Sport Psychology 304 LeUnes exam 4
Accounting for Exceptional Performance
1. Genetic/Biological Explanations - Body type. - Lung capacity, double jointed, more sweat, cool easier, rhythm. 2. Social/Cultural Influences - Sport opportunity structure (minorities denied access to opportunities), stacking (peripheral positioning of minorities). 3. Psychological Explanations - POMS: high on vigor - F-Scale: more authoritarian. - Locus of Control: higher on chance. - SMAS: mental prep responsibility given to coach/staff.
Cycle
A 6-12 week regimen of anabolic steroid use
Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO)
A California based underground laboratory that manufactured tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), an illegal anabolic androgenic steroid
Gene doping
A WADA prohibited method involving the no therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or gene expression modulation to enhance sport performance
Sensation seeking
A channel by which the human organism seeks to reduce tension via "optimal stimulation"
Anderson and Williams theory
A comprehensive model of reaction to sports injury based on interaction of personality
Whizzinator
A device that includes a prosthetic penis and synthetic urine that are manufactured to circumvent drug testing
Homologous blood doping
A doping procedure where transfusing someone else's blood with the same blood type occurs
Modanifil
A eugeroics compound associated with arousal states similar to those produced by other well-known stimulants
Sport Opportunity Structure
A form of discrimination whereby minorities are denied access to the opportunities for success in athletics
Adonis complex
A goal sought by males who workout a lot and want to look strong, muscular, and masculine, ostensibly to impress the females of the species
Kroll's Personality Performance Pryamid
A model of the relationship between athletic performance and personality that predicts heterogeneity among athletes at the entry level and homogeneity at the elite level
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A naturally occurring substance produced by the kidneys that has become an abused training method in sports because of its oxygenation of muscles and its fatigue-retardant qualities
Array
A polypharmacutical procure whereby multiple drugs are used to heighten or mask the effects of anabolic steroids
Fluorescent-activated cell
A procedure for detecting homologous blood transfusions
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)
A process whereby an athlete may request an exemption from WADA in cases where he or she can show a valid medical condition that requires medication
Psychological egogenic
A psychological procedure such as relaxation, hypnosis, or imagery that can be applied to facilitate performance
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
A scale designed to quantify life stresses that has been used in both health and sport psychology research
Gay games
A sport and cultural event for athletes, artists, and musicians that was created to expressly for gay athletes to compete at a high level
Sports Inventory for Pain (SIP)
A sport-specific standardized test that attempts to measure athletes' psychological response to pain
Physiological ergogenic
A substance such as an anabolic steroid or creative that enhances performance by altering metabolic processes
Human chorionic gonadotropin, or human growth hormone (HGH)
A substance used by AAS users to restore testicular size lost in a steroid cycle; also promotes creation of natural or endogenous testosterone
Faustian philosophy
A win-at-all-costs philosophy concerning athletic competition
Athlete with disabilites
According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association, an athlete with a major physical or psychological disability.
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
Agency responsible for overseeing the misapplication of banned substances and methods in world sport
Type A Personality
Aggressive personality that is more at risk for injury. Type A distance runner's incur more injuries. Ex: tough-mindedness, anger, aggression, over-confident, arrogance, dominance
Ergogenics
Aid in sports performance enhancement: mechanical (gear, prosthesis), psychological (relaxation, hypnosis, visualization, imagery), physiological (steroids, stimulants, EPO, creatine).
Creatine
Amino acid that supplies energy to all cells, especially muscle. Not seen as a drug; used to improve physical strength. 50% produced in liver, kidney, and pancreas. 50% ingested in daily dietary intake. Not banned; unproven results.
Mechanical ergogenic
An actual physical entity such as a skin-tight racing suit that might enhance skating or skiing performance
Creatine
An amino acid marketed as a nutritional supplement rather than a drug; thought to improve physical strength
Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)
An illegal anabolic-androgenic steroid manufactured by BALCO and associated with use by dominant athletes such as Barry Bonds and Marion Jones
Deaflympics
An international competition held every 4 years involving 30 sports for deaf athletes
Beta-blockers
Anti-anxiety drugs used to control tremors and heart palpitations; useful in sports where anxiety reduction, heart rate, and control of tremors are important
Diuretics
Any substance that will promote urination. Used to manage weight in some sports and can also be used as a masking agent to avoid detection of mother banned substance
Exercise-induced Asthma
Asthma that is produced above and beyond the normal occurrence of asthma that is linked to vigorous exercise
Paralympic Games
Athletic events conducted for disabled athletes that take place every 4 years, 3 weeks after the conclusion of the Olympic Games, and that are held at the same venue.
Baseball Injuries
Baseball usually has a low percentage of injured athletes. Most common include Tommy John ligament tears, shoulder injuries, knee injuries, and head injuries.
Balco Lab
Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative, est. 1990's in San Francisco, created designer steroid compound. Founder: Victor Conte. Provided drugs under the label Scientific Nutrition for Advanced Conditioning (SNAC). Produce tetrahydrogestrinone (associated w/Bonds and Marion Jones).
