SPI Review
A digitizer _______________. a. Converts voltage from analog to digital form b. Compensates for attenuation c. Directs the driving voltages from the pulser d. Is responsible for the focusing and steering functions
a
Acoustic speckle artifact is most likely caused by ________. a. sound interference b. the medium propagation speed c. multiple reflections of the sounds d. sound refraction
a
All of the following occur with focusing except: a. lower intensity at the focus b. shorter near zone length c. more compact focal length d. smaller diameter beam diameter at the end of the near zone
a
Amplitude and intensity are indicators of the sound wave's ________. a. strength b. bandwidth c. wavelength d. duty factor
a
An example of Rayleigh scatter is which of the following? a. red blood cells b. liver c. gallbladder d. bone
a
Analog-to-digital converters convert the ________ voltage representing echoes to ________ for digital signal processing and storage. a. analog, digital b. analog, bit c. digital, analog d. analog, ultrasound
a
Areas of high pressure and density are referred to as: a. compression b. rarefactions c. condensations d. rarefractions
a
As imaging depth decreases, the pulse repetition frequency must: a. decrease b. pulse repetition frequency does not relate to imaging depth c. increase d. not changed
a
As imaging depth increases, the pulse repetition frequency must: a. decrease b. pulse repetition frequency does not relate to imaging depth c. increase d. not changed
a
At a distance of two near-zone lengths, the beam diameter is _______ the diameter of the transducer element a. equal b. triple c. doubled d. half
a
Best image obtained when sound travels ---------- degree angle on the surface of any structure. a. 90 b. 60 c. 30 d. 45
a
Contrast resolution depends on ________ a. number of the bits per pixel b. number of the scan line per c. focuses number of the focuses per scan line d. number of the pulses emitted
a
Density and propagation speed are: a. inversely related b. directly related c. directly proportional d. unrelated
a
Density is typically measured in: a. kilograms per centimeter cubed b. millimeters c. watts per centimeter squared d. pascals
a
Doppler ultrasound pulses are typically ________ cycles long. a. 5-30 b. 5-10 c. 10-20 d. 1-2
a
Elastography is an ultrasound imaging mode that depicts tissue ________ a. stiffness b. propagation speed c. temperature d. density
a
Fast electrical spike provided by the pulser when_______________? a. imaging shallow b. lateral resolution need to be improved c. imaging deep d. imaging B-flow
a
Filtering of the sound beam is used to eliminate ________. a. Frequencies outside of the bandwidth b. Side lobe artifacts c. Secondary frequencies d. The fundamental frequency
a
Gases attenuates the sound mainly through? a. scattering b. reflection c. absorption and reflection d. absorption
a
If beam power increases, intensity ________. a. increase b. decrease c. doubled d. remain same
a
If medium 1 has impedance of 60 Rayls and medium 2 also has impedance of 60 Rayls. What percentage of the beam will be reflected at their interface? a. 0 b. 50 c. 100 d. cannot be determined
a
If sound waves of 3 MHz, 5 MHz, and 10 MHz are transmitted through the same section of anatomy, reflections from which frequency would reach the transducer first? a. Reflections from all three frequencies would have nearly identical transit times. b. 10MHz It is not possible to predict which will arrive first. c. 5MHz d. 3MHz
a
If the aperture increases, the near-zone length ________. a. increased b. doubled c. remain same d. decreased
a
If the frame rate increases, what happens to the pulses? a. increases b. decreases c. halves d. no change
a
If the intensity transmission is 64%, what is the intensity reflection for the same incident beam? a. 36% b. 100% c. 1% d. 64%
a
In M-mode imaging, what is along the x-axis? a. time b. depth c. brightness of the dot d. amplitude
a
Lowering the dynamic range will improve ____ resolution a. contrast b. lateral c. axial d. temporal
a
Mean beam scanning plan determine which of the following resolutions? a. axial and lateral b. axial and temporal c. lateral and elevational d. lateral and elevational
a
Micro denotes: a. millionth b. hundredth c. million d. billion
a
Part of the incident sound that is transmitted to the next medium but with a different direction a. refracted sound b. reflected sound c. scattered sound d. transmitted sound
a
Section thickness artifact can be eliminated by all of the following EXCEPT? a. using high frequency transducer b. use harmonics frequency c. focusing d. uses array transducer with 1, and ½ dimension crystal
a
Shortening the pulses in diagnostic ultrasound broadens the ______________. a. bandwidth b. pulse duration c. lateral resolution d. duty factor
a
Slower electrical spike provided by the pulser when_______________? a. imaging deep b. imaging shallow c. imaging B-flow d. lateral resolution need to be improved
a
Sound carries energy in a form of: a. heat b. sound c. vibration d. audio
a
The attenuation coefficient in soft tissue is equal to: a. one half the operating frequency b. double the operating frequency c. frequency times path length d. the total decibels
a
The averaging of sequential frames together to provide a smoother image appearance is called: a. persistance b. spatial compounding c. pixel d. transparent view
a
The equation propagation speed divided by frequency belongs to: a. wavelength b. spatial pulse length c. pulse duration d. period
