Speech: Chapter 9-12

euphemism

a word used in place of another word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive; pornographic movies= adult films; useful if you are concerned with offending your audience; mostly confuses listeners because organization typically refer to employee layoffs and firings and downsizing or rightsizing which may sound less harsh but not for the people who lost their jobs

real-time web access

employing a live internet feed as a visual media or information resource during a public speech; navigate in real time through web pages associated with your topic; check current status of a topic or display articles on websites that support your purpose

conclusion

end of a speech in which the speaker, reviews the main points reinforces the purpose, and provides closure

cliches

expression so overused it fails to have any important meaning

preview of main points

final element of the introduction in which the main points to be presented in the body of the speech are mentioned

attention getter

first element of an introduction designed mainly to create interest in a speech o Relevant to topic and encourage audience to listen o Ask a question, vividly describe a compelling image, telling an emotionally arousing but brief human-interest story, playing a short clip from a song, cite a surprising fact or stat to call attention to your topic, tell a joke to introduce the topic and get the audience interested, use info you have about your audience (poll they filled out)

memorized speaking

giving a speech that has been committed to memory; allows speaker to present speech without notes, same speech can be presented many times; can seem artificial and requires intensive practicing; short ceremonial speeches

extemporaneous speaking

giving a speech that has been planned, researched, organized, and practiced; allows speaker to develop expertise on a topic, allows structured spontaneity, allows speaker to adjust to audience feedback; researching, organizing, and practicing a speech is time consuming; most classroom, professional, and community presentations; audience-centered and engaging message

manuscript speaking

giving a speech that has been written out word for word; allows speaker to choose each word precisely and time speech exactly; speaker uses written rather than spoken language which is more complex, difficult to modify based on audience feedback where audiences feel ignored; political speeches

pitch

highness or lowness of a speaker's voice 1. Questions have the pitch raised; pitch going up at the end of a statement makes a speaker seem less sure or confident

slang

informal, nonstandard language often used within a particular group; avoid in speeches because public speaking is more formal; can hurt your credibility, giving your audience the impression that you're not taking the event seriously or are unprepared

nonverbal messages

information that is not communicated with words but rather through movement with gestures, facial expression, vocal quality, use of time, use of space, and touch

antithesis

juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure; meanings of phrases are in opposition but arrangement of words within phrases is in alignment; get listeners' attention because the speaker brings together words in an unexpected but balanced way i. Working for the earth is not a way to get rich. It is a way to be rich.

similes

language device that compares two things that are generally dissimilar but share common properties expressed using like or as

metaphors

language device that demonstrates the commonalities between two dissimilar things; compare abstract with something concrete

flip chart

large pad of paper that rests on an easel allowing a speaker to record text or drawings with markers during a speech

volume

loudness of a speaker's voice

presentation outline

outline that distills a complete sentence outline listing only the words or phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them; usually notecards; allows you to refer comfortably and precisely to info, present info in a clear organized way, and engage audience personally and professionally during speech; attention getter, thesis, preview

human assistant

person who plays a supportive part in a speech; demonstrate techniques; always select assistant in advance rather than recruit someone on the spot because you don't know how they'll react, give clear directions and practice, take responsibility for bringing props and equipment needed, make sure they arrive before scheduled time for speech, have assistant remain seated until needed so not to distract audience, maintain a professional demeanor with assistant during presentation, be prepared to give speech without your assistant in case of emergency

articulation

physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible o People often leave off endings of words, skip sounds entirely, or run words together

review of main points

portion of conclusion of a speech in which the main points presented in the body of the speech are briefly mentioned again

document cameras

projection device that uses a video camera to capture and display images of any material; also known as ELMO; allow you to zoom, show highly detailed images, capture and store images to create for later use

delivery

public presentation of a speech including verbal and visual components; planning, researching, organizing, your voice, posture, and managing time all come into play

hedges

qualifier like probably that makes a statement ambiguous • Women interpret "Our team effort likely led to our success" as acknowledging that other factors may have contributed to the group's accomplishments • Men interpret likely as indicating speaker self-doubt • Listeners evaluate a woman as less competent when she uses tag questions and hedges whereas such language has little impact on how listeners evaluate men

