Sport and Culture - Exam 2

Hirondelle

the most popular bike, produced in 1893, "Hummingbird", targeted at artisans, workers, and employees. Workers could now afford a bike.

The "Windies"

the nickname of the West Indians team and they are the only test playing team that doesn't represent a single country

Alsace-Lorraine

the region in between France and Germany. It was a region of France until 1870 when Germany annexed it after winning the Franco-Prussian war. The French reclaimed it after WWII(1914). During the time that Germany had it, the French refused to accept that it was a part of Germany, so they included stops in the Tour itinerary in the region

Corsica

they speak Italian and Corsican in addition to French. In 2003, Corsican autonomy referendum was created and the people voted to stay with France. In 2013, Corsica hosted the first 3 stages of the race and this was the first time in history for them. This reaffirmed its part of France.

Velodrome racing

this is an arena with a cycling track inside or outside. In 1900 most popular racing in West Hemisphere, over 700 tracks in France. Competitive cycling was part of festivals

Champs Elysées

this is were the race always ends in Paris

Brittany

this was a less industrialized, rural population in France. They wanted independence from France and had movements with political parties demanding the right to self-determination. It was excluded from the tour until the 1930s. They then added it back in and this represented their integration into the French nation again.

publicity cavalcade

this was a publicity parade in 1931 that is still a main source of income for the Tour today. The parade consisted of sponsors and it precedes the cycling. It also provides half of the prize money for the winner.

bowler

throws the ball to the batsman - their objective is to hit the wicket and prevent the batsman from scoring run and boundaries

"It's not cricket"

to describe something crooked

Tom Simpson

was an Englishman and seen as the star of the peloton. July 13th, 1967, he collapsed on the side of the road on mont Ventoux with convulsions and fell unconscious. He died in a hospital with traces of amphetamines and methamphetamines in his body and on his jersey.

run out

when a fielder removes bail while batsman is outside crease

caught

when the ball is caught in the air by a fielder

wicket

wooden structures, set of 3 stumps topped by a pair of bails

dismissal

(clean bowled) when ball hits wicket straight, (caught) the ball is caught by fielder in the air, (leg before wicket) ball strikes any part of the batsman's body before hitting the ball (run out) when a fielder removes bail while batsman is outside crease

How many riders have allegedly use bike motors during the Tour?

12 in 2012 Tour

Franco-Prussian War

1879-81, devastating loss for the French. Germany annexed Alsace Lorraine region and the loss was blamed on Jewish citizens and the army's lack of fitness.

bails

2 pieces that rest atop the stumps and fall when hit hard

stumps

3 stumps make the wicket and hold up the bails

Why and how was the Marylebone Cricket Club founded?

A wealthy group of landowners formed the MCC and they codified the laws of the game. The headquarters was located at the Lord's in London

Which team did Armstrong ride for?

Armstrong rode for the US Postal Service. His teammates would all work together to try and get Lance to win the Tour, and that is their one objective.

Describe the mythology surrounding the Tour.

Barthes calls the Tour de France the best example of mythology. It is a national epic like the Odyssey because each tour represents an episode and the riders are given name of heroes. The Tour narrative defines French national identity. The Tour is a prime example of national sport.

What role did cricket play in Indian independence and nation-building?

Cricket helped bring the nation together to stir up forces to combat the British rule. After their independence it became the "game of the empire" and was part of a new national identity. It became vital for nation building and the national cricket team became a symbol of new India.

Where is cricket played throughout the world? How did it spread?

Cricket is played in England, India, Sri Lanka,Pakistan, Australia, S. Africa, West Indies, Zimbabwe, and Bangladesh. It was invented in England and when England colonized Australia they brought it over to play.

What role did cricket play in establishing Australia as a nation?

Cricket would provide a common bond. By challenging the forces of the crown of cricket, it was the first step in nationhood. It exercises Australia's nationalism.

When did cycling become massively popular in France and why? What were some of the earliest competitions like?

Cycling became popular at the end of the 19th century. Many things helped lead society like when France lost the war for being less fit than the Germans. The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of leisure class and emerging of mass sporting, and the physical fitness value. The 1st bicycle was made in the 13th century out of wood and then metal and it was mass produces. The Hirondelle was produces in 1893 and was the most popular bicycle because it was affordable. Road races started as a way of connecting urban and rural France. Velodrome racing was also very big and was the most popular racing in the 1900's in the Western Hemisphere.