a
The master synchronizer: a. controls the timing of the echoes b. improve contrast resolution c. improve signal noise ratio d. eliminates the noise
a
The maximum value or minimum value of an acoustic variable minus the equilibrium value of that variable describes the: a. amplitude b. duty factor c. intensity d. power
a
The prefix "kilo" means a. thousands b. hundredths c. thousandths d. hundreds
a
The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in real time imaging typically ranges from ________. a. 4-15MHz b. 2-20MHz c. 4-15KHz d. 2-20KHz
a
The rate at which energy passes through a unit area is called ________. a. intensity b. amplitude c. power d. attenuation
a
The ratio of the largest to the smallest amplitude that a system can handle is called ________. a. dynamic range b. signal processor c. compression d. demodulation
a
The ratio of the largest to the smallest amplitude that a system can handle is called ________. a. dynamic range b. signal processor c. compression d. demodulation
a
Vertical axis (Y) on the M-mode represents ____? a. depth b. time c. brightness d. strength
a
What are the two processes of demodulation? a. rectification and smoothing b. enveloping and apodization c. subdicing and rectification d. rejection and filtering
a
What are the units for pulse repetition period? a. millisecond b. microsecond c. millimeter d. kilohertz
a
What do you expect to see behind low attenuating structures? a. enhancement b. shadowing c. nothing d. noise
a
What is defined as the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next pulse, and therefore includes both the "on" and "off" time? a. PRP b. SPL c. PD d. PRF
a
What is defined as the frequency multiplied by the diameter squared divided by the pzt propagation speed? a. near zone length b. far zone c. focus d. frame rate
a
What is the distance from the transducer to an echo-generating structure? a. range equation b. range resolution c. range gating d. range ambiguity
a
What is the frequency x path length divided by 2? a. total attenuation b. attenuation coefficient c. near zone length d. frame rate
a
What is the thickness for the matching layer? a. quarter of wavelength b. one half of a wavelength c. equal to the wavelength d. double of the wavelength
a
What receiver function is responsible for decreasing the difference between the largest and smallest received signal amplitudes? a. compression b. rejection c. amplification d. demodulation
a
Which control key is used to acquire images that view the anatomy from a different angle? a. spatial compounding b. persistence c. panoramic imaging d. transparent view
a
Which control key should never be used to brighten the image on the screen? a. pulser b. time gain compensation c. overall gain d. lateral gain compensation
a
Which of the following curvature techniques is used to produce a shallow beam focus? a. great curvature that proved longer time delay between elements firing b. great curvature that proved short time delay between elements firing c. small curvature that proved short time delay between elements firing d. small curvature that proved longer time delay between elements firing
a
Which of the following describes the phased operation of the transducer? a. voltage pluses applied to all elements with small time differences b. voltage pulses applied to a group of elements in succession c. voltage pluses applied to all elements at the same time d. voltage pulses applied to one element in succession
a
Which of the following explains the difference in sound beam shape created by a disc-shaped crystal from that of a small chip of PZT? a. Huygens' Principle b. Snell's Law c. Bernoulli's Law d. Murphy's Law
a
Which of the following indicates a great value of dynamic range? a. ability to detect weaker echoes b. ability to detect stronger echoes c. ability to sharpen structures boundary for better measurement d. ability to differentiate between to echoes of slightly different intensity
a
Which of the following instrument components protects the sensitive input components? a. t/r switch b. pulser c. amplifier d. pulse delay
a
Which of the following is determined by both the source and the medium? a. wavelength b. frequency c. propagation speed d. period
a
Which of the following is determined by the sound source only? a. frequency b. wavelength c. spatial pulse length d. propagation speed
a
Which of the following is not a preprocessing function of the image processor? a. frequency b. edge enhancement c. pixel interpolation d. spatial compounding
a
Which of the following is the range of frequencies present within the beam? a. bandwidth b. array c. quality factor d. wave front
a
Which of the following is the resolution in the third dimension of the beam? a. elevational resolution b. lateral resolution c. longitudinal resolution d. contrast resolution
a
Which of the following modes provides an exact dimension measurement of structure? a. A mode b. B color mode c. B mode d. M mode
a
Which of the following probes creates a beam with shallow focus? a. 4mm diameter, 2MHz b. 4mm diameter, 8MHz c. 12mm diameter, 8MHz d. 12mm diameter, 2MHz
a
Which of the following should increase when adding more scan lines to the image? a. pulses b. contrast c. frame rate d. focuses
a
Which of the following transducers is not used for imaging? a. continuous-wave transducers b. curved sequenced array transducers c. linear sequenced array transducers d. annular array of transducers
