Sport Management Final Exam
What is a rights holder?
person responsible for putting the event on the field
What does purchasing insurance do as part of the risk management function of event management?
provides security to an event regarding potential financial losses
What is indirect participation
recreation spectators contributing to economic base, effective strategy for tourism (ex: triathlons)
What is zero-based budgeting?
review of all activities and related costs of an event as if it were the first time
Careers in event management involve working with one of what 3 types of organizations?
sport management/marketing agencies, events, and charities
What is university outdoor recreation?
students can participate in outdoor activities and develop skills through instructor training
Who grants permission to own a franchise?
the ownership committee of league
What is barnstorming?
the touring of star athletes and teams to promote the popularity of a particular sport
How is ROI different for sponsorship?
there is no formula companies must make their own cant calculate how much of the profit is from adds
What are sport event managers?
they manage events owned by sport agencies
What is therapeutic recreation?
use of recreation to improve a participants mental, physical, and emotional health
What are the 9 areas that events must conduct marketing?
•Corporate sponsorship, advertising, public relations, hospitality, ticket sales, broadcasting, Web site development, licensing/merchandising, fund-raising
What skills must a marketing director have?
•Multiskilled performers who possess excellent people skills, sales ability, and written and oral communication skills
How are facilities financed using taxes?
•Property taxes: Paid by homeowners, who are often long-term residents of a city •Occupational tax: Anyone who works in the community. More likely to pass in vote •Hospitality tax: Forces visitors to pay directly for the facility •General sales tax: Affects both local residents and out-of-town visitors
How are facilities financed using corporate investment?
•Sale of naming rights for stadiums and arenas is a current trend •Facility pouring rights: Being the facility's exclusive soft drink or beer distributor •Outright corporate donations: Defray costs in exchange for the publicity and public relations benefits that may result from such a donation
Who is C.C Pyle?
"cash & carry" pyle often cited as first sport agent -worked w Susan Lenglen and Red Grange in 1920s
What are the exceptions to the NFL's owner restrictions?
- 49ers are owned by DeBartlo Co a shopping mall development corporation and the NFL fined them $500,000 - Packers were owned publicly prior to the rule
What is the sales strategy of database marketing?
- consumer demographics database -ability to understand and utilize the information to maximize sales -can use to generate sales through telemarketing, mail, and personal sales
what is military recreation?
- maintained by US department of defense -overriding mission fitness and military readiness -provide opportunities for families on base -support training of olympic athletes Challenge: recent decrease in funds are affecting quality
What does the group ticket salesperson do?
- sells large blocks of tickets for events to schools, charities, and other parties -needs to excel on phone and in face to face presentations
What is the sales strategy of up-selling?
-"escalator concept" sports orgs strive to move customers up the escalator from purchasing single game tickets to season tickets -sponsorship sales: inc company's involvement w sport organization -never be satisfied w simply renewing a customer at their current level of involvement
What do Marketing directors do?
-Acts as inhouse advertising agent for the various events booked in facilities - responsibilities: buying media, coordinating promotions, and designing marketing materials
What are arenas and stadiums like in the modern era?
-Baseball only stadiums were becoming obsolete in 1960s -Team owners could make a lot of money by having their host city build their stadium rather than building it themselves -cities built new stadiums to keep teams enthusiastic about their hometowns -City leaders believed publicly built stadiums were good investments -trends shift toward one purpose stadiums again
What does a booking director do?
-Devoted to booking events for facility -a lot of time on the phone w agents and promoters and attending conventions to solicit events -also negotiate contracts
What were arenas like in the past?
-Hockey owners followed the lead of baseball and built arenas to host their teams -they needed to fill empty seats on non-game nights so they hosted boxing matches and had Ice Capades - Basketball enters arena picture and owners earn revenue from two tenants
What are the historical origins of leisure and recreation?