Black Social Mobility via Sports
Belief that sports are ticket to success for African Americans because they are underrepresented generally, and are abundant in sports.
Blood Doping
Blood extracted, red cells centrifuged out, stored, and injected prior to competition. Autologous - using own blood. Homologous - using other's blood. Fluorescent-Activated Cell Sorting - detects homologous blood transfusions. Blood doping can create blood "sludge" or thickened blood that's conducive to coronaries, strokes and death.
Cognitive appraisal theory
Brewer's theory that the athlete's response to injury is a function of the interaction between personality and situational factors in producing first an emotional and then a behavioral response.
Autologous blood doping
Refers to a transfusion of one's own blood for doping purposes
Slaves
Selective breeding among slaves en route to US paired with survival of the fittest is best explanation for African American athletic superiority.
National Disabled Sports Organizations (DSOs)
Seven sports organizations designed to sponsor athletic events for athletes with varying disabilities
Harry Edwards
Social Activist/Professor at Cal Berkeley "The white athletes who do participate in sports operate at a psychological disadvantage because they believe blacks to be inherently superior as athletes. Thus, the white man has become the chief victim of his own lie."
Dreams
Some psychologist believe that an athlete visualizes themselves recovering from an injury or succeeding in their sport, these things are more likely to come true.
Reactive Task
Sport activities such as hitting a baseball or sports such as boxing in which the individual player reacts to another player's initiated task
Self-paced activities
Sport activities such as pitching a baseball or games such as golf or bowling that focus on an individual player's self-initiated tasks.
Unified sports
Sports in which one disabled athletes (partners) participate in sport with higher level Special Olympics competitors
High-risk sport
Sports such as skydiving, hang gliding, and rock climbing in which the high risk of injury or death plays a prominent role.
Risk Sport
Sports with high risk of injury/death, involve anxiety, and sensation seeking. skydiving, hang gliding, scuba diving, and rock climbing.
Plateauing
Staggering the pattern of anabolic steroid use to prevent development of tolerance
Sports Inventory for Pain (SIP)
Standardized test that measures psychological response to pain. Attempt to gauge how different athletes respond psychologically when in pain. Composed of 25 items arranged in a five-point Likert scale designed to assess which psychological strategy (coping, avoidance, catastrophizing, body awareness) an athlete might choose in an effort to cope psychologically with pain.
Designer Steroids
Steroid compound that are derivatives of testosterone
Amphetamines, ephedrine, eugeroics
Stimulant drugs manufactured in the laboratory and used to heighten excitability, thus enhancing athletic performance
Stimulants
Substances prohibited by WADA because of their stimulating effect on the physiology of the athlete that, in turn, supposedly enhances performance
Narcotics
Substances such as heroin, methadone, morphine, and oxycodone, that are banned in certain specified sports
Ergogenic aid
Substances, strategies, or treatments that ostensibly enhance sport performance
Deliberate practice
The cornerstone of K. Anders Ericsson's theory of exceptional performance, emphasizing the role of hard work over superior innate ability
Federation of Inernationale de Football Association (FIFA)
The international governing body for soccer (futbol)
Doping
The use of a substance or method that is potentially harmful to the health of the athlete that also gives him or her an unfair competitive edge
Stacked
The use of more than one anabolic steroid at one time
Anabolic effects of AAS
Tissue building effects associated with steroid use
Pyramiding
Using an anabolic steroid at a low dose level followed by a gradual build-up to high dosage, then the return at the end of training to a low dose
Asian Athletes
Viewed more negatively than African/Anglo Americans by commentators. Seen as hard workers, conformists, self-disciplined. Native born Asians/Asn. Am.'s becoming more prominent in baseball, basketball, figure skating, golf, judo fighting, and tennis.
Gene Doping
WADA prohibited method involving nontherapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or gene expression modulation to enhance sport performance.
Beating the Drug Test System
Whizzinator - prosthetic penis and synthetic urine. Using alternate substances such as IGF-1 (Deer Antler Spray)
Blood Doping
Withdrawing blood from an athlete approximately 1 month prior to competition and then rein fusing it to create enhanced performance
WADA
World Anti-Doping Agency, est. 1999 in Switzerland. Oversees misapplication of banned substances/methods in world sport. Substances/methods banned either at all times, at competition, or in particular sports. Frequent excuses for failing: faulty equipment, Chinese herbs, Dietary Supplements, Alcohol, birth control, and Stanozolol.
Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)
Zuckerman's standardized test that measures four sub dimensions of sensation seeking: thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility
International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
the international organization that spearheads efforts for athletes with disabilities; the IPC is also responsible for conducting the Paralympic Games every 4 years.
Special Olympics
Competitions for athletes with intellectual deficits, cognitive impairment, or limitations in general learning or adaptive behavior.