a
Which of the following would be considered an advantage of linear array over a phased array transducer? a. wider near field b. linear scan lines c. narrower near field d. narrow far field
a
Which of the following would cause a decrease in temporal resolution? a. increased line density b. decreased sector size c. single transmit zone d. decreased line density
a
Which system control equalizes amplitudes by different reflector depths? a. time gain compensation b. output power c. overall gain d. persistance
a
Which system control equalizes amplitudes by different reflector depths? a. time gain compensation b. persistence c. overall gain d. output power
a
Which three-dimensional display appears similar to a radiograph? a. transparent views b. pulse inversion c. panoramic images d. surface rendering
a
________ is the dominant factor contributing to attenuation of ultrasound in soft tissue a. absorption b. scattering c. range d. reflection
a
with oblique incident sound, if the propagation speed through the second medium is greater than through the first medium, the transmission angle is ________. a. greater than the incidence angle b. less than the incidence angle c. unrelated to the incidence angle d. equal to the incidence angle
a
A flat panel display presents image information in the form of ________. a. Vertical lines read out from left to right b. Horizontal lines read out from left to right c. Vertical lines read out from right to left d. Horizontal lines read out from right to left
b
A slice through the 3D image volume is which of the following control function? a. pixel interpolation b. surface rendering c. spatial compounding d. transparent view
b
All of the following are true of stiffness except: a. it is defined as the ability of an object to resist compression b. stiffness and propagation speed are indirectly associated c. increasing stiffness increases propagation speed d. stiffness may also be referred to elasticity
b
All of the following relate to the strength of the sound wave except: a. amplitude b. wavelength c. intensity d. power
b
Along with crystal diameter, the divergence in the far field is also determined by which of the following? a. spatial pulse length b. frequency c. propagation speed d. line density
b
An independent signal path consisting of a transducer element, cable wire, and amplifier is called: a. apodization b. channel c. subdicing d. t/r switch
b
Another name for the Fresnel zone is ________________. a. field length b. near path length c. far zone d. near zone
b
Arrays are operated in two ways, called ___________ and ___________. a. linear; convex b. sequencing; phasing c. pulse wave; continuous wave d. spatial; angular
b
Coupling medium is applied to the transducer-tissue boundary to increase _________ of the sound wave a. refraction b. transmission c. scattering d. reflection
b
Elements are divided into small parts called sub-elements and are electrically joined to act as one single crystal in: a. phasing b. subdicing c. apodization d. sequencing
b
How are ultrasound transducers typically sterilized? a. autoclaving b. cold-sterilization methods c. alcohol emersion d. heating to the Curie temperature
b
If density of the medium increased, the impedance of the sound will: a. density and medium impedance are not related b. increase c. decrease d. remain same
b
If the frame rate increases, what happens to the sector size? a. increases b. decreases c. no change d. doubles
b
If the main frequency is 4MHz, what is the harmonic frequency? a. 8 KHz b. 8 MHz c. 4 MHz d. 2 MHz
b
If the wavelength increased, the spatial pulse length will ---------------? a. wave length and SPL are not related b. increase c. remain same d. decrease
b
Imaging transducers have: a. high quality factor, wide band width b. low quality factor, wide band width c. high quality factor, narrow band width d. low quality factor, narrow band width
b
Imaging transducers have: a. high quality factor, narrow band width n. low quality factor, wide band width c. low quality factor, narrow band width d. high quality factor, wide band width
b
In an unfocused, single-element transducer, the focal point of the sound beam measures how much of the total beam width? a. one third b. half c. one fourth d. equal
b
Invasive transducers ________. a. decrease detail resolution b. utilize high frequency d. utilize longer wavelength d. increase imaging depth
b
Lateral position errors occur on an image due to sound ________. a. transmission b. refraction c. attenuation d. reflection
b
PZT thickness should be? a. equal to wavelength b. one half of the wavelength c. one quarter of the wavelength d. double of the wavelength
b
Part of the incident sound that is reflected back toward the transducer a. absorption b. reflected sound c. scattered sound d. transmitted sound
b
Pressure is typically expressed in: a. frequency b. pascals c. decibels d. kilograms per centimeter cubed
b
Propagation speed is higher in ________ than in soft tissue. a. water b. bone c. lung d. fat
b
Range of the transducer parts impedance from highest to lowest? a. PZT, gel, skin, matching layer b. PZT, matching layer, gel, skin c. PZT, matching layer, skin, gel d. Matching layer, gel, skin, PZT
b
Regions of lower pressure and density are called ________. a. compression b. rarefaction c. longitudinal waves d. acoustic variables
b
