Spine
Autograft, Allograft
A comminuted anterior column fracture would imply the need of surgical ___ and ___.
Atlanto-occipital Ligament
Among the ligaments of the Occiput-C1-C2 Complex, which is the strongest? What is its function?
Between C1 and C2
Among the vertebrae, IV disc is absent...
4, Inferiorly, 2 Inches anterior to S2
Around ___ years, the center of gravity moves (superiorly, inferiorly) to the level ___.
Proprioception
Aside from limiting flexion, one important function of the supraspinous ligament is...
Avascular, Alymphatic, Aneural; Annulus Fibrosis (70%), Nucleus Pulposus (90%)
Describe the IV disc for ages 11 years and up. What are the two layers and their water content?
C: 45 degrees; flex, extend, laterally bend, rotate T: 60 degrees; flex, laterally bend, rotate L: 90 degrees; very limited
Describe the angle and possible movements of the articular facets of the three kinds of vertebrae.
- Anterior: weight-bearing (80%), flexibility, shock absorption, protection - Posterior: weight bearing (20%), articulation. stability, protection
Describe the distinct functions of the anterior and posterior elements of the spine.
3-6 Months Fetal Life: S4 Birth: L3 9-11 Years Old: L1-L2
Describe the progression of the spinal cord shortening.
C: bifid, sjort T: long L: short, broad
Describe the spinous processes of each kind of vertebrae.
Spongy Bone covered by Compact Bone
Describe the structure of the vertebral body.
Watershed - Aorta -> Subclavian -> Circle of Willis -> Anterior Spinal Artery - Descending Aorta -> Posterior Intercostal Compensation - Segmental/Radicular Feeding Arteries
Describe the watershed phenomenon of arterial supply and the compensation for it.
Radiculopthy, Myelopathy, Neuropathy
Elucidate the kinds of herniation based on nervous damage.
1. Protrusion - AF intact 2. Prolapse - AF thinning 3. Extrusion - AF ruptured 4. Sequestration - NP escapes
Elucidate the types of herniation based on morphology.
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
Enumerate the erector spinae muscles.
A. Superficial: Splenius capitis, Splenius cervicis, Erector spinae B. Deep: Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores
Enumerate the spine muscles.
Multifidus, Semispinalis, Rotatores
Enumerate the transversospinalis muscles.
C7L2, T12K1, L5L2, S5K1, Cx4
How many bones are there in each kind of vertebrae. Indicate K for Kyphosis and L for Lordosis. Indicate 1 if primary and 2 if secondary curvature.
Tuberculosis - Pott's Disease
Infection and neoplasm of the spine is known as....
Alar Ligament
It connects sides of dens to tubercles on medial side of occipital condyle.
Pars Interarticularis
It connects the superior and inferior articulating facets.
Supraspinous Ligament
It is a cord-like ligament connecting the apices of spinous process from C7 to sacrum.
Herniation
It is caused by protrusion of the nucleus pulposus to the annulus fibrosus.
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
It is the demarcation between anterior and posterior elements of the spine.
Spondylitis
It is the infection of the vertebrae.
Spondylosis
It is the instability of the vertebrae brought about by age.
Diarthrodial
It is the kind of joint found between facets.
Syndesmosis
It is the kind of joint found between lamina and ligamentum flavum.
Amphiarthrodial
It is the kind of joint found in IV discs.
Trochoid
It is the kind of joint found in the atlanto-axial joint.
Condyloid
It is the kind of joint found in the atlanto-occipital joint.
L5
It is the largest movable vertebra.
Ligamentum Flavum (Yellow Ligament)
It is the ligament between laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
Interspinous Ligament
It is the ligament between spinous processes.
T12-L1
It is the most common fracture (thoracolumbar).
T12
It is the most commonly fractured vertebra.
Transverse Atlantal Ligament
It securely fastens dens processes between C1 and C2.
Occipitodental Ligament
It secures the dens process to the occiput.
Acute, Obtuse
Males have (acute, obtuse) angled pelvis while females have (acute, obtuse) angled pelvis.
Posterior Rami of Spinal Nerves
Muscles associated with the spine are generally innervated by...
Atlanto-occipital, Atlanto-axial
Nodding involves the ___ joint while saying no and shaking the head involves the ___ joint.
2400, 6000, 8000
One functional unit can withstand ___ newtons. Vertebral bodies break at ___ newtons. Endplates break at ___ newtons.
Stretching the head, quadruped crawling
Postnatal lordosis is caused by ___. Infancy lordosis is caused by ___.
3-6 years
Synostosis occurs at which age?
Pedicle, 2nd Fetal Month
The first to ossify is what part of the vertebra? When?
Extend
The general action of spine muscles is to...
Prevent hyperflexion
The general function of posterior spine ligaments is...
Spinal and Dorsal Root Ganglia
The intervertebral foramen serves as the passageway of...
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
The ligament with the most pain receptors is...
Vertebra Prominens, C7
The longest spinous process is called ___ and can be found at the ___.
Motion
The main function of cervical vertebrae is (motion, protection).
Mamillary processs of lower 2-3 vertebrae
The multifidus muscle inserts...
Cervical, Spinal A.
The prominent transverse foramen are found in ___ vertebrae for the passageway of ___.
Relaxin
The pubic symphysis opens 2-4 inches during delivery through the hormone ___.
1st
The spine is what class of lever?
Hyaline Cartilage
The superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebra are covered with...
Nuchal
The supraspinous ligament merges superiorly with the ___ ligament.
Vertebral Artery
The transverse foramen serves as the passageway of...
Mamillary Process and Accessory Process
The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae have...
Decreases, Thicker
The vertebral body (increases, decreases) superiorly. The laminae goes (thicker, thinner) inferiorly.
36
The vertebral body is ossified at ___ weeks.
Interspinous Ligament
The weakest ligament of the spine is...
C1, C2
The widest cervical vertebra is ___. The strongest cervical vertebra is ___.
Intervertebral Foramen
These are indentations formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae.
Multifidus and Rotatores
These muscles are responsible for the fine steering movements of the spine.
Lateral Masses
These structures in C1 allow bearing the weight of the cranium.
Costal Facets
These structures in thoracic vertebrae allow articulation with ribs.
Multifidus
They are the spinal analogs of rotator cuff muscles.
Sacral Promontory
This is an important obstetrical landmark in the sacrum.
Posterolateral
This kind of herniation based on location is more common.
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
This ligament prevents protrusion of IV disc.
Synsacrum
This term describes the five fused sacral bones,
Iliolumbar, Superior Pubic, Arcuate Pubic, Sacrospinous, Sacrotuberous
What are the five ligaments of the pelvis?
Maintain Stability of IV Disc Prevent hyperextension
What are the functions of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Vertebra
What is the anatomical unit of the spine?
Vertebra + IV Disc
What is the functional unit of the spine?
ISL, FC, LF, PLL, ALL
What is the order, from first to last, of ligaments that will break?
Elastin
What protein is abundant in ligamentum flavum?
Between T10-L2, Lower Limb Paralysis
Where can the artery of adamkiewicz be found? Damage to this can cause what condition?
Lumbar
Which curvature is more recent, cervical or lumbar?
IV disc absorb water under low pressure when sleeping.
Why are we taller when we wake up from sleeping.
Interspinous Ligament, Intertransverse Ligament
___ connects adjoining spinous processes. ___ connects adjacent transverse processes.
Lumbar
___ has the largest intervertebral foramen.
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
___ is the strongest ligament of the vertebrae that covers about ___ of the diameter of vertebrae.