Special Olympics
Competitions for athletes with intellectual/cognitive impairment or learning/adaptive behavior limitations. Every 2 years. Unified Sports: nondisabled athletes participate in sports with higher level Special Olympics competitors
Glucocorticosteroids
Compounds banned in certain sports that allow athletes to play despite pain. First line of defense among physicians treating asthmatic athletes
Hang Gliding
Death/injury caused by thermal turbulence, strong wind, asymmetric deflation, closeness to ground, rotor problems, landing outside LZ, poor takeoff, stalling, lack of instruction, obstacles in LZ. Single white males in mid-20's from every walk of life, but mostly students. Death rates exceed Canadian suicides and U.S. youth automobile fatalities.
Masking Agent
Drugs such as epitestosterone, probenecid, and finasteride, high are used to mask the presence of prohibited substnacees
Cannabinoids
Drugs such as marijuana and hashish that are banned in some designated sports
Anti-estrogens
Drugs used to promote the development of natural testosterone to supplement that being taken in by anabolic steroids.
NFL Injuries
Estimated every player will miss 1 game per year due to injury. 65% of former NFL players had sustained an injury requiring them to miss at least eight games or have surgery. Head injuries are common among NFL players and often lead to serious post-career problems such as dementia or brain disease.
Gay Games
Event for athletes/artists/musicians who are gay and can compete at high level.
Paralympics
Events for disabled athletes every 4 years, 3 weeks after Olympics at same venue. Usually involve competitors who are amputees or paraplegics.
Hispanic Athletes
Excel most in baseball. Mlb is expanding to attract Hispanic athletes to their teams. Little psychological research has been conducted on Hispanic athletes. There doesn't appear to be a single article in the pro literature that address the psychology of Hispanic athletes.
Blacks in Baseball
First African American baseball player was John Bud Fowler in 1872; after Fowler came Moses Fleetwood Walker who experienced extreme racism. After Jim Crow, African men were set back in America until Jackie Robinson debuted for the Brooklyn Dodgers, 1945 Frank Robinson was the first black manager in the MLB, 1975
Sports Injury Among Females
Girls are more prone to knee injures (from soccer).
Affective cycle theory
Hell and Fine's theory that a sport injury produces three responses in athletes: distress, denial, and determined coping.
Rock Climbing
High risk sport sought by those seeking thrill, experience, inhibition, or escape from boredom. Ice, Snow, Rain, Mental and Physical fatigue, Cognitive disorientation, and snow blindness are all dangerous factors of Rock Climbing
Skydiving
High risk sport that causes arousal/anxiety and is sought by sensation seekers. Averages 30 deaths/year in the U.S. Experience heightened arousal, elevated anxiety and fear associated with jumping.
Darwinism
Hypothesis that states that survivors of the brutal trip from Africa to US are physically stronger than those who died, creating a superior gene pool that was passed down through generations. Does not account for intelligence, character, guile, or cunning.
Birth Order Effects
In high-risk sport, the relationship of birth order to an individual's inclination to engage in dangerous sports
Modification and attrition thoery
Kroll's explanation of personality similarity in elite athletes as a function of pre selection and modification of traits while proceeding from the entry to the elite level.
Recombinant EPO
Laboratory-derived EPO as distinct from that which is naturally produced by the kidneys
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)
Laboratory-derived synthetic analogue of testosterone that may be used to enhance sport performance
Androgenic Effects of AAS
Masculinizing affects of using AAS
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Naturally occurring substance that is produced by kidney and boosts production of red blood cells. Increases body's capacity to buffer lactic acid so prominent in fatigued muscles. Used to treat anemia. Recombinant EPO: Lab-derived EPO as distinct from that which is naturally produced by the kidneys.
Elite vs Near-Elite Athletes
Olympic athletes such as figure skaters, gymnasts, track and field athletes, weight lifters, and wrestlers have been the most common sources of data on elite performers. Elite athletes are more commonly distinguished by self-confidence and concentration on the task at hand. Performing at a level that is close to what they regard as their maximum potential is a prominent trait of elite performers.
Native Americans
Origins of lacrosse. Native American Sports Council (NASC). Native Americans are significantly underrepresented in the world of sport. The NASC, in conjunction with the U.S. Olympic Committee, is undertaking projects aim at getting Native Americans into the mainstream of sports.
Stacking
Peripheral positioning of minority players in sports such as football and baseball
Mount Everest
Pinnacle for high risk sport of mountaineering/rock climbing. Cost $65,000 to climb
African Sprinters
Possibly better due to high altitude training, running to school, training regimens, maize diet. World record holders for 3000m, 15/20/25km, half marathon, and marathon. Genetic or biological superiority theories suggest Africans are built to be more athletic.
Basketball Injuries
Predicted 90% players in NBA will suffer injuries. 90% of all athletes suffered from injury of sort in 1988-97. Ankle sprains were most common. Greatest number of days missed because of patellofemoral inflammation. 2x larger injury rate than NCAA because of longer schedule and older athletes.