The ________ determines the brightness of the echoes on the display. a. digital to analog b. scan converter c. analog to digital d. cathode ray tube
b
The advantage of coded excitation is to improve _______. a. lateral resolution b. signal noise ratio c. azimuth resolution d. temporal resolution
b
The border of the reflector is smaller than the wavelength in: a. specular reflection b. nonspecular reflection c. 90 degree angle d. orthogonal angle
b
The conversion of echo voltages from the radio frequency to video form is called ________. a. analog, to digital b. demodulation c. scan converter d. pixel interpolation
b
The conversion of echo voltages from the radio frequency to video form is called ________. a. scan converter b. demodulation c. analog to digital d. pixel interpolation
b
The critical temperature an ultrasound transducer cannot exceed is called the ________. a. quality factor b. curie point c. critical point d. piezoelectric point
b
The distance from the beginning of pulse to the end of that pulse is the ------------------? a. PRF b. SPL c. PD d. PRP
b
The electrical voltage provided by the pulser when connecting a 3 MHz frequency transducer is? a. lower than transducer frequency b. same as transducer frequency c. unknown d. double of the transducer frequency
b
The main frequency of the transducer is called the: a. amplitude b. fundamental c. harmonic d. bandwidth
b
The middle transducer crystal receives high electrical voltage and toward the periphery the crystal will receive lower electric voltage in: a. subdicing b. apodization c. phasing d. sequencing
b
The output gain of the pulser determines the ____ of the acoustic pulse. a. length b. intensity c. duration d. frequency
b
The prefix "centi" means a. thousandths b. hundredths c. millions d. hundreds
b
The prefix "deci" means a. tens b. tenths c. millions d. hundreds
b
The purpose of the coupling medium is ________. a. to provide patient comfort b. to facilitate passage of ultrasound into human tissue c. to produce an air pocket d. to reduce the number of cycles in a pulse
b
The range of the attenuation in body tissue from highest to lowest is? a. Fluid > bone > soft tissue > Lung b.Lung > bone > soft tissue > fluid c. Lung > Soft tissue > Bone > fluid d. Lung > bone > Fluid > Soft tissue
b
The transducer element converts _________ to _______ and vice versa. a. voltage; electricity b. electricity; ultrasound c. ultrasound; voltage d. pulses; ultrasound
b
The typical range of frequency for diagnostic ultrasound imaging is: a. 20 to 20,000 Hz b. 1 to 20 MHz c. 10 to 20 MHz d. 12 to 100 MHz
b
To produce a transducer with a higher frequency one should: a. use large crystal diameter b. use thinner crystal c. use thicker crystal d. use small crystal diameter
b
To which of the following the frequency of the transducer is inversely related? a. amplitude b. image depth c. attenuation d. frame rate
b
Utilizing multiple focal zones simultaneously increases image detail resolution and degrades ________ resolution? a. axial b. temporal c. detail d. contrast
b
What are the units of wavelength? a. milliseconds b. millimeters c. micrometers d. centimeter
b
What determines the axial resolution? a. PD b. SPL c. PRP d. PRF
b
What do you expect to see behind high attenuating structure? a. nothing b. shadowing c. reflection d. enhancement
b
What is defined as the PZT propagation speed divided by two times the PZT thickness? a. beam diameter b. operating frequency c. propagation speed d. near zone length
b
What is defined as the number of cycles multiplied by the period or the number of cycles divided by the frequency? a. spatial pulse length b. pulse duration c. duty factor d. pulse repetition period
b
What is defined as the speed or velocity of sound traveling in a medium? a. amplitude b. propagation speed c. power d. wavelength
b
What is the ability to present echoes in different variations of color besides gray shades? a. b-mode b. b-color c. b-flow d. m-mode
b
What is the change in intensity if the power decreases by half? a. intensity doubles b. intensity is halved c. intensity is one fourth d. intensity does not change
b
What is the tiniest element of any picture? a. spatial detail b. pixel c. bit d. byte
b
What is the typical duty factor value of doppler? a. 1-2% b. 5% c. 10% d. 100%
b
When using spatial compounding, how is the frame rate? a. increased b. lowered c. doubled d. unchanged
b
When you adjust the output power control, you affect the following system component: a. scan converter b. pulser c. memory d. receiver
b
When you change the transmit frequency, which of the following is altered? a. amplitude of the sound reflection b. image depth c. intensity of the sound transmitted d. propagation speed of the sound
b
Which function enables the enlargement of images without affecting the amount of pixels? a. write zoom b. read zoom c. spatial compounding d. rejection
b
Which imaging technique is most likely to visualize a structure beneath a calcification? a. pixel interpolation b. Spatial compounding c. panoramic imaging d. harmonic imaging
b
Which mode has excellent resolution because the image is not 2D? a. image display b. m-mode c. a-mode d. b-mode
b
Which mode is interested in the movement of the reflectors along one scan line? a. B b. M c. A d. D
b
Which of the following describes the far zone? a. it is called the Fresnel zone b. its beam width (diameter) increases with increasing depth c. the length of the far zone increases with increases in frequency d. it lies within one near zone length.