-Leisure: emerged as a result of urbanization and industrialization - recreation: increased perception of recreation as important in growth and health and means to improve well-being -parks movement resulted in public lands -technology such as bike -growth of YMCA
What was the NCAA v Univ of Oklahoma?
-NCAA limited the number of times any one university could be on TV and distributed revenue equally -Oklahoma filed antitrust and was taken to supreme court -Colleges won their freedom to sign their own deals for college football
How are facilities financed using facility revenues?
-Personal seat licenses(PSLs)- down payments on luxury suites and club seating, used to pay upfront costs -Ticket tax -revenue from other sources ex: parking, rent, concessions
What are the fee issues in the big 4 (NBA, NFL, MLB, NHL)?
-Players associations limit the amount of agent fees -Agent fee "ceilings" set between 3% and 6% -Fierce competition for clients has driven average fees down closer to 2%-3% -Limitations only exist for the fees agents can charge for negotiation the athlete's contract not for marketing deals (marketing fees are usually between 15% and 33%)
Who is Peter Ueberroth?
-President of olympic games in LA, turned 1st profit -later became commisoner of MLB -raised sponsorship bar for professional leagues -less-is-more philosophy, 2-2-1 limited number of companies to exclusive, official contracts
What is the event marketing area of Licensing/ marketing
-Sale of items w an events name or logo (usually only beneficial for large, televised multiday events) -to cover costs of inventory, staff, and space significant sales must be achieved to make profit
Why do private health clubs have trouble competing with non-profits (YMCA)?
-The non profits are tax exempt and competing with commercial clubs that offer the same services -hospitals are entering fitness market w increased interest in exercise as a preventive measure
What does the event director do?
-acts as point person for the facility during each show -Must be able to think and react quickly to any problem during event and deal calmly w show promoters, angry customers, lost children ect.
What are the roles and power of league commissioners?
-authority to investigate and impose penalties when individuals are suspected of acting against the best interests of the game -approval of player contracts -resolution of disputes between: clubs, players and clubs, and player or club and the league -disciplinary matters involving owners, clubs, players, and other personnel -rule making authority
How did the fitness industry progress throughout history?
-before 1960: small sport specific facilities -60s-70s: popularity of tennis and racquetball lead to racket clubs -1980s: beginning of aerobic movement, expanded programs and facilities, health club industry develops a reputation for poor business practices -1990s: industry consolidation occurs
What are the qualifications and typical path into fitness management?
-begins w part time or summer work -upon graduating from college, individuals are placed in positions like pro shop, front desk, or service manager -talented individuals move up the ladder -requires sport/fitness and business skills, degree in sport management or exercise science, connect w orgs that offer education and networking opportunities
What is the event management function of finance/budgeting
-budgeting attempts to predict revenues and expenses of an event
What were stadiums like in the past?
-constraints of urban space limitations dictated the irregular sizes and shapes of older ballparks (ex: Fenway) - Early NFL teams played in baseball stadiums until new ones were built
Who is A. J. Spalding?
-created sporting goods manufacturing giant based on selling to expanding american middle class -technological advances for manufacturing -created and fostered markets for products -produced guides on how to play/ exercise and promoted grass roots competitions -gained cred by being official supplier of NBA -profitable distribution system, company sold directly to retailers who sold at spaldings price
What is the sales strategy of benefit selling?
-creation of new benefits to offset exceeding perceptions of the product -understand what objections customers have to your product and why once they have been fixed they must be publicized and judged by the consumer
How are sponsorships evaluated?
-difficult bc cant tell how much of sales is from sponsorship -many companies conduct periodic consumer surveys to determine ROI -or hire research firms to examine corporate sponsorship and brand exposure through TV and print media.
What are career opportunities in sporting goods and licensing?
-entrepreneurs, employment w firms (ex: Callaway, Russell) licensing: employment w league licensing departments, college licensing offices
What is the event marketing area of corporate sponsorship?
-events have become increasingly reliant on theses -inc in events has inc competition for sponsors -sold by the event (in house) or by an outside marketing agenncy
What is the sales strategy eduselling?