How long has doping existed in the Tour? What were some of the earliest forms?

Doping has existed since before the Tour, it was used in cycling. In the 18th century, chemists succeeded in extracting compounds such as morphine, ephedrine, strychnine from plants. This allowed them to create purer forms of effective substances. In the 19th century, the first artificial substances were created, this means more potent and doping was part of the campaign against fatigue. The first substances were champagne, mariani wine, strychnine, caffeine, chloroform, opiates, cocaine, arsenic, and alcohol.

Describe doping in the Tour during the 1960s and 70s. Why was it banned from the sport during this time?

Doping started to become part of the pre-race ritual, meth, amphetamines and alcohol were the most common. IN 1965 the first anti-doping laws passed in France and Belgium. Riders were viewed as a bad example for the French youth. In 1967, the UCI drafted the first list of banned substances. There was a growing drug abuse problem and that it why they were banned.

What was the 1998 Festina scandal?

Festina is a watch making company. The Festina team manager was arrested for carrying 400 vials of drugs including steriods. The team said that this had nothing to do with them and that they had no involvement. The manager came out and said that he was carrying them because of instructions given to him by the manager of the team. He allowed the team to dope to improve their performance. The Tour then decided to suspend all of the riders and they are now required to pass a drug test.

When was the yellow jersey introduced and why? Why yellow?

First introduced in 1919 mid tour so spectators could identify the leader. It was yellow because that was the color of the paper that L'Auto was printed on.

Roland Barthes

French intellectual in many areas. He was highly influential and published the book Mythologies in 1957. It is considered foundational text of modern cultural studies and it was short essays about elements of French culture.

How did suspicions of mechanical doping first arise? What is the most apparent prove?

Fueled by videos of riders crashing. In 2010, when there are riders that are going so fast up hills on their bikes while sitting down.

In what year did Varjas sell his first motor? How much did he make and how long did he have to keep it silent?

He sold is in 1998 for 2 million and had to remain silent for 10 years.

Why did Armstrong come back in 2009? What did he hope to achieve?

He wanted to come back and win and intended to do it clean. He knew that there were risks in coming back. With new doping controls in 2009, he thought that he had a chance to ride clean and win. He wanted to prove to critics and to himself that it didn't matter if he had doped in the past.

What was Armstrong diagnosed with in 1996? What chances was he given for survival? How did it change his approach to the Tour?

He was diagnosed with testicular cancer and had a 40% chance of survival. He wanted to win the Tour not only for himself but for the cancer people and for his family. He also changed his style of riding because he was weaker and couldn't do the types of things that he had done before recovery.

How did the Tour de France begin? Who founded it and why?

Henri Desgrange, who was the owner of L'Auto, launched the 1st Tour as a way to sell newspapers. It would promote sales of L'Auto and crush competing road races by Le Velo.

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

India's first prime minister and he believed in cricket

Where are the bike motors located? What powers the engine? What grade of alloys are used? Two ways it can be activated?

It is located in the bike near the chain. It is powered by a lithium battery. It is military grade alloys. Activated by a button or by a heart rate monitor

Strike of Valence-d'Agen

July 11, 1978 it was organized because of the banning of doping. The organizers planned a detour through Valence-d'Agen and the racers would cover 254 km instead of 180 km and were upset they couldn't dope to help them make it. The racers cycled slowly before walking to the finish line.

How many times did Lance win the Tour? What was his reputation between 1999-2006?

Lance won the Tour 7 times. His reputation was that people were worried that he was on drugs, but he would say that they were wrong. People started to not like him

Who was Maurice Garin? What is his place in cycling history?

Maurice Garin won the first Tour de France. Because of how good of a cycler he was he was given a hero's reception at his home. This secured his place in history. Later people found out that he cheated by having people give him food, taking shortcuts, and hanging on cars. He did not win the second race and was denied the ability to be referred to as one of the greats.

What is mechanical doping?

Mechanical doping is technological fraud. It is the use of hidden motors in the bike to boost their performance.

