title of the article, the names of the authors, magazine, date, and page.

Benefits acting poised

* Act as if your already confident *Playing the role of the self- assured speaker can often transform you into a speaker who is genuinely confident and poised.

Explain the Fair Use Doctrine

* Allowable and reasonable exceptions to copyright rules. * created to enable scholars, writers, and public speakers to disseminate information without having to spend enormous amount of time getting permission for every item used

Types of Distractions

* Auditory: people coughing or whispering, a cell phone ringing, loud noises in the hallway *Visual: any interesting poster left over from a previous meeting, an intriguing listener seated nearby , people walking into or out of the room * Physical: hunger, a headache or stuffy nose, a seat that is uncomfortable a room that is too hot or cold. * Mental: daydreams, worries, and preoccupations

Anxiety and the Introduction

* Being with the introduction * To keep your nervousness under control..... 1) choose a topic you know well 2) prepare yourself thoroughly 3) never memorize a speech 4) visualize yourself giving an effective speech 5) know that shyness is no barrier 6) shift to focus self to audience

Effects of Multi-tasking

* Can mar your performance * Can hurt you professionally 1) discourteous or inattentive 2) multitask may be given extra work or unpleasant assignments 3) passed for a promotion 4) even fired > Cornell University study with regards to using the laptops during a lecture. when tested the group with the laptops and internet remembered less information from the lecture than the students with closed laptops

Explain the different parts of Conclusion

* Conclusion is the ending of a speech can either add or subtract from the audience's opinion of the entire speech. 3 important things: 1. signal the end of the speech to satisfy the audience's psychological need for a sense of completion. 2. Summarize the key ideas of the speech 3 Reinforce the central idea with a clincher Guidelines: 1. don't drag out the ending 2. Don't end weakly 3. Don't end apologeticlly 4. Never bring in new main points.

Advantages/disadvantages of interlibrary loans

* Copying fee * sharing of materials and services among libraries > if your library does not have a book or an article that you want, librarians can seek help from other libraries

Be able to define Icebreaker and Credibility

* Icebreaker: a polite little prologue to "break the ice" before getting into their speech * Credibility: Audience perception of a speaker as believable, trust -worthy, and competent.

Know what you should accomplish in the introduction and conclusion

* In the introduction you should grab the attention of the listener's and make them want to listen to the rest of the speech . Attention getters include fascinating stories, intriguing questions and interesting facts or statistics. * in the conclusion summarize your key points and then close with a clincher ( quotation or a story) to drive home the central idea.

Copyrighted material and charges

* Is the ownership of intellectual property, such as songs, books, articles, photos video, websites, and computer software. * anyone who uses copyrighted material improperly can be charged with copyright infringement. ( unauthorized use of legally protected material)

International Audiences and listening

* Japanese listeners sometimes close there eyes to enhance concentration.

Explain proper alignment of labels

* Make letters, numbers, and graphics much larger than you think necessary * Make enlargements *Test visibility of your visuals

Order of Preparation: Introduction, Body and Conclusion

* Many find it easier to work on the body first then prepare the introduction .

Give examples of a/an: open and closed questions

* Open Question: give the interview a wide latitude for responding > "How do you feel about negative political ads"? *Closed question: require only yes or no responses or short, factual answers. > Do Democrats outnumber Republicans in this state?"

Explain the value of healthy skepticism

* Open- Mind inquiry

Attorneys and the Opening/Closing Statements

* Opening remark that shocks, surprises, or intrigues your listeners can certainly grab attention

Best example of a good visual aid

* Posters *Graphs *Charts *Handouts

Understand the Difference Between a Rhetorical and an Overt Question

* Rhetorical Question: A question asked solely to stimulate interest and not to elicit a reply. * Overt- Question: A question asked to elicit a direct, immediate reply -you don't want to expect the listeners to answer overly by rising their hands or responding out loud. Pitfalls to avoid when asking questions: 1. Avoid questions that can fizzle 2. When you ask questions, don't drag out the suspense 3. Never ask embarrassing or personal questions 4. Never divide your audience into opposing camps by asking "loaded" questions 5. when asking overt-response questions, don't expect universal participation. 6. Make sure the audience understands whether you are asking a rhetorical question or an overt-response question

Define positive nervousness and self-talk

* Self-talk: a self-centered thought substituted for an audience -centered thought * Positive nervousness : "useful energy" "enthusiastic likely feeling with a slight edge" "convert anxiety into constructive energy"

Give an example of an oral footnote

* Spoken citation of the source of one's material > CBS Evening new of March 15th of this year.......

Define and know the value of the central idea

* The central idea is the core message of your speech expressed in one sentence. it is the same as the thesis sentence, controlling statement, or core idea.