-evolutionary form of selling combining needs assessment, relationship building, customer education and after-marketing -monitoring consumer utilization and satisfaction -proactively assisting customers in developing their investment w the organization
What are the benefits for the sponsor?
-exclusivity in ones product or service category -rights to use sports orgs intellectual property in advertising and promotion campaigns -in stadium signage and promotional announcements -access to tickets -potential new buisness
What is the general size and scope of sport sponsorship?
-fees often exceed $10,000,000 per year and are structured as multiyear deals
What was the significance of the 1984 LA olympics?
-first olympic games to turn a profit -watershed year in the evolution of sport sponsorship (president Ueberroth)
What do public relations directors do?
-forges solid working relationships with TV and Radio news directors, news editors, and reporters -Coordinates TV broadcasts from the facility, writes press release on upcoming events, works with the media concerning events and activities in the facility -Possesses a strong writing ability, creative mind, and the ability to respond while under pressure
What is the event marketing area of public relations?
-generating free publicity is important -develope good working relationship w members of the media
What is the event marketing area of web site development?
-helps promote event -URL should be name of event or close to it - site provides when and where, how to buy tickets ect
What is cross- promotion?
-joining together of two or more companies to capitalize on a sponsorship -two sponsors work together & can generate more awareness to consumers
What is the event marketing area of ticket sales?
-medium and small events are less effective in generating revenue -ability to charge admission is dependent on where the event occurs and how manager can control entry to the event (ex: golf)
How are facilities financed using bonds?
-money to build facilities is obtained by issuing bonds -promised by the borrower to pay back the lender the money with interest and within a period of time
Why have employment opportunities in broadcasting exploded and what is driving this growth?
-more teams are producing broadcasts and technology is increasing -more americans have cable
What is the event management function of volunteer management?
-most events not successful w out volunteers -determine how many, qualifications, and the work -recruitment and training -keep them happy
What is the event marketing area of fund-raising?
-not-for-profit events use fundraising as a means of revenue generation
How does product licensing work?
-notion fans will purchase goods to draw them closer to fav orgs and athletes -Properties divisions approve licensees, policy trademark infringement and distribute licensing revenues equally among league franchises
What is the event management function of tournament operations?
-nuts and bolts of an event - divided into pre, actual, and post event activities -pre: determine type of event and its goals -Script: specific, detailed, min by min schedule of the days activities -post: activities surrounding completion
What were the myopic practices of sports sales in the past?
-one size fits all package, lack of foresight in marketing
What is community based recreation?
-participants united by a common interest in recreation at local level -services offered by parks and recreation departments that target specific ages through youth/senior centers -funded through tax and user fees
What is the sales strategy of aftermarketing?
-process of retaining customers -encourages orgs to view season ticket holder not as one time $3,000 but a 10 year $30,000 client
What is the event management function of risk management?
-protecting the org from anything that could go wrong and lead to loss of revenue or customers -DIM process: developing, implementing, and managing the risk management plan -wavier and release of liability and purchasing insurance
What is the event marketing area of hospitality?
-providing a satisfying experience for all stakeholders in the event -improves event loyalty
What is the event marketing area of Broadcasting?
-radio and TV broadcasting add credibility to event and inc exposure -if broadcast doesnt feel event is big enough they will not pay a rights fee to televise or broadcast the event -sports orgs have begun to look at online sites (ex: youtube)
what is public recreation?
-recreation opportunities on public land managed by state forest and parks departments -policy issues regarding vehicle congestion, recreational vehicle access, deteriorating infrastructure and control of visitor volume
Why is the sales inventory of sponsorships different from others?
-requires up-front research, creativity, sales acumen, and patience -sponsorships entail a larger emotional and financial commitment on the part of potential customer -process of selling these packages must allow the company sufficient lead time
What does operations director do?
-supervises facility prep for events -coordinating, scheduling, and supervising the change-overs when shows move in and out - requires mechanical knowledge of facility's inner workings
What is the event marketing area of advertising?