What role did newspapers play in the organization of cycling competitions at the end of the 19th century?

Newspapers thought that they could increase sales by covering cycling races. The longer the distance the better for the newspapers. They would create their own cycling competitions to increase the sales at their newspapers.

What was the Dreyfus Affair? Explain its role in the founding of the Tour de France.

The Dreyfus Affair occurred in 1894. Dreyfus was accused of leaking classified information about the French to Germany. A minister of war gave the judge fake incriminating files and Dreyfus was found guilty. He was exiled to Devil's Island and when they found the real culprit in 1896 Dreyfus remained exiled. This was a landmark for media and was related to the Tour because of the newspapers that started. They would eventually cover all the events at the Tour de France.

How did the British spread cricket to India?

The East India Company was the primary means for spreading the English language and culture which included India.

How did Armstrong and the other riders who were doping avoid detection?

The UCI's main guys helped them cover up a lot of the tests. They also had Ferrari who helped them do a lot of things like EPO, blood transfusions and other things. They also had a guy on the inside who kept them updated on the latest doping test.

What was cricket like in the early days? Who played it?

The game was played with just two stumps and there were no boundaries and no limits to how long it took. Gentlemen ruled the game and it was divided by class. The amateurs and the professionals

How has the itinerary been used to express different notions of French national identity?

The itinerary changes every year and it is used to make a political statement. The route and the stops are a way of expressing something about French society, history, and identity. To be included in the Tour means that you are a part of France. This shows diversity and unity of French notion.

How does the Tour compare to the earliest competitions?

There are so many sponsors at the Tour today, but the sponsors started in 1931 so they have been around for a really long time. They are difference because of the advances in the technology and the way that they can be followed in the media. They are also different because of all the doping and drugs the riders take.

Why is the Tour associated with both traditional and modernity?

There was a conflicted relationship because bikes have a dual nature as technology and an extension of the human body. At the beginning of the 20th century, the bike was considered modern technology. The Tour represents progress and pushing the limits of human, and it embodies a traditional France and a long tradition of cycling.

Describe the alliance between the MCC and public school in the 19th century. What were their goals?

They brought cricket to the public schools as a test of moral character. Ideals of fairplay and courtesy

Who was Armstrong's greatest rival?

Ullrich from Germany

Festina Affair

assistant for Festina team caught at French border with a suitcase full of drugs. In the 1998 tour, 18 riders tested positive for EPO

Yellow Jersey

awarded to the winner of the general classification and overall race that is based on time. Appeared first in 1919

leg before wicket

ball strikes any part of the batsman's body before hitting the bat

East India Company

based in India, and drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. Transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which rules India. They increasingly acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions. British Crown assumed increasingly large role in the company

white jersey

best young rider, under 25, overall time, created in 1975, abandoned 1989-1999

Mariani wine

combined wine with coca leave which had the addictive nature of cocaine

Twenty20 cricket

completed in 3 hours, innings last 75-90 mins. 2 teams have a single inning each, which is restricted to a max of 20 overs

L'Auto/L'Auto-Vélo

created by an auto industrialist in reason to criticism of Giffards management of Le Velo. Was sued because of the name it was too similar to Le Velo, so they changed it after WWII. It is the most widely read newspaper.

boundary

demarcation around the perimeter of the field, 2 types boundary shots - fours and sixes

amphetamines and methamphetamines

developed in 1930s and were massively used during WWII and then used by the racers after the war to help them with their racers

Gymkhanas

elite sports clubs in India and Pakistan and were originally only white. Places in which sport competitions took place. Later, a group of Indians played cricket in this place and emulation of the whites occured

George Headley

emerged in 1930s and was a specialist batsman from Jamaica. He challenged the idea that batsmen were only black because he turned out to be the number 3 batsman in 1935. An icon, and many West Indians identified with him.

EPO

erythropoietin - increased red cell production in anemia sufferers but riders use it to allow them to get more oxygen and it thickens the blood. There are dangers of cardiac arrest while resting/sleeping. Was not detected in drug tests until 2001.