Know examples of the different types of transitions

* To signal addition: And, Also, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition * To signal Time: Soon, Then, Later, Afterward, Meanwhile, Although * To signal contrast: However, But, Yet, Nevertheless, Instead, Meanwhile, although * To signal examples: For example, to illustrate, for instance * To signal Conclusions: In summary, therefore, consequently, as a result *To signal concession: Although it is true that, of course, granted

Inflated Language ( exdpalin and know examples of )

* Words designed to puff up the importance of the person or thing being described. - A used car is advertised as a pre- owned car or pre-employed automobile. - A seafood restaurant calls its servers seafood specialists - A magazine refers to elderly people as the chronologically gifted.

Connotation (Explain and Know Examples of)

* emotional overtones of a word that go beyond a dictionary definition - Slender - thin - skinny

Controlling emotions

* strong emotions cut off intelligent listening for the rest of the speech * instead of pay attention to the speakers words they jump to conclusions convincing themselves that the speaker is saying something that he or she really is not.

Denotation ( explain and know answers of )

* the thing or idea to which a word refers in other words dictionary definition) - chair Following cautions: 1. Be aware that some words have more than one denotation - the word inflammable, for example, is defined in dictionaries as " capable of burning quickly," but many people think that it means" not inflammable." to be on the safe side use a synonym such as " easily ignited' 2. Take care with words that have different denotations to different people - What does " middle age" mean? Some people who are 30 say that it starts 40 , and some who are 40 say that it starts at 50. if middle age is important concept in a speech, define the age span you mean by the term. 3. Avoid fancy words unless you are certain of their denotations. - " superfluous employee. its an insult and they probably meant superlative.

Three Most Popular Types of General Purpose Speeches and explain each

* to inform ( define a concept, explain a situation, demonstrate a process, or describe a person, place, or event) *to persuade ( influence their thinking or prompt them to take action) *to entertain ( aimed at amusing or diverting your audience. light, fun, relaxing)

Guidelines in using colors carefully

* to prevent color blindness it's recommended to use a dark text on a light color background ( black, yellow, red for emphasis)

Hidden Purposes Guidelines

* unstated goals such as looking our best & delivering a polished speech.

Benefits of using a poster

* widely used in courtrooms (attorney's prefer posters over power points) because posters can be placed on easels and kept on display for long periods, enabling jury members to glance at them whenever they need to refresh their memories. * one technique is to pile your posters on a desk and hold them up one at a time, being sure to hold them steady

Percentage of Information Remembered after 10 min. and 2 days

*10 minutes after a speech: 50% is properly heard, understood, properly evaluated, and retained. * 2 days later: listeners comprehend and retain 25% of what is properly heard, evaluated, and understood

Define anecdotes, opinions, and testimonials

*Anecdote: Short account of an incident *Testimonials: Statement supporting a benefit received. * Opinions: Conclusion or judgement that remains open to dispute but seems true to one's own mind

Define: "back-row comprehension" and progressive revelation

*Back-row Comprehension: using visuals that are difficult and impossible for everyone to see. the solution is to design every visual aid for the back row to see. *Progressive Revelation: Reveal only one part of item at a time.

Identify the three major categories of resources

*Books in a library catalog *Articles in periodicals database * Information on the internet

Organizational patterns: be able to explain, recognize examples and know which are used most likely in persuasive speeches

*Chronological Pattern *Spatial Pattern *Cause-Effect pattern *Problem solution pattern *Topical Pattern

Know Guidelines for creating Central idea

*Every speech should have only one central idea *Put the central idea on paper * Limit the central idea to single sentence. * Make an assertion rather than an announcement or statement of fact * Let central idea determine the content of the entire speech

Know the criteria for finding high-quality information

*Factual: the information based on facts- not hearsay, distortions, or oversimplification. *Reliable: the information come from sources that are honest and authoritative. * Well-supported: the sources provide strong evidence to prove a case? * Current: the information is up-to-date * Verifiable: the information be cross-checked against reliable sources * Fair: the information come from unbiased and evenhanded sources? is it presented in a spirit of fair play. *Comprehensive: the information include all relevant data?

Explain the Concept of Brainstorming

*Generating many ideas quickly and uncritically. * write down whatever pops into your mind. don't censor any words, don't apply any critical evaluation. Simply write down whatever comes to your mind.

Use of downloaded multimedia

*Get permission * For classroom speeches, yes; Copyright restrictions do not apply because you are engaged in non commercial , educational, one-time use of materials.