-very minor expense of overall expenses - sought through media sponsors or attachment to corporate sponsor adds -In-kind sponsorships: event provides the typical sponsorship benefits in exchange for a specified amount of free advertising
What are the gender diversity trends for professional sports?
0 players in all except WNBA 0 for all principal and head coaching positions except WNBA
What are the 5 factors that influenced growth in sport agency?
1. Evolution of players' associations- through collective bargaining, the MLBPA negotiated the right for players to be represented by agents and labor grievance arbitration. 2. Reserve system: onset of free agency granted to players through the Messersmith-McNally arbitration decision 3. Need for tax and financial planning with increased salaries 4. Development of compering leagues created competition for players and thus higher salaries 5. increase opportunity for athletes to increase income through endorsements with expansion of television and entertainment industries
All of the privileges granted to owners that come with team ownership are called __________. A. franchise rights B. territorial rights C. revenue sharing rights D. ownership committee rights
A
An _____ is a practical conflict involving more or less equally compelling values or social obligations. A. ethical dilemma B. ethical reason C. ethical code D. moral imperative
A
How did sports first spread across international borders? A. Imperialism B. Nationalism C. Americanism D. Olympism
A
In present day sport management, the United States is most often associated with ____________ structures, while Europe and much of the rest of the world still use ___________ structures. A. League, Club B. Club, League C. Club, Tournament D. Tournament, League
A
Sales in the sport industry have shifted from: A. a product-oriented approach to a consumer-oriented approach B. a revenue source to a charitable promotional campaign C. a concern among the major leagues to a concern among the minor league teams D. a consumer-oriented approach to a product-oriented approach
A
Sport organizations that collect names, addresses, phone numbers, and other demographic information from customers are using which sales methodology: A. database marketing B. direct mail solicitations C. telemarketing D. personal selling
A
The concept requiring that the sponsor commit financial resources in support of its sponsorship through promotion and advertising that thematically includes the sport property's imagery is known as: A. activation B. cross promotion C. return on investment D. sales promotion
A
The joining together of two or more companies to capitalize on a sponsorship is known as: A. cross-promotion B. team sponsorship C. activation D. return on investment
A
What is the primary factor pushing up the financial values of international Football (Soccer) franchises in recent years? A. Broadcasting revenues B. Ticket sales revenues C. Parking fees revenues D. Revenue from more exhibition matches in the United States
A
What is the world's most popular sport? A. Soccer B. Rugby C. Basketball D. Baseball E. American Footbal
A
Which of the following is the main scholarly organization for sport management whose purpose is to, "promote, stimulate, and encourage study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the areas of sport management, both in the theoretical and applied aspects"? A. NASSM B. ACSM C. CSCS D. NCAA E. NAIA
A
Which of the following is the supreme authority for the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement? A. International Olympic Committee B. National Olympic Committee C. Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games D. International Federation E. National Governing Body
A
______ is/are anything that an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues. A. assets B. liabilities C. owners' equity D. bonds
A
How are non-sport-related corporations most commonly attempting to use sport to sell products internationally? (select all that apply) A. Through the sponsorship of international teams. B. Through the sponsorship of international athletes. C. Through international broadcasting efforts D. Placing professional teams in international markets
AB
Which of the following were themes discussed in the chapter? (select all that apply) A. The importance of honesty and fair play to maintaining public interest in sports B. The evolution of sports structures based on social and cultural changes C. The impact sports agencies have had on the integrity of amateur tournaments D. The lack of growth in Sport Management education
AB
A collective bargaining agreement is a contract that: (select all that apply) A. sets forth hours provisions B. sets forth wage provisions C. sets forth terms and conditions of employment D. is rarely used in a sports setting
ABC
Sponsorship ideally provides a company with which of the following: (select all that apply) A. opportunities to leverage its affiliation in order to achieve marketing objectives B. opportunities to generate incremental sales by entertaining key customers C. opportunities to generate positive awareness for the company and its products or services D. opportunities to receive revenue back from the team or league based on success on the field/court
ABC
Which the following are important differences between sport businesses and other goods and service providers: (select all that apply) A. Sport businesses have "fans" with high levels of loyalty while other businesses simply have "consumers" B. Sport businesses must maintain some uncertainty in core product performance, while other businesses seek consistency C. Fans and sponsors often promote sport businesses for free (or even pay for the privilege), while other businesses must pay for thier promotion and advertising. D. Sport businesses do not cooperate with one another and are constantly competing, while other businesses very often cooperate. E. Sport products are very clear cut and don't involve any emotional or social characteristics.