b
Which of the following is defined as changing the timing of the shocking of the elements in order to shape and steer the beam? a. angulation b. phasing c. focusing d. steering
b
Which of the following is defined as the number of ultrasound pulses emitted in 1 second? a. DF b. PRF c. SPL d. PRP
b
Which of the following is not true of damping? a. damping decreases the sensitivity of the transducer b. damping worsens axial resolution c. damping decreases spatial pulse length d. damping decreases the number of cycles in a pulse
b
Which of the following is the type of transducer that utilizes elements arranged in a concentric pattern? a. phased array b. annular array c. mechanical d. linear
b
Which of the following represents the accurate sequences of receiver channel? a. ADC, amplifier, pulser b. transducer elements, amplifier, ADC c. pulser, pulse delayer, transducer elements d. amplifier, transducer elements, ADC
b
Which of the following represents the accurate sequences of transmitted channel? a. pulse delayer, pulser, transducer element b. pulser, pulse delayer, transducer element c. pulser, pulse delayer, amplifier d. pulser, transducer element, pulse delayer
b
Which of the following techniques is internal focusing? a. lens b. curved crystal c. electronic
b
Which part is responsible for controlling the timing of echoes to ensure a new pulse isn't sent out until the previous one is returned? a. scan converter b. master synchronizer c. suppression d. spatial compounding
b
Which resolution depends on penetration depth, lines per frame, and the number of focuses? a. lateral b. temporal c. contrast d. axial
b
Which resolution relates more directly to transducers? a. vector b. detail c. contrast d. temporal
b
Which three-dimensional display appears similar to a radiograph? a. panoramic images b. transparent views c. pulse inversion d. surface rendering
b
Which ultrasound resolution varies with beam diameter? a. spatial b. lateral c. elevational d. axial
b
With normal incident sound, what will cause the sound to be reflected and transmitted? a. 2 media with a different propagation speed b. 2 media with slight impedance mismatch c. high intensity incident sound d. presence of a strong reflector
b
a lens is placed in front of the piezoelectric material is: a. curved crystal b. external focusing c. internal focusing d. beam diameter
b
with a 90 degree angle incident sound, if the reflected sound increased the transmitted sound will ---------------? a. increased b. decreased c. remain same d. cannot be determined
b
Along with image depth, which of the following also determines the frame rate? a. axial resolution b. frequency c. number of lines per frame d. lateral resolution
c
As imaging depth increases, the pulse repetition period must: a. decrease b. pulse repetition period does not relate to imaging depth c. increase d. not changed
c
Attenuation that occurs with each centimeter sound travels is: a. attenuation b. frame rate c. attenuation coefficient d. range ambiguity
c
Axial resolution is the ________. a. minimum separation necessary to resolve reflectors perpendicular to the beam direction b. ability to differentiate a moment in time c. minimum separation necessary to resolve reflectors along the scan line d. ability to differentiate similar and dissimilar tissue
c
B-mode Z axis represents ____? a. motion b. time c. echo brightness d. depth
c
Bones attenuates the sound mainly through? a. only reflection b. scattering c. absorption and reflection d. only absorption
c
Brightness mode is also called ________. a. volume imaging b. elastography c. gray scale d. B color
c
Continuous wave (CW) Doppler has a duty factor of ________ %. a. 1.0 b. 0.1 c. 100 d. 10
c
Damping material produces all of the following except: a. wide band width b. low quality factor c. increase SPL d. better axial resolution
c
Factors determining axial resolution are the ________________. a. pulse length and beam diameter b. frequency and beam diameter c. pulse length, and frequency d. beam diameter and transducer elements
c
How long does it take for every 1cm of sound to travel in soft tissue? a. 13 milliseconds b. 1540 meters/second c. 13 microseconds d. 1.54 millimeters/millisecond
c
How many crystals are activated in m-mode? a. two b. zero c. one d. three
c
If you switch to a lower frequency for penetration, the wavelength of the transducer ________. a. decrease b. doubled c. increase d. remain same
c
Maximum amplifier gain is determined by ________. a. manufacturer b. input c. noise d. output
c
Panoramic imaging expands the image ________. a. resolution b. by using a special panoramic transducer c. beyond the normal limits of a transducer's field of view d. quality, allowing for a much smoother image
c
Part of the incident sound that is reflected but never to the transducer a. absorption b. reflected sound c. scattered sound d. transmitted sound
c
Placing all returned echoes in appropriate pixel according to their depth and brightness is the function of? a. demodulation b. digitizer c. scan converter d. master synchronizer
c
The ---------------- represents the on time of the pulse measured in microsecond? a. PRF b. SPL c. PD d. PRP
c
The percentage of time that the ultrasound system is producing pulses of ultrasound describes the: a. SPL b. PRF c. DF d. PRP
c
The prefix "mega" means a. thousandths b. hundredths c. millions d. hundreds
c
The prefix "milli" means a. thousand b. hundred c. thousandth d. hundredth
c
