Speech Final Ch 18

precise evidenc

consists of specific dates, places, numbers, and other facts

pathos

emotional appeals. When you stir your listener's feelings, you enhance your persuasive power. By providing heartwarming example of someone who benefited from an action you're recommending in your speech, you could complement statistical evidence that indicates all who could benefit.

logos

evidence and reasoning behind your message. When you present trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims, you use logos effectively.

hasty generalization

avoid when using example reasoning. This fallacy occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples. For example, it would be fallacious to reason that jobs could be created in any city whose leaders put their minds to it based on the example of Austin, Texas. Austin has a number of unique job-creation advantages that other cities may not be able to match.

straw person fallacy

happens if you replace your opponent's real claim with a weaker claim that you can more easily rebut. This weaker claim may sound relevant to the issue, but it is not; you're presenting it just because it's easy to know down, like a person made of straw.

competence

refer to practical wisdom

trustworthiness

virtue

fallacious (faulty) reasoning

to twist or distort facts in your favor

how can you lose your credibility (and how can you avoid doing so)?

1. Getting facts wrong 2. Pronouncing words incorrectly Failing to acknowledge potential conflicts of interest 3. Stretching to find a connection with the audience.

how can you build you'r credibility

1. Share qualifications to speak about the topic 2. Present strong evidence from reputable sources 3. Highlight common ground with the audience 4. Choose words carefully 5. Show respect for conflicting opinions 6. Practice your speech until delivery is fluent.

what are the elements of credibility?

a. Ethos (credibility) b. Competence-practical wisdom (knowledgeable and experienced) c. Trustworthiness-honest and fair d. Goodwill-wanting the best for the listeners rather than what would most benefit themselves.

what are the ethical issues in persuasive speaking?

a. Fail to establish a sound connection between your point and the emotion you are invoking b. Using fear appeal with facts that are untrue c. Loaded language fallacy-committed when emotionally charged words convey meaning that cannot be supported by facts presented by the speaker

how can you effectively evoke emotion through your speaking?

a. Fear appeal-argument that arouses fear in the minds of audience members b. Using Effective word choice-can strengthen the power of emotional appeal c. Bring about multiple emotions in individuals during your speech (anger, pity, joy)

name, explain and show how you can avoid each of the logical fallacies

a. Hasty generalization b. Post Hoc Fallacy c. Ad populum fallacy d. Ad Hominem fallacy e. Straw person fallacy f. Slippery slope fallacy g. False dilemma fallacy h. Appeal to tradition fallacy

what are the different kids of reasoning that the chapter highlights? (explain each with examples)

a. Inductive reasoning: generalizing from facts and making a claim based on generalization. b. Example reasoning: present specific instances to support a general claim. c. Comparison reasoning: argue 2 instances are similar, so what you know is true for one instance is true for the other. d. Sign reasoning: claim a fact is true because indirect indicators (signs) are consistent with that fact. e. Causal reasoning: argue one event caused another. f. Be able to explain each of them and give an example of its use.

how can you effectively and properly use evidence in your speeches?

a. Logos (Evidence)-when you present trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims

why is pathos important to public speaking (especially persuasion)?

a. Pathos (Emotions)-help put a human face on a problem you're addressing b. When you stir your listeners feelings, you enhance your persuasive power

fear appeal

an argument that arouses fear in minds of audience members - can be a particularly powerful form of pathos.

representative example

an instance typical of the class it represents

slippery slope fallacy

if you argue against a policy because you assume (without proof) that it will lead to a second policy that is undesirable. Like the straw person fallacy, this type of argument distracts the audience from the real issue at hand.

appeal to tradition fallacy

if you argue that an idea or a policy is good simply because people have accepted or followed it for a long time.

false dilemma fallacy

if you claim that there are only two possible choices to address a problem, that one of those choices is wrong or infeasible, and that therefore your listeners must embrace the other choice.

loaded language fallacy

is committed when emotionally charged words convey a meaning that cannot be supported by the facts presented by the speaker. Although compelling word choice can be used as an ethical persuasive tool, it can cross the line into manipulation, exaggeration, or untruth.

inductive resoning

persuasive speakers typically use inductive reasoning - generalizing from facts, instances, or examples and then making a claim based on that generalization.

evidence

proof

ethos(credibility)

since ancient times, people have recognized that a speaker with credibility has far more persuasive power than one without. A credible speaker is seen as knowledgeable, honest, and genuinely interested in doing the right thing for his or her audience. Ethos can help you win audience member' trust and persuade them to embrace your viewpoint.

ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy

some speakers try to compensate for weak arguments by making personal attacks against an opponent rather than addressing the issue in question.

reversed causality

speakers miss the fact that the effect is actually the cause. For example, an improvement in students' academic quality may have led the college to expand the library to accommodate the study habits of these highly motivated students.

post hoc fallacy

the fallacy lies in the assumption that just because one event followed another, the first event caused the second. Does not prove causality.

goodwill

wanting what is best for their listeners rather than what would most benefit themselves. Speakers who demonstrate goodwill: understand their listeners' needs and feelings, empathize with their audiences' views, and respond quickly to others communication.

causal reasoning

when you use causal reasoning, you argue that one event has caused another. For instance, you would be using causal reasoning if you claimed that playing violent video games leads children to get involved in destructive and illegal activities.

comparison reasoning

when you use comparison reasoning, you argue that two instances are similar and that what you know is true for an instance is likely to be true for the other. For it to work your audience must agree that the two instances are in fact comparable.

sign reasoning

when you use sign reasoning you claim that a fact is true because indirect indicators (signs) are consistent with that fact. This type of reasoning is most effective if you can cite multiple consistent signs of the fact you are claiming.

ad popular (bandwagon) fallacy

you have committed this if you assume that a statement is true or false simply because a large number of people say it is.

example reasoning

you present specific instances to support a general claim. Your goal is to persuade the audience that your examples supply sufficient proof of your claim.