Purpose of the main points

*Key assertions made by a speaker to develop his or her central idea

Explain each type of graph

*Line graph:uses horizontal and a vertical scale to show trends and the relationship between two variables, such as percent and years. * Bar graph: consists of horizontal or vertical bars that contrast two or more variables * Pie graph: is a circle representing 100 percent and divided into segments of variables * Pictorial Graph: is perhaps the easiest to read, because it visually translates information into a picture that can be grasped instantly.

Communication Responsibility

*Maintain high ethical standards: focus on ethics is on how the speaker's handle their material and how they treat the audience. * never distort information: you should always be honest about facts and figures * Respect your audience: don't down talk your listeners * Reject Stereotyping and scapegoating: forces all people in a group into the same simple pattern. avoid stereotyping. Scapegoat( a person or a group unfairly blamed for some real or imagined group).

Overcoming Fake Listening

*Pay attention and take notes

Explain ways to overcome memory lapses

*Prepare with a card with all basic information (names, dates, phone numbers) and keep the card with other notes for easy access. >brief notes ( few key words) so that you can recall what your going to say

Explain the concern of using polls

*Some people do not respond honestly * Result often depend upon how a question is asked

Define and know examples of Components of Communication Process

*Speaker: you are the source that is transmitted to a listener. Your bear great responsibility of communication. >EX: "Am I giving out good Information?" or "Am I performing well?" rather than "Am I getting through to my listeners?" *Listener: the recipient of the message sent by speakers. True test of communication is not whether a message is delivered by the speaker but whether it is accurately received by the listener. David W. Richardson says it "takes place in the minds of the audience". Listen with an open mind, avoiding the tendency to prejudge the speaker or discount a speaker's views without a fair hearing. Listeners must bear some of the burden for responsibility for communication > EX: If communication fails, who's to blame- the speaker or the listener? *Message: Whatever the speaker is communicating to the listeners. Sent in a form of symbols- either verbal or nonverbal. Verbal symbols are words ( words are not things, words are symbols of things). Nonverbal symbols are what convey with your tone of voice, eyes, facial expression, gestures, posture, and appearance. Listener's usually accept the nonverbal behavior as the true message. Make sure the nonverbal part of your message reinforces the verbal part. >EX: "apple"= verbal "smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer" " Now i would like to hear your views on the subject"= mixed message *Channel: medium used to communicate the message. Every day life ( radio, TV, internet), public speaking your main channels are Auditory (voice), visual(gestures, facial expression and visual aids). other channels ---taste, smell, touch, physical activity. *Feedback: response that the listener's give the speaker. ( often times it's verbal like questions or comments) Listeners wait until question-and-answer period to give verbal feedback. Listeners also give nonverbal feedback. smiling and nodding in agreement, or frowning and sitting with arms folded in a disagreement, and yawning they're bored or weary. >EX: " a yawn= a silent shout" the I don't understand look = negative feedback *Interference: anything that blocks or hinders the accurate communication of a message. ^^External interference: outside the listener (coughing, people talking, broken air conditioning leaves listener's hot and sticky) ^^ Internal Interference: within the listener. ( hungry, tired or sick, daydreaming, worrying about personal problem) you can help by engaging your audience . ^^Speaker-generated Interference: occur if you distract your listener's ( words, confusing concepts, bizarre clothing) >EX: Straining to hear the speaker's words *Situation: "context" the time, place, and circumstances in which communication occurs. Different situations call for different behaviors. Time of day determines how receptive an audience is. ( sluggish or sleepy about an hour after a meal) >EX: What is the nature of the occasion? will the speech be given indoors or outdoors? *Process of everyday Life: A speaker sends a message, a listener provides feedback - back and forth, like a tennis match. >EX: Boss's office to ask for a raise.

Explain and define symbols and stereotypes

*Symbols: *Stereotype: a simplistic or exaggerated image that humans carry in their minds about groups of people. >EX: homeless people as "bums" addicted to alcohol and drugs.

Examples of a: Topic, General Purpose, Specific Purpose, Central Idea

*Topic: ^" Shapes, colors, and legends in Pueblo pottery". ^"How Migrating birds navigate". *General Purpose: ^ To inform: Bullies in a workplace ^To persuade: Walk or jog one hour per day. ^ To entertain: My life with a patriot. " being an extra in a Hollywood movie. *Specific Purpose: to tell my listeners how to find reliable health information on the internet. * Central Idea: key concept of a speech >b " most scientist agree that radio transmissions are the best means of making contact with extraterrestrial civilizations ( if any exist)

Concepts to accepting imperfection

*Your listeners don't care about whether your delivery is perfect, they just hope your words will enlighten or entertain them * If you flub a sentence or mangle an idea, you might say something like " No, wait. That's not what i wanted to say", Let me try again. if you momentarily forget what you were planning to say, don't despair. Pause a few moments to regain your composure and fin your place in your notes and began.

