Speech test 3

Explain five strategies for a methodical research process.

A methodological research process includes the following strategies: Develop a preliminary bibliography, locate resources, assess the usefulness of resources, take notes, and identify possible presentation aids.

Develop a preparation outline and speaking notes for a speech.

A preparation outline includes your carefully organized main ideas, sub points, and supporting material; it may also include your specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transitions, and conclusion.write each of these elements in complete sentences and standard outline form. Use the preparation outline to begin rehearsing your speech and to help you revise it, if necessary. After you have rehearsed several times from your preparation outline, you are ready to prepare speaking notes. Although less detailed than a preparation outline, speaking notes usually include supporting material, signposts, and delivery cues.

Describe the steps to follow when you rehearse your speech.

Allow at least two days after finishing your speech outline to practice your speech delivery and develop your speaking notes. As much as possible, re-create the speech environment when you rehearse. Rehearse your speech while keeping your audience in mind; imagine that your audience is in front of you as you practice presenting your message.

Identify guidelines for effectively using presentation aids.

As you present your speech, remember to look at your audience, not at your presentation aid; talk about your visual, don't just show it; avoid passing objects among your audience; use handouts to reinforce the main points in your speech; time your visuals carefully; and be sure to have backup supplies and a contingency plan.

List and discuss methods for concluding a speech.

Conclusions may take any one of the forms used for introductions. In addition, you can refer to the introduction or make inspirational appeals or challenges.

Use strategies for adapting your delivery when speaking to diverse audiences.

Consult with other speakers familiar with your audience to help you avoid ethnocentrism. Consider using a more suitable delivery style with high-context audiences, and match immediacy and emotional expression to the cultural expectations of the majority of listeners. Learn variations in meanings of nonverbal gestures across cultures to avoid giving offense.

List and explain three ways to use words effectively.

Effective speakers use specific, concrete words to evoke clear mental images for their listeners. They also choose simple, respectful, unbiased words. As a speaker, be sure to use words correctly and to keep in mind the connotations of words, as well as their dictionary definitions. And, finally, eliminate unnecessary words and phrases.

Identify and illustrate the characteristics of effective delivery.

Eye contact is the single most important delivery variable. Make eye contact with the whole audience before and throughout your speech. Your gestures and movements should appear natural and relaxed, definite, consistent with your message, varied, unobtrusive, and coordinated with what you say, as well as appropriate to your audience and situation. Adapt gestures to the cultural diversity of your audience. Use your posture, facial expressions, and vocal cues - including pitch, rate of speaking, and use of pauses - to communicate your emotions. Be sure to speak loudly enough and to articulate clearly. If English is not your native language, you may have to spend extra time working on your pronunciation and articulation.

List five potential sources of supporting material for a speech.

Five sources of supporting material are personal knowledge and experience; the Internet; online databases, which can be accessed by library subscription via a networked computer; traditional library holdings, including books and reference resources; and interviews. Carefully evaluate Internet resources you find through Web searches.

List four suggestions for enhancing the final delivery of your speech.

Get a good night's rest before a speech. Visualize your success and reinforce your confidence using the suggestions from Chapter 2 of this book. Arrive early so that you have time to prepare the speaking environment and are not stressed by running late.

Effectively and appropriately use four strategies to enhance audience recall of information presented in an informative speech.

Help your listeners remember what you tell them by being redundant. Be sure to keep your main ideas short and simple. Pacing the flow of your information helps listeners recall your ideas. Reinforcing important points verbally and non-verbally can also help your audience remember them.

State a single audience-centered central idea with direct, specific language in a complete declarative sentence.

In contrast to your specific-purpose statement, which indicates what you want the audience to be able to do, your central idea summarizes what you, the speaker will say. The central idea summarizes what you, the speaker will say. The central idea should be a single idea, stated in a complete declarative sentence. Be direct and specific without using qualifiers.

Explain the functions of a speech introduction.

It is important to begin and end your speech in a way that is memorable and that also provides the repetition audiences need. A good introduction gets the audience's attention, gives the audience a reason to listen, introduces your subject, establishes your credibility, and previews your main ideas. Introducing your subject and previewing the body of your main ideas. Introducing your subject and previewing the body of your speech can be accomplished by including your central idea and initial preview in the introduction.

Identify three reasons delivery is important to a public speaker.

Nonverbal communication conveys the majority of the meaning of your speech and nearly all of your emotions to an audience. Nonverbal expectancy theory suggests that your credibility as a speaker depends on meeting your audience's expectations about nonverbal communications. Audiences will believe what they see in your nonverbal communication more readily than what they hear in your words.

Identify and describe four methods of delivery.

Of the four methods of delivery - manuscript, memorized, impromptu, and extemporaneous method is the most desirable in most situations. Speak from an outline without memorizing the exact words.

Describe three differences between oral and written language styles.

Oral language style is more personal and less formal than written style. Speakers must also provide their audiences with more repetition than writers need to use.

List and describe five patterns for organizing the main ideas of a speech.

Organizing the main ideas of your speech in a logical way will help audience members follow, understand, and remember these ideas. For North American audience, the five most common patterns of organization are topical, chronological, spatial, cause and effect, and problem-solution. These patterns are sometimes combined. Other organizational patterns may be favored in different cultures. The principles of primacy, recency, and complexity can also help you decide which main idea to discuss first, next, and last.

Explain and use strategies for responding to questions from your audience at the end of your speech.

Prepare for Q & A and be ready to ask the first question yourself. Listen non-judgmentally and repeat or rephrase questions. Respond briefly and to the whole audience. Use strategies described in this chapter to neutralize hostile questions and bring off-topic questions back to your message. Admit it when you don't know an answer. Use organized signposts to clarify answers and to signal the end of Q & A.