tag questions

question added on the end of a declarative statement that lessens the impact of the statement; powerless language by using don't you think? At the end of a sentence causing uncertainty • Women view don't you think? As an invitation for others to state their opinion

alliteration

repetition of a sound in a series of words usually the first consonant

memorable message

sentence or group of sentences included in the conclusion of a speech designed to make the speaker's thesis unforgettable

handout

sheets of paper containing relevant information that are distributed before, during, or after a speech; websites they can make a donation to, illustrate out to administer CPR, copies of a letter written to senator that needs signing; or in conjunction with other presentation media like using digital slides for photographic detail and graphic summaries of the effectiveness of a cancer-treating drug then pass out handout providing websites for additional info on treatment; consider timing of when to hand it out

interactive whiteboard

smart boards; maximize active student involvement in learning that can be useful in certain situation; mainly for group activities; large touch screen situation in the front of the room, computer, and projector; best to facilitate activities in educational settings, participatory training, or brainstorming in groups

traditional whiteboard

smooth whiteboard that can be written or drawn on with markers; used when brainstorming with the audience and never for presenting; turning around to write is unprofessional; don't use for contact info but use on a digital slide or handout

symbols

something such as a word, that stands for something else, such as a person, place, thing, or idea

impromptu speaking

speaking without preparation; flexibility and spontaneity; not researched, disorganized, little to no prep; responding to audience's questions

rate

speed at which speaker speaks

presentation media

technical and material resources ranging from presentation software and real-time web access (RWA) to flip charts and handouts that speakers use to highlight, clarify, and complement the information they present orally

jargon

technical language used by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic; text, blog, chat, spam, viruses, malware, hotspots, wireless

connotative meaning

unique meaning for a word based on an individual's own experiences

tone

use of language to set the mood or atmosphere associated with a speaking situation

parallelism

using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to add emphasis

rhymes

using words with similar sounds usually at the end of the word to emphasize a point; often more memorable

dialect

vocab, grammar, and pronunciation used by a specific group of people such as an ethnic or regional group i. Reflect migration patterns for that region ii. Can help bind a group or culture together

posture

way a speaker positions and carries their body

monotone

way of speaking in which the speaker does not alter his or her pitch

webidence

web sources displayed as evidence during a speech found by using RWA or web page capture software

nonsexist language

words that are not associated with either sex • Stewardess versus flight attendant • Also includes the order that people are listed—men and women, boys and girls rotate the order of gendered terms

inclusive language

words that don't privilege one group over another

key words

words that identify a subject or point of primary interest or concern; represent important points you talk about; created after full research and speech development

physical model

copy of an object usually built to scale that represents the object in detail; good for objects with a large physical structure like building models

introduction

beginning of a speech including an attention getter, a statement of the thesis and purpose, a reference to the speaker's credibility, and a preview of the main points

vocal variety

changes in volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker's voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered

presentation software

computer software that allows users to display information in multimedia slide shows

pronunciation

act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of the speaker's language o Git for get or excape for escape

language

action where you accomplish goals in words whether that is to inform, persuade, or entertain; make listeners think more deeply, laugh out loud, learn something new, change their views, or alter their behaviors

denotative meaning

agreed-upon definition of a word found in a dictionary; formal or literal meanings

vocalized pauses

ah, um, you know, and other verbal filler that speaker use when they're trying to think of what they want to say; hurts credibility because you sound unsure of yourself -Articulate words clearly and pronounce them correctly

transparency

an acetate page displayed by an overhead projector

primacy effect

an audience is more likely to pay attention to and recall what speaker present at the beginning of a speech than what they present in the speech body

recency effect

an audience is more likely to remember what speakers present at the end of a speech than what they present in the speech body

idioms

an expression that means something other than the literal meaning of the words • That test was a piece of cake. You better hit the books if you're going to pass your classes. Would you lend me your ear for a few minutes

invitations to imagine

asking listeners to create a scene or situation in their minds