International audiences and visual aids

*a visual that is prepared in advance

Basic steps in considering a PowerPoint

*create your outline before you even think about using power point. * Look at your outline and ask," Do I need visuals to highlight or explain any of my key points * for points that need visual support, decide which type of visual would be most effective * create your slides * practice in the room where you will be presenting * Give your speech, making sure that you -not slides- are the dominant presence in the room.

Define Extemporaneous Speaking

*you carefully prepare your speech but you don't read or memorize a script. > manuscript ( reading a document) > memorization( speaking from memory) > impromptu ( speaking with little time or no time to prepare)

Know the Three T's of Speech Making

1) Tell em what you're going to tell em (introduction specifically central idea) 2) Tell em (body) 3) Tell em what you told them (conclusion specifically the summary)

Explain the guidelines in using handouts

1). Never distribute a handout until you are ready to talk about it - a premature handout grows stale. 2) Avoid talking about a handout while you are distributing copies. Wait until every listener has a copy before you start your explanation

Explain the Guidelines for Informative Speaking

1. Convey fresh Information ( new material) 2. Make your material interesting ( examples, stories, visual aids) 3. Help listeners remember important points( clear idea)

Explain the Four Methods of Speaking

1. Memorization : some memorize there speech , however its a bad idea - you are forced to spend an enormous amount of time in committing the speech to memory. - At some point in your speech you might suddenly forget what comes next. this could cause you to panic. once derailed you might be unable to get back on track. 2. Manuscript: Delivery of a speech by reading a script. - Highly emotional situation( eulogy) having a script can give you stability and reassurance that you won't break down or ramble. - Many government hearings and scientific conferences prefer manuscript delivery. 3. Impromptu: Speaking with little or no time to prepare - Decide conclusion first -Organize your speech - Don't rush - Whenever possible, link your remarks to those of other speakers - Don't feign Knowledge - Be brief 4. Extemporaneous: delivery of a speech from notes, following extensive preparation and rehearsal - speaking from your notes but not word for word

Know Patterns for Organizing Impromptu Speeches

1. Point- Support- Conclusion: - Point: State your point of view /key idea or objective - Support: Give examples, stories, or other support material to explain or prove the point - Conclusion: end with a restatement of the point/appeal action 2. PREP Method: - Position: State your position on the topic - Reason: state your reason for taking the position - Example: give an example that helps to illuminate or explain your reasoning - Position: Summarize and repeat your position 3. Past-Present-Future: - Point: State your key point - Past: discuss what happened in the past - Present: talk about what is occurring today - Future: Predict what will or could happen in the future -Point: Drive home your key point

Know the Four Types of Informative Speeches and Be Able to Identify Each• (Be Able to Identify an Informative Speech)

1. description - paints a vivid picture of a person, place, an object, or an event 2. definition - dictionary definition or concept. 3. process: - how something is done, how something works 4. explanation -explaining a concept or situation to the audience

Long Presentations

1. invite audience participation 2. Use visula aids whenever possible 3. Give coffee or stretch breaks at various intervals 4. Call on people at random 5. Encourage listeners to take notes

Euphemism ( explain and know answers of )

A mild, indirect, or vague word used in place in place of one that is harsh, blunt, or offensive. - someone';s feelings or out of concern * when a euphemism is used to deceive it becomes doublespeak.

Mixed metaphor ( explain and know examples of )

Incongruously combined metaphors - Once you open a can of worms, they always come home to roost.

The Key to a Good Delivery

Strong desire to communicate with the audience

Abstract language ( explain and know answers of )

Words that name qualities, concepts, relationships, acts, conditions and ideas - democracy, mercy, science.

Explain Attire

You should be clean, well-groomed, and attractively dressed.

Importance of Communication Skills

communication is not just sending a message , it is creating true understanding.

Question and Answer Periods

enables listeners to get clarification and further information about your topic - if you don't know the answer to the question say so.

• Importance of Grammatically Correct Speech & examples

if speaking is not considered standard English, you lose credibility to your audience, and hurt your career.

•Practice

make you look and sound fluent, smooth, and spontaneous. Practice bolsters your confidence, giving you a sense of mastery and competence. - Practice going through your entire speech at least four times - Time yourself -during most practices go all the way through your speech

Explain Memory Aids

provide listeners with shortcuts to remembering - acronyms are handy

Know Examples of: Verbal Fillers

uh" "err" "okay" "ya know"

Verbal vs. Nonverbal Messages

whatever is communicated verbally and nonverbal to the listener -Nonverbal messages signals instead of the verbal message

Concrete language ( explain and know examples of )

words that name persons and things that we can know by our five senses - rose, pizza, balloon