ABC
A valid contract contains which of the following elements: (select all that apply) A. Offer and Acceptance. B. Capacity. C. Consideration. D. Legality.
ABCD
Professional Sports Organizations can try to internationalize by: (select all that apply) A. Selling licensed merchandise B. Marketing foreign athletes C. Placing teams in international cities D. Promoting sport tourism
ABCD
Which of the following are important considerations for calculating whether a Super Bowl benefits a community overall? (check all that apply) A. whether other events are displaced B. whether hotels are largely national chains C. how much it costs for city services, e.g. security, trash removal, road improvements. D. whether local residents leave the area because of congestio
ABCD
Which of the following are core content areas for academic sport management programs? (select all that apply) A. Marketing Marketing B. Management and Leadership C. Legal Issues D. Athletic Training E. Exercise Science F. Budgets and Finance
ABCF
The NFL has prohibited which of the following (with the extremely rare historical exceptions): (select all that apply): A. The ownership of more than one NFL franchise at a time B. The ownership of a NFL team by a corporation C. The ownership of a team by any one team by a single individual D. Public ownership. i.e. more than 49% of an NFL team owned by stockholder purchased shares that can be freely traded on the open market
ABD
The most successful sport organizations in attracting and retaining sponsorship partners are those that do which of the following: (select all that apply) A. best meet the needs and objectives of companies B. deliver on their promises C. sign as many sponsors as possible D. think of innovative strategies that provide unique sponsorship opportunities
ABD
Which are a defenses available to an employer in a vicarious liability claim? (select all that apply) A. If the employee was not negligent, the employer cannot be held liable. B. That the employee was not acting within the scope of employment, as is the case if an employee is out acting on his own or committing an intentional tort. C. The employee was properly trained by the supervisor/employer and thus, the employer is not negligent. D. That the employee is an independent contractor
ABD
Which of the following are ways that professional sports leagues attempt to improve competitive balance? (select all that apply) A. Financial transfers from large market teams to small market teams through the league revenue sharing structures B. Institution of bonus systems for championship wins in order to create incentives for smaller market teams to perform better C. Maintaining the reverse order draft system D. Enforcment of salary caps (Hard or Soft) to limit how much teams can pay for their overall roster E. Restricting how many franchises can be located in a defined geographic region
ACD
What are specialized agencies?
Agencies that limit either the scope of services performed or the type of clients serviced
What are full service agencies?