Discuss five ways in which presentation aids help communicate ideas to an audience.

Presentation aids are tools that help you communicate your ideas more dramatically than words alone can. They help improve listeners' understanding and recollection of your ideas. They can also help you communicate the organization of your ideas, gain and maintain the audience's attention, and illustrate a sequence of events of procedures.

Use verbal and nonverbal signposts to organize a speech for the ears of others.

Previews, transitions, and summaries are three major types of signposts that can help you communicate the organization of your speech to your audience.

List and explain six criteria for determining the best supporting material to use in a speech.

Six criteria - magnitude, proximity, concrete ness, variety, humor, and suitability - can help you choose the most effective support for your speech.

Describe five different types of informative speeches.

Speeches about objects discuss tangible things. Speeches about procedures explain a process or describe how something works. Speeches about people can be about either the famous or the little known. Speeches about events describe major occurrences or personal experiences. Speeches about ideas discuss often abstract principles, concepts, or theories.

Describe the types of presentation aids and identify tips for using them effectively.

Three-dimensional presentation aids include objects, models, and people. Two-dimensional presentation aids include drawings, photographs, slides, maps, graphs, charts, flip charts, and chalkboards. Software graphics and presentation packages can be used to produce many presentation aids I expensively and efficiently. Audiovisual aids include video clips and audio clips or performances that help communicate ideas to your listeners.

Effectively and appropriately use four strategies to enhance audience understanding.

To enhance your listeners' understanding of a message, (1) speak with clarity, (2) use principles and techniques of adult learning, (3) clarify complex processes, (4) use descriptions effectively, and (5) combine spoken words, visuals, and kinesthetic opportunities to appeal to listeners with a variety of learning styles.

Effectively and appropriately use three strategies to maintain audience interest.

To gain and maintain interest in your informative talk, follow four important principles. First, motivate your audience to listen to you. Second, tell a story; a well-told story almost always works to keep listeners focused on you and your message. Third, present information that relates to your listeners' interests; in essence, be audience-centered. Finally, use the unexpected to surprise your audience.

Apply three ways of generating main ideas from a central idea.

To generate main ideas, determine whether the central idea (1) has logical divisions, (2) can be supported by several reasons, or (3) can be traced through a series of steps. Preview your central idea and your main ideas in the blueprint of your speech and summarize the blueprint in your conclusion.

List three major goals of informative speeches.

To inform is to teach someone something you know. Public speakers use specific goals, principles, and strategies to inform others. Informative speeches have three goals - to enhance understanding, to maintain interest, and to be remembered.

Discuss how to adapt your language style to diverse listeners.

Use language your listeners can understand. Use appropriate language to avoid offending your audience. Use unbiased language to communicate in a sensitive way to members of subgroups in your audience.

Identify guidelines for developing effective presentation aids.

When you prepare your presentation aids, make sure your visuals are simple and large enough to be seen clearly by all of your listeners. Adapt your presentation aids to your audience, the speaking environment, and the objectives of your speech. Prepare your visuals well in advance, and make sure they are not illegal or dangerous to use.

Select and narrow a topic for a speech that is appropriate to the audience, the occasion, the time limits, and yourself.

When you select your own topic, keep in mind the interests, expectations, and knowledge levels of the audience. Choose an important topic. Consider the special demands of the occasion. Be sure to take into account your own interests, abilities, and experiences. If you are still undecided, brainstorming strategies, such as consulting the media or scanning Web directories for potential topics, may give you topic ideas. After choosing a broad topic area, narrow the topic so that it fits within your time limits.

Develop an audience-centered informative speech.

You can apply principles of informative speaking to adapt the audience-centered model of speaking. Choose and narrow your topic by determining what the audience already knows. Use action words in your specific-purpose statement. The needs of your audience and topic will help you organize your speech and gather supporting materials. Seek audience feedback on your teaching effectiveness as you rehearse, and adapt your delivery, if needed, to ensure that the audience understands your message.

List and describe six types of supporting material.

You can choose from various types of supporting material, including illustrations, descriptions and explanations, definitions, analogies, statistics, and opinions. A mix of supporting material is more interesting and convincing than the exclusive use of any one type.

List and explain three types of memorable word structures.

You can create arresting images through such figures of speech as metaphors, similes, and personification. You can create drama by using short sentences for important ideas, strategically omitting words, and structuring sentences with key words at the end to create suspense. Use repetition, alliteration, parallelism, and antithesis to create memorable rhythm or cadence.

List and discuss methods for introducing a speech.

You can gain favorable attention and provide a motivation for listening by using any of the following, alone or in combination: illustrations, startling facts or statistics, quotations, humor, questions, references to historical events, references to recent events, personal references, references to the occasion, or references to preceding speeches, as appropriate.

Explain how to integrate supporting material into a speech.

You can organize the supporting material for each main idea of your speech according to one of the five common patterns or according to such strategies as primacy, recency, specificity, complexity, or soft-to-hard evidence.

Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

Your general purpose for speaking will be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain your listeners. Your specific purpose should state, in observable terms, what your audience will do at the end of the speech.

Explain the functions of a speech conclusion.

Your speech's conclusion leaves the final impression of you in your listeners' minds. The two main purposes of the conclusion are to summarize your speech and to provide closure. Your summary should rephrase your central idea in a way that your audience will remember, and it should repeat your main ideas to fix them in the minds of your listeners. Verbal and nonverbal cues that the speech is ending will help to provide your audience with closure. You can also use the conclusion as an opportunity to suggest an action to your audience to motivate listeners to respond in some way to your message.