The primary beam is much narrower, improving lateral resolution with ________. a. pixel interpolation b. spatial compounding c. harmonic imaging d. real time imaging
c
The thinnest the scanning plan, the better-------------- resolution? a. contrast b. lateral c. elevational d. axial
c
The unit for impedance is ________. a. cm b. watts c. rayl d. w/cm
c
Ultrasound images noise is? a. high amplitude returned echo that cannot be processed into anatomical image b. amount of the electrical voltage provided by the pulser c. low amplitude returned echo that cannot be processed into anatomical image d. electrical spike that determines the PRF
c
Ultrasound images signal is? a. amount of the electrical voltage provided by the pulser b. low amplitude returned echo that cannot be processed into anatomical image c. high amplitude returned echo that can be processed into anatomical image d. electrical spike that determines the PRF
c
Ultrasound transducers operate according to _____________. a. the piezo-energy principle b. huygens's principle c. the piezoelectric principle d. snell's law
c
Unit used to quantify pulsed sound waves quality factor is? a. watts b. hertz c. unitless d. decibels
c
Utilizing additional focal points causes the temporal resolution to __________. a. doubled b. unchanged c. degraded d. improved
c
What are the units for period? a. millimeters b. milliseconds c. microseconds d. centimeters
c
What is defined as the pulse duration divided by the pulse repetition period a. spl b. prf c. duty factor d. frequency
c
What is defined as the spatial pulse length in unit millimeters divided by 2? a. temporal resolution b. contrast resolution c. axial resolution d. elevational z resolution
c
What units are used to quantify attenuation? a. dB/cm b. rayls c. dB d. unitless
c
What will happen to the incident sound if medium 1 and medium 2 have same impedance value? a. will be refracted b. both transmitted and reflected c. only transmitted d. only reflected
c
When output power is increased, which of the following can be seen on screen image? a. brightness decreased, signal noise ratio improved b. brightness increased, signal noise ratio worsen c. brightness increased, signal noise ratio improved d. brightness decreased, signal noise ratio worsen
c
Which control key can be used to differentiate between cystic massed and solid one? a. panoramic imaging b. sono-CT c. elastography d. persistance
c
Which function enables the enlargement of an image without enlarging the pixel size? a. read zoom b. b-mode c. write zoom d. suppression
c
Which mode contains a Y axis representing the amplitude of an echo and an X axis representing the depth? a. b-mode b. m-mode c. a-mode d. scan converter
c
Which mode contains a Z axis representing the amplitude of an echo and an X axis representing the depth? a. a-mode b. m-mode c. b-mode d. b-flow
c
Which of the following are not functions of the pulser? a. determines strength b. determines PRF and PRP c. determines contrast resolution d. determines signal/noise ratio
c
Which of the following frequencies is operated by the thinnest element? a. 7 MHz b. 3 MHz c. 10 MHz d. 5 MHz
c
Which of the following is attached to the rear face of the transducer element? a. ceramic b. coupling medium c. backing material d. matching later
c
Which of the following is defined as the minimum distance two reflectors can be, parallel to the beam, and still appear on the screen as two dots? a. contrast resolution b. transverse resolution c. range resolution d. angular resolution
c
Which of the following is not a function of the signal processor? a. demodulation b. filtering c. master synchronizer d. compression
c
Which of the following is the part of the transducer that stops the ringing of the element? a. matching layer b. housing c. damping material d. insulator
c
Which of the following operator controls adjusts amplification? a. summer b. digitizer c. gain control d. piezoelectric element
c
Which of the following operator controls adjusts compression? a. lateral gain compensation b. time gain compensation c. dynamic range d. overall gain
c
Which of the following represents the system component that is responsible for electronic beam steering? a. signal processor b. summer c. beam former d. scan converter
c
Which of the following shortens the length of the pulse by decreasing the number of cycles in the pulse? a. matching layer b. matching material c. backing material d. piezoelectric element
c
Which of the following transducer is NOT an invasive type? a. trans vaginal b. trans rectal c. trans abdominal d. trans esophageal
c
Which resolution is best in clinical imaging? a. contrast b. temporal c. axial d. lateral
c
As sound travels, the reduction in amplitude and intensity of the wave is called ________. a. scattering b. absorption c. reflection d. attenuation
d
Attenuation increases with increasing ________. a. pressure b. power c. wave length d. frequency
d
Averaging sequential frames improves ________. a. speckle b. temporal resolution c. frame rate d. dynamic range
d
Axial resolution is not known as: a. longitudinal b. radial c. range d. azimuth
d
Contrast agents produce echoes because -------------------? a. contrast agent do not produces any echoes b. the impedance of the contrast suspended particles is similar to the suspending medium c. contrast agent provide no impedance d. the impedance of the contrast suspended particles is different compared to the suspending medium
d
Contrast resolution depends on ________ a. number of the scan line per focuses b. number of the focuses per scan line c. number of the pulses emitted d. number of the bits per pixel