Agencies that perform the complete set of agency functions
Mark McCormack's sports marketing agency, IMG, began through a relationship with players of this sport: A. baseball B. golf C. tennis D. football
B
Older ballparks like Fenway Park and Ebbets Field were built with irregular shapes and sizes in order to: A. add excitement to the game B. accommodate urban space limitations C. build ballpark brand identity D. give the home team a competitive advantage
B
Return on investment (ROI) in the sport sponsorship world is defined as: A. the interest rate and gain realized from financial investments B. meeting the company's specific marketing and sales objectives in some measurable way C. revenue gains that can be realized for individual athletes, e.g. returns on their investments in practice and trianing to perform D. financial gain the sport team realizes as a result of their sponsorship
B
The Sport Broadcasting Act of 1961 does what? A. Exempts the NCAA from antitrust liability in its college football and basketball broadcasting rules. B. Exempts the major professional sports leagues' national television deals from antitrust liability in pooling their television rights as a league. C. Exempts the Olympic movement from pooling its Winter and Summer Games television rights D. Allocates broadcating days to different levels of football competition: High School-Friday, College-Saturday, Professional-Sunday/Monday
B
The emphasis on product extensions and the development of team sport promotional strategy can be attributed to: A. Roone Arledge B. Bill Veeck C. Branch Rickey D. David Stern
B
The first company to capitalize on the term official with regard to a professional sport product was: A. Rawlings B. Spalding C. Wilson d. Diamond
B
The touring of star athletes and teams to promote the popularity of a particular sport were: A. baseball games B. barnstorming tours C. started by George Halas and the Chicago Bears D. used to promote the sport of soccer in the early 1900s
B
Which of the following is considered to be the birthplace of modern sport and sport management? A. Greece B. England C. The United States D. Africa
B
_____ argues that moral precepts are universal; that is, applicable to all circumstances. A. Relativism B. Absolutism C. Morality D. Behavior
B
________________ has emerged as a method for new leagues such as Major League Soccer to establish themselves in a manner that avoids antitrust liability and creates centralized fiscal control. A. The labor exemption B. The single entity structure C. The corporate governance model D. Revenue sharing
B
What are revenue bonds?
Bonds backed by the facility's ability to generate revenues (risky)
What are general obligation bonds?
Bonds backed by the local gov's ability to raise taxes to pay off the debt (safe)
A common tool used by events to reduce the potential for a lawsuit is: A. employing volunteers as full-time employees B. not allowing minors to participate in the event C. using a waiver and release of liability form D. holding parents responsible for their child's involvement in an event
C
Based on corporate sponsorship involvement, which Olympic Games was able to turn a profit for the host city? A. Montreal Olympics B. Lake Placid Winter Olympics C. Los Angeles Olympics D. New York City Olympics
C
In the NFL, NBA, NHL and MLB, the Commissioner has discretionary power in all of the following areas EXCEPT: A. Approval of player contracts B. Resolution of disputes between clubs C. Resolution of disputes over player compensation D. Disciplinary matters between players and clubs E. Rule making
C
Increases in all of the following taxes would directly affect the majority of the population of a community EXCEPT: A. income tax B. property tax C. hospitality tax D. sales tax
C
Perhaps no avenue within the sport industry holds more job opportunities, particularly at the entry level than: A. Communications B. Public relations C. Sales D. Finance
C
Sports marketers define _______________ as the personal commitment and emotional involvement customers have with a sport organization. A. target marketing B. customer promotion C. fan identification D. the winner's curse
C
The USOC (U.S. Olympic Committee) is an example of: A. An IOC Session B. A National Governing Body C. A National Organizing Committee D. An International Federation
C
The _____________ is responsible for landing and scheduling events for a facility. A. public relations director B. event director C. booking director D. marketing director
C
What country is the NBA's biggest foreign market for its branded merchandise? A. Germany B. India C. China D. England E. Russia
C
William Hulbert's revolutionary reorganization of professional baseball would make it fall under which sports management structure? A. Professional tournament B. Club system C. League system D. Barnstorming
C
What are the 6 segments of recreation?
