Sports History Final Exam

Forward pass and neutral zone

After President Roosevelt threatened to ban football, what rules were added to the game?

Poll tax Grandfather Clause Literacy Exams

After Reconstruction ended, what were the Southern laws that prevented African Americans from voting?

Before free agency, the only increase in players salaries came when rival professional leagues threaten to take talent from other leagues.

Before the establishment of free agency, what was the primary cause for the increase in players' salaries?

A six year investigation revealed that Michigan basketball booster Doug Martin had paid Chris Webber 280,000 over the course of five years. Martin also admitted paying players that were on the 1998 Michigan team.

Describe the illegal recruiting scandal that took place at the University of Michigan?

The Spirits of St. Louis were an American Basketball Association club that did not survive the ABA-NBA merger. Despite being left out of the merger, the Spirit's owners won a share of the TV money that would be going to the four ABA teams

Describe the legacy of the Spirits of St.Louis Basketball club?

Although all the original members were all from the Southside of Chicago, Saperstein decided to promote his team's racial makeup by naming them after New York's famous city Harlem.

Describe the origins of the Harlem Globetrotters?

They hear the testimony from both the player and the team. They decide the player's future salary.

Describe the role of an arbitrator?

Nelson Mandela became a front runner in the 1993 presidential elections. In the first multiracial parliamentary election Mandela was chosen as president of South Africa.

Explain Nelson Mandela's rise to presidency?

He did this by enlisting the white stars of the team to publicly support his cause.

Explain how Nelson Mandela used the 1995 Rugby World Cup to unify South Africa?

Soldier in both armies taught the rules and played the game of baseball during the War.

Explain how the Civil War increased baseball's popularity?

Black South Africans could not vote and had to sell their land and move to segregated neighborhoods.

Explain how the White South African population oppressed the Black South African population?

After the Yugoslavian team won the 1990 FIBA champions, Vlade Divac tore a Croatian flag away from the fan and shoved him. The taking of the flag made Divac a hero to Serbs, and a villain to Croatians.

Explain how the Yugoslavian War ended Vlade Divac and Drazen Petrovic's friendship?

The Soviet vs. U.S semifinal match illustrated the rivalry between the two super powers. No hockey expert gave Team U.S. any hope of winning; however, USA was able to defeat the Soviets 4-3.

Explain why the ice hockey contest between the US and Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics is considered the, "Miracle on Ice"?

1987 players strike, so they hired different players.

In what year did the NFL owners hire replacement players?

According to historical records, the first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC.

In what year was the first Ancient Olympic Games recorded?

Writing playing rules for various sports and supervising national tournaments in a few minor sports.

Prior to the 1940s, what power did the NCAA have over its member universities?

The Supreme Court ruled the Sherman Antitrust Act did not apply to major league baseball.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the Federal Baseball Club v National League case?

The Western Conference later known as the Big Ten was the first Division-I Athletic Conference

What was the first Division I athletic Conference?

Joseph Goebbels

What was the name of the Nazi Propaganda Minster who claimed that Schmeling's prize money would be used to build tanks in Germany?

Brown founded the Black Economic Union, which used professional athletes as facilitators in the establishment of Black run enterprises, urban athletic clubs, and youth motivation programs

What was the name of the civil rights organization that Jim Brown founded?

St. Louis Stars

What was the name of the professional Negro League team in St. Louis?

The University Greys

What was the nickname of the Ole Miss Student infantry that suffered a high casualty rates during the Civil War?

When poor people get jobs on campus to go to school and play for free.

What were NCAA's Sanity Codes?

The ABA could never land a national television contract

What were some of the problems which caused the ABA to fail?

The players leaving the National League created this.

When did the American Association exist, and what happened to it?

The first league; failed because of drinking, gambling, and folding teams.

When did the National Association exist, and what happened to it?

The replacement for the National Association, but the teams soon left.

When did the National League exist, and what happened to it?

After 1887 season, the National League instituted a complete exclusion of blacks from white professional teams

When did the National League initiate their color ban rule?

In 1896 a renewal of the Olympic games took place in Greece. Since 1896 the Olympics have taken place every four years.

When did the modern Olympic Games begin?

Alabama

Where was Jesse Owens born?

The festival and the games were held in Olympia, a rural sanctuary site in the western Peloponnesus.

Where were the first Ancient Olympic Games held?

New York Jets

Which AFL franchise was the first to win a Super Bowl?

President Theodore Roosevelt was armed at the brutality of the sport and encouraged university presidents to either discontinue or reform the sport.

Which US president encouraged colleges to discontinue or reform their football teams?

Alexander Cartwright

Who is considered