d
Converting the negative voltage into a positive one for further processing is accomplished by which of the following? a. band pass filter b. dynamic range c. compensation d. rectification
d
Elastography is an ultrasound imaging mode that depicts tissue ________ a. density b. temperature c. propagation speed d. stiffness
d
Filling in missing pixels based on an average of brightness of the adjacent pixels is a function of? a. persistence b. master synchronizer c. scan converter d. pixel interpolation
d
How does invasive transducer improve images resolution? a. allow high intensity sound waves b. allow more penetration of the sound through anatomical structures c. allow longer wavelength d. allow higher frequency use
d
Huygen's Principle is based on a. refraction b. constructive indices c. transverse waves d. interference
d
If an echo returns 104 μs after a pulse was emitted by a transducer, at what depth is the structure that produced the echo located? a. 80cm b. 8mm c. 0.8mm d. 8cm
d
If the incident angle is 25 degrees, the propagation speed in medium 1 is 1.9mm/microsecond and the propagation speed in medium 2 is 2.0 mm/ microsecond, what is the reflection angle? a. 10 b. 15 c. 50 d. 25
d
Impedance is equal to density multiplied by ________. a. wavelength b. path length c. stiffness d. propagation speed
d
In clinical imaging, the wavelength measures between: a. 1 and 10 Hz b. 1540 and 2000 m/s c. 0 and 1 d. 0.1 and 0.8 mm
d
In unfocused single element transducer, the beam divergence occurs at? a. no beam divergence achieved with single element transducer b. far field c. far zone d. near zone
d
Incidence angle always equals the reflected angle in: a. orthogonal incident b. 90 degree angle c. specular incidence d. oblique incidence
d
Increasing the depth will ____________ DF a. double b. increase c. no relationship d. decrease
d
Lateral resolution is equal to _____________. a. SPL b. wavelength c. operating frequency d. beam diameter
d
Lateral resolution is not known as: a. angular b. transverse c. azimuth d. range
d
Lowest attenuation of the sound can be seen in which of the following structure? a. kidney b. spleen c. liver d. bladder full with urine
d
Minimum reflector separation in the direction perpendicular to the beam direction describes which of the following resolutions? a. axial b. temporal c. elevational d. lateral
d
PACS stands for ________. a. Pictures Allocated for Communication Storage b. Picture Archiving for Computer System c. Picture and Communication System d. Picture Archiving and Communications System
d
Part of the incident sound that is transmitted to the next medium with the same direction of the incident sound a. refracted sound b. reflected sound c. scattered sound d. transmitted sound
d
Propagation speed is primarily determined by the ________ of the medium. a. thickness b. content c. density d. stiffness
d
Range ambiguity artifact occurs when------------------? a. strong electrical signal provided by the pulser b. using low frequency transducer c. using high frequency transducer d. PRF is to fast for a give depth
d
Range of the transducer parts impedance from highest to lowest? a. matching layer, gel, skin, PZT b. PZT, gel, skin, matching layer c. PZT, matching layer, skin, gel d. PZT, matching layer, gel, skin
d
Sound impedance is: a. Refraction of the sound b. Active time of pulsed sound c. Amount of the sound scatters d. Resistance of the sound to propagation speed
d
Sound is technically a: a. Mechanical and transverse wave b. Nonmechanical and pressure wave c. Transverse and longitudinal wave d. Mechanical and longitudinal wave
d
Sound refraction occurs when? a. when incident sound travels oblique and medium 1 and 2 have same propagation speed b. when incident sound travels perpendicular and medium 1 and 2 have same propagation speed c. when incident sound travels perpendicular and medium 1 and 2 have different propagation speed d. when incident sound travels oblique and medium 1 and 2 have different propagation speed
d
The border of the reflector is larger than wavelength in: a. nonspecular reflection b. oblique incidence c. 89 degree angle d. specular reflection
d
The harmonic signal ____. a. has worse lateral resolution than the fundamental b. is of a stronger amplitude than the fundamental c. is produced by transducer d. is produced by patient
d
The main frequency of the transducer is called the: a. bandwidth b. amplitude c. harmonic d. fundamental
d
The part of the receiver that reduces low-level system noise is the: a. compensation b. amplification c. demodulation d. rejection
d
The reason of increased in transducer aperture is? a. increase transduce sensitivity b. shorten the pulses c. lower the quality factor d. keep the beam narrow at variable depth
d
The strength of the electric voltages sent to each element is determined by the: a. signal processor b. display c. image processor d. pulser
d
The typical range of frequency for diagnostic ultrasound imaging is-------- a. 10 to 20 MHz b. 20 to 20,000 Hz c. 12 to 100 MHz d. 2-20MHz
d
The vertical spike on the Y axis of the A- mode represents? a. reflector brightness b. reflector time c. reflector depth d. reflector amplitude
d
To avoid echo misplacement, ________. a. Multiple focal zones should be utilized b. Penetration depth is increased c. A matching layer is added to the transducer element d. All echoes must be received before another pulse is emitted.
