SPH 106 Test #3 Mullin

What is the basic speech structure demonstrated in an old aphorism for speakers?

"Tell what you're going to say, say it, and then tell what you said"

Under "Plagiarism in a Digital Age (p. 371)," what is the general rule you should follow?

"Thou shalt not cut and paste into a final draft - not for a paper, and not for a speech."

Anecdote

A brief, personal story used to illustrate or support a point in a speech.

Thesis Statement

A complete sentence describing the central idea of a speech.

Informative Purpose statement

A complete statement of the objective of a speech, worded to stress audience knowledge and/or ability.

Audience Analysis

A consideration of characteristics, type, goals, demographics, beliefs and values of listeners.

Formal Outline

A consistent format and set of symbols used to identify the structure of ideas.

Working Outline

A constantly changing organizational aid used in planning a speech.

Value

A deeply rooted belief about a concept's inherent worth.

Facilitative Communication Apprehension

A moderate level of anxiety about speaking before an audience that helps improve the speaker's performance.

Transition

A phrase that connects ideas in a speech by showing how one relates to the other.

Signpost

A phrase that emphasizes the importance of upcoming material in a speech.

Extemporaneous Speech

A speech that is planned in advance but presented in a direct, conversational manner.

Fallacy

An error in logic.

Analogy

An extended comparison that can be used as supporting material in a speech.

Debilitative Commuication apprehension

An intense level of anxiety about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance.

Belief

An underlying conviction about the truth of an idea, often based on cultural training.

Why is a special search engine, like Alabama Virtual Library (AVL) or Google Scholar, more reliable than Wikipedia?

Anyone can edit Wikipedia while Google Scholar is funded by a major corporation and created by professionals

Demographics

Audience characteristics that can be analyzed statistically, such as age, gender, education, and group membership.

Information Hunger

Audience desire, created by a speaker, to learn information.

Why is the audience's reason for gathering difficult to determine?

Because if it is not for a specific class or goal, each person's motives are different

What are some of the "fallacies" associated with irrational thinking?

Catastrophic Failure Perfection Approval Overgeneralization

What are the five unethical communication behaviors (Table 14-1)?

Committing Plagiarism Relaying False Information Withholding Information/Suppresion Appearing to be what one is not/Insincerity Using Emotional Appeals to Hinder Truth

What are the types of informative speaking by purpose?

Descriptions, Explanations, Instructions

What is the difference between direct and indirect persuasion?

Direct:the speaker will make his or purpose clear, usually by stating it outright early in the speech. Indirect: disguises or deemphasizes the speaker's persuasice purpose in some way.

What three points should you include in the introduction?

Establish the importance of your topic to your audience. Preview the thesis. Preview your main points.

Under the topic "Avoid Fallacies" (p. 415-417), why is the bandwagon appeal (Argumentum Ad Populum) considered to be an error in logic?

Even if the majority of people believe one thing to be correct doesn't guarantee is validity.

Emotional evidence

Evidence that arouses emotional reactions in an audience.

What are the three types of persuasion by proposition and how do they differ?

Fact: issues in which there 2 or more sides about conflicting information, in which listeners are required to choose the truth for themselves. Value: go beyond issues of truth or falsity and explore the worth of some idea, person, or object. Policy: Recommend a specific course of action.

How do informative topics differ from persuasive topics?

Informative speeches tend to be noncontroversial and does not intend to change audience attitudes

What is the purpose of a working outline?

It is a construction tool used to map out your speech

Is emotional evidence ethical or unethical?

It is an ethical fault when it is used to obscure the truth.

Why shouldn't you apologize at the end of your speech?

It will only highlight the weaknesses in your speech.

How can you make it easy to listen to your informative speech?

Limit the amount of info presented. Use familiar information to increase understanding of the unfamiliar. Use Simple information to build up understanding of complex information.

What three points should you include in the body?

Limit your division of main points to 3-5 subpoints. Use transitions, internal summaries and internal previews. Order your points in the way that they will be easiest to understand and remember.

Evidence

Material used to prove a point such as testimony, statistics, and examples.

What are the characteristics of persuasion?

Nor coercive Ususally Incremental Interactive Can be Ethical

What are the types of informative speaking by content?

Objects, Processes, Events, Concepts

In what two ways can repetition (redundancy) be ineffective?

Only when you are redundant with boious, trivial or points. Or only when you run an important point into the ground.

How can you generate audience involvement?

Personalize your speech Use audience participation Use volunteers. Have a Q & A.

Ethical Persuasion

Persuasion in an audience's best interest that does not depend on false or misleading information to induce change in that audience.

What are the four steps in practicing your speech?

Present the speech to yourself Record and listen to your speech. Present the speech in front of friends or family Present the speech in front of someone who will be in the room during the speech

What are the two sources of debilitative stage fright?

Previous Negative Experience Irrational Thinking

Articulation

Process of pronouncing all the necessary parts to words

What are the three essential functions of the speech conclusion?

Restate thesis Review your main points Provide a final memorable remark

What are the steps in creating the persuasive message?

Set a clear persuasive purpose. Structure the message carefully. Use Solid Evidence. Avoid Fallacies.

What are the three criteria for an effective purpose statement?

Should be result oriented Should be specific Should be realistic

What does the thesis statement do?

Tells your listeners the central idea of your speech

Target Audience

That part of an audience that must be influenced in order to achieve a persuasive goal.

Persuasion

The act of motivating a listener, through communication, to change a particular belief, attitude, value, or behavior.

Credibility

The believability of a speaker or the other source of information.

Information Overload

The decline in efficiency that occurs when the rate of complexity of material is too great to manage.

Basic Speech Structure

The division of a speech into introduction, body and conclusion.

Attitude

The predisposition to respond to an idea, person or thing favorably or unfavorably.

Information Anxiety

The psychological stress that occurs when dealing with too much information.

Rate

The speed at which a speaker utters words.

What are the four functions of the speech introduction?

To capture attention Preview main points Set the mood and tone Demonstrate importance of topic

Actuate

To move members of an audience toward a specific behavior.

In informative speaking, what should be the result of relieving information overload (information anxiety)?

Turning information into knowledge for an audience.

What are the five strategies that can help you manage debilitative communication apprehension?

Use nervousness to your advantage Understand the difference between rational and irrational fears Maintain a receiver orientation Keep a positive attitude Be prepared

What are the three specific criteria that you can use to evaluate the quality of a website?

credibility, objectivity, currency

What three points should you include in the conclusion?

review you main points. Remind your audience members of the importance of your topic. Provide your audience with a memory aid.

Pitch

the highness or lowness one's voice