Community-based, public, military, outdoor, university outdoor, and therapeutic
As a general rule, the leagues generate revenue from which of the following? A. local broadcasting revenues B. stadium sponsorships C. preferred seat sales D. none of the above
D
As chronicled in the book Moneyball, the strategy employed by the small-market Oakland A's general manager Billy Beane to better compete with large-market teams by identifying and acquiring undervalued players is an example of an organization maximizing its ______. A. revenues B. tax breaks C. athlete endorsements D. return on investment
D
By turning a parking garage in proximity to the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Village into a mini-Nike Town, Nike was engaged in: A. target marketing B. athlete endorsements C. sponsorship D. ambush marketing
D
Fred Corcoran was involved in which type(s) of sport management? A. Golf tournament design B. Creating a sport spectacle modeled after the worlds of Hollywood and advertising, e.g. building interest with the first "Pro-am" tournaments with celebrity participants C. Community sponsorship of sporting events by arguing that traveling tournaments bring money into the community D. All of the above
D
Identifying subgroups of the overall marketplace based on factors such as age, ethnicity, or income level is called: A. strategic positioning B. target marketing C. clustering D. segmentation
D
Increased revenue in spectator sports has come from: A. gate receipts B. broadcast contracts C. stadium naming rights D. all of the above
D
The concept of _______ is probably the best single measure of an industry's impact. A. total output B. total spending C. aggregate market value of firms in industry D. value-added
D
The founder of the modern Olympic Games in 1894 was ___. A. William Hulbert B. Fred Corcoran C. Henry Mitchell McCracken D. Baron Pierre de Coubertin
D
The initial success of the national baseball league depended on all of the following EXCEPT: A. The appearance of honesty and integrity of the players B. An organized "pennant race" with fairly even competition C. Protected (reserved) players recognized by all league clubs to avoid raiding of rosters mid-season D. The ability of teams to withdraw from the league during a season due to financial shortfalls. E. All of the above helped the National League succeed
D
The primary purpose of arena adjacent practice facilities such as those seen at Nationwide Arena in Columbus and Amway Center in Orlando is to: A. Lure local teams to use practice facilities B. gain bragging rights amongst team owners C. increase player loyalty D. increase event booking
D
Throughout the history of sport facility financing, the money to build facilities is usually obtained through: A. Answer bonds B. Taxes C. corporate investment D. facility revenues
D
Under the law of agency, the agent owes the principal fiduciary duties. Which of the following is NOT a fiduciary duty owed to the principal by the agent. A. The duty to exercise reasonable care. B. The duty of loyalty. C. The duty to obey. D. The duty to compensate or reimburse
D
What Summer Olympic Games marked the turning point for commercial involvement with the Olympic Games? A. Sydney in 2000. B. Atlanta in 1996. C. Barcelona in 1992. D. Los Angeles in 1984.
D
T/F Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis was the first commissioner to introduce the "League think" philosophy.
F
T/F If a golf club manufacturer sells a set of golf clubs to a retailer for $1000, who in turn sells the clubs to a customer for $1500, then the total output of the industry is $2500
F
T/F If you land a job in marketing and promotions for the Oklahoma City Thunder, you work for the NBA.
F
T/F Laws and morality are the same
F
T/F Most of the top level administrative leaders (CEO, VP, Senior Administrators) of the NFL teams are non-white.
F
T/F No major professional sports have been able to become consistently international, i.e. only amateur sports have been globalized.
F
T/F Recent publicly financed sports facilities have proven to earn great return on investment for local governments.
F
T/F Sponsorship within the sports world is a new phenomenon, introduced during the 1970's.
F
T/F The Olympic Games have been held continuously for over 1500 years dating back to ancient Greece
F
T/F The sport marketer is able to control their product in a manner similar to a traditional marketer.
F
T/F The term used to describe a team's ability to threaten to relocate is the Rooney Rule.
F
T/F Waivers and releases of liability are contracts where parties agree to give up their right to sue for all types of torts.
F
What are the 6 event management functions?
Finance/ budgeting, risk management, tournament operations, registration, volunteer management, event marketing
What is waiver and release of liability?
Form signed by participants that releases venues from negligence
What are in-house agencies?
Formations of separate departments or divisions dealing with event management within major corporations
Who is Roone Arledge?
He was an ABC executive -instead of showing the game, he had ABC combine sport and entertainment -it took fans to the game and showed exhausted players on the bench, cheerleaders, and mascots- bringing fans "up close and personal" -broadcast olympics in primetime -developed wide world of sports to show fans "the thrill of victory and agony of defeat"
What is the difference between leagues and single entity?