d
Volume imaging is accomplished by ________. a. scanning from different angles b. spatial compounding c. expanding beyond the normal limits of the transducer d. acquiring many parallel two-dimensional scans
d
What are the parts of the machine in order? a. beam former, display, image processor, signal processor b. beam former, image processor, signal processor, display c. display, image processor, signal processor, beam former d. beam former, signal processor, image processor, display
d
What are the units for pulse duration? a. millimeter b. micrometer c. millisecond d. microsecond
d
What are the units for spatial pulse length? a. hertz b. microsecond c. millimeter d. millisecond
d
What determines the maximum imaging depth? a. gain and frequency b. attenuation and signal c. gain and amplitude d. attenuation and gain
d
What happens to a digital image when the pixel density is increased? a. there is less spatial detail b. the temporal resolution increased c. there are more gray shades d. there is more spatial detail
d
What is DICOM? a. standards for a transducer design b. standards for a patient exposure c. protocols for 2D imaging d. protocols for medical image data
d
What is a constructive wave combined to form one large wave? a. velocity b. amplitude c. out-of-phase interference d. in-phase interference
d
What is another name for the far zone? a. fresnel zone b. near zone c. focus d. fraunhofer zone
d
What is the impedance ranging from high to low? a. gel > matching layer > PZT > backing material b. backing material > PZT > gel > matching layer c. matching layer > PZT > backing material > gel d. backing material > PZT > matching layer > gel
d
What is the propagation speed from high to low in order? a. bones, muscle, kidney, blood, liver, fat, lungs b. lungs, fat, liver, kidney, blood, muscle, bones c. bones, muscle, kidney, blood, liver, lungs, fat d. bones, muscle, blood, kidney, liver, fat, lungs
d
What represents the smallest amount of memory in each pixel? a. byte b. pixel c. contrast resolution d. bit
d
Which imaging technique is most likely to visualize a structure beneath a calcification? a. panoramic imaging b. harmonic imaging c. pixel interpolation d. spatial compounding
d
Which of the following electrical patterns produces electronic focusing of the ultrasound beam? a. width b. slope c. length d. curve
d
Which of the following facilitates the transmission of sound from the element into the patient's skin? a. focusing material b. tungsten covering c. damping material d. matching layer
d
Which of the following is a useful unit to measure duty factor? a. Hz b. KHz c. microsecond d. unitless
d
Which of the following is defined as changing the timing of the shocking of the elements in order to shape and steer the beam? a. focusing b. bundling c. angulation d. phasing
d
Which of the following is described as the distance over which one cycle occurs? a. pulse duration b. duty factor c. period d. wavelength
d
Which of the following is determined by the sound source and medium? a. propagation speed b. frequency c. period d. wavelength
d
Which of the following is not a function of the image processor? a. preprocessing b. postprocessing c. scan converter d. master synchronizer
d
Which of the following is not a function of the pulse delay? a. steering and scanning b. focusing c. aperature and abodization d. increasing the amplitude
d
Which of the following is not adjustable by the sonographer? a. compression b. amplitude c. power d. wavelength
d
Which of the following modes provides real-time cross-sectional imaging? a. M mode b. B color c. A mode d. B mode
d
Which of the following operator controls adjusts compression? a. time gain compensation b. overall gain c. lateral gain compensation d. dynamic range
d
Which of the following should increase when adding more focuses? a. image resolution b. propagation speed c. transducer frequency d. number of the pulses
d
Which of the following transducer frequencies operate on a thicker element? a. 7MHz b. 8MHz c. 5MHz d. 3MHz
d
Which of the following will increase the near zone length? a. small crystal diameter, high frequency b. Large crystal diameter, low frequency c. small crystal diameter, low frequency d. Large crystal diameter, high frequency
d
Which of the following would be considered the narrowest part of a sound beam? a. far zone b. near zone c. near zone length d. focus
d
Which of the following would cause an increase in frame rate? a. multifocusing b. increased line density c. increased imaging depth d. decreased imaging depth
d
Which of the following would have the highest propagation speed? a. soft tissue b. air c. water d. bone
d
Which of the following would have the lowest propagation speed? a. water b. soft tissue c. bone d. lung tissue
d
Which type of resolution is an accurate representation of moving structures? a. lateral resolution b. azimuthal resolution c. spatial resolution d. temporal resolution
d
With specular reflections, which part of the organs and structures is imaged? a. organs cells b. parenchymal tissue c. inside part of the organs d. boundary surface
d
___________ Array is the combination of linear and phased array operations. a. interventional b. phase c. convex d. vector
d