Marylebone Cricket Club

established in 1760s, sponsored by wealthy patrons, players were tradesmen and farmers, club headquarters at Lord's ground - shifted to London and is known as the "birthplace" of cricket

Parsees

fled Persia to seek asylum in India. Their descendents formed a powerful business and professional class. Cricket spread in Parsee community first and they formed the Parsi Gymkhana in Bombay

Green Jersey

for the best sprinter, 1953, based on points - awarded to the 15 racers to cross the finish line during each stage and intermediate sprints

Mont Ventoux

has a summit of 1,909m and is called the "bald mountain". Tom Simpson died here.

Learie Constantine

he challenged stereotypes on the cricket field. He mastered every part of the game. He represented the model for West indies cricket. He was a part of the first West Indies team to visit England in 1928

clean-bowled

if the wicket is put down without the batter making any contact with the ball

Vichy France

in WWII, Germany created a collaborationist government in Vichy. They deported millions of Jews to concentration camps and they had to wear yellow stars. They Vichy government attempted to organize a Tour and the organizers resisted so they organized their own and failed

strychnine

in a small dose it stimulated breathing and increased endurance but also increased anxiety and stress, trembling and heart palpitations. In a large does it can create respiratory arrest.

champagne

in the 1920s and 30s, this was used by racers and it was distributed by spectators.

Don Bradman

in the 1930s was Australia's first real hero, batsman

Maharajas

indian princes (royalty) - educated in English public school in Oxbridge. Promoted cricket by building grounds and running their own teams

Istvan Varjas

is a Hungarian engineer who has developed bicycle motors. He claims that mechanical doping has been used in the past and has been improved. He revealed that he was paid for a bike motor in 1999 and many suspect that it was Lance Armstrong.

The Ashes

is a test cricket series played between England and Australia

How does the Australian cricket tradition differ from that of England?

it offers talented players the chance to rise up through the ranks on merit along, which is different from England. This had been a strength of the game.

one day cricket

limited # of overs, usually 50. Each team faces the fixed # of overs.

The Dreyfus Affair

occurred in 1894. Dreyfus was wrongly accused of leaking classified information about the French army to the Germans. They found him guilty of high treason and was deported to Devils Island. Later found out that the real culprit was found in 1896 and they made Dreyfus stay on the island.

European Union

organizers created the EU by organizing stages in all of France's EU neighbors. Since France joined the EU, regularly there are stages in other European countries to show solidarity in Europe

test cricket

originally no limit to the # of innings, considered the highest standard, initially unlimited overs

Henri Desgrange

owner of L'Auto and he launched the first Tour de France as a way to sell newspapers

peloton

pack of the racers

1965 Anti-doping laws

passed in France and Belgium first. Riders were viewed as setting a bad example for the French youth

How does the timeline of Varjas' bike motors relate to Lance Armstrong?

people were worried that Lance was the one that received the first motor and that he was the one using it in 1999.

ICC Cricket World Cup

played in one day cricket format and held every 4 years

Mahatma Gandhi

pointed out the dangers of ethnicities playing against one another in cricket. In 1920-22 he launched an anti-British civil disobedience campaign

fours

shots that score 4 runs from a single delivery, if it bounces before touching or going over the edge

sixes

shots that score 6 runs, if it doesn't bounce before passing over boundary/ if ball passes boundary line in the air

overs

six consecutive balling turns, all of which are bowled by a single bowler

1903 Tour de France

started July 1-19th, 1903. They raced 1,500 miles. Stages were in Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, and Paris. There were 200,000-500,000 spectators per day.

Domestiques

team riders who help leaders by breaking wind and carrying supplies

The Tour of France by Two Children

tells the story of 2 orphaned brothers who leave Lorraine in 1971 and embark on a journey through France to find their uncle.

Polka dot jersey

the best climber, introduced 1975, based on points given during mountain stages, divided into categorized climbs

Who is Don Bradman? Why did he come to be known as an Everyman?

the best player of the world, a batsman. He is known as the Everyman because he lived a very ordinary life even though he was someone that was selling a lot of deals. He was an ordinary man

What is the climate like in Australia and how does it affect cricket?

the climate is hot and it turned cricket rugged and they used it to their advantage. This makes the pitch good because it allowed a lot of bounce to the ball.

Maurice Garin

the first winner of the Tour de France in 1903

La Grande Boucle/ The Great Loop

the loop the cyclists make