Leagues- each team has its own owner who controls it single entity- the league owns all teams and controls the rights to them
What type of work schedule should one expect in an event management job?
Long and inconvenient hours
What are the career opportunities in facilities?
Marketing director, Public relations director, Event director, Booking director, Operations director, advertising, sponsorship, and signage salesperson, Group ticket salesperson, and box office direction
Who is Pete Rozelle?
NFL commissioner who made a plan for the NFL to pool its regular season and playoff TV rights and sell them to the highest bidder, with revenue to be divided equally among the teams. -sports broadcasting act of 1961 was a result of the antitrust litigation over his plan - the act granted football, baseball, hockey, and basketball tems immunity from antitrust actions regarding the pooled sale of broadcast rights
What are the four factors that affect a purchase decision?
Quality, Quantity, cost, time
What does the box office director do?
Responsible for sale of all tickets and collection of revenue. Must be patient, have calm demeanor w public, and posses good supervisory
What does the advertising, sponsorship and signage salesperson do?
Responsible for selling signage and event sponsorship (important source of revenue) -must have good interpersonal & presentation skills
What are the benefits of the sponsored organization?
Rights fee, multiyear commitment, advertising commitment, and commitment to team oriented promotions
T/F An entire subfield of economics has developed that examines the spectator sport industry because, while teams may compete against each other on the field, they must cooperate off the field.
T
T/F College sports programs are almost always unprofitable, i.e. expenses exceed revenues
T
T/F More than half of NFL franchises are valued in excess of $1 Billion (2012).
T
T/F Sport managers traditionally get their start in the industry in the ticket sales department.
T
T/F Sport managers' decision making is complicated because the outcomes of their decisions affect diverse groups of people whose interests are often in conflict.
T
T/F Sports businesses have some exemptions to anti-trust law that allow them to collude "off the field".
T
T/F The brith of the "Club" system of sport managment is often traced back to thoroughbred racing in the 1700s.
T
T/F The club-based system of sports organization is more common throughout the world than the education based system.
T
T/F The validity of a waiver used by events to reduce the potential for a lawsuit is determined by the law in each state, and therefore will vary across state lines.
T
T/F sales efforts are present in all parts of your future sports jobs
T
What are the ownership restrictions in the NFL?
The NFL bans corporate and public ownership
What are sport account executives?
The agency's corporate clients servicing their needs and leading sales and marketing efforts
What controls the commissioner's powers?
The league constitution and bylaws
What are franchise rights?
They comprise the privileges awarded to owners, are granted w ownership. - include territorial rights, which limit a competitor's franchise from moving into another teams territory without league permission and providing compensation to the rights holder, as well as revenue sharing
What are marketing representatives?
They coordinate all of the marketing and sponsorship activities for sports properties
What are sports agents?
They may perform just one function or may have many staff performing functions for clients
What is a cash-flow budgeting?
accounting for the receipt and timing of all sources and expenditures of cash
what is direct participation?
active performance in an activity
What is CPM?
an advertisements cost per thousand
What is outdoor recreation?
attracts people who enjoy natural environment -diverse in non and for profit ventures -include skiing, snowboarding, boating, golf, camps, camping
How have players' associations limited the commissioner's powers?
by using collective bargaining
What is activation?
contracts requiring the sponsor commit financial resources in support of its sponsorship through promotion and advertising that include the sport property's imagery
What are in-kind sponsors?
event provides the sponsorship benefits in exchange for a specified amount of free advertising space
What is the event management function of registration?
first time event staff talk to participants, crucial for good first impressions on clientele, determine info that needs to be collected and disseminated during the registration process
What are the racial diversity trends in professional sports?
higher percent of diversity at the player level, but this diversity decreases as the positions in the office get higher there is no diversity in CEOs of the NFL and MLB
What is a script used for in event management and what function uses it?
it is a specific, detailed, min by min schedule of activities throughout the day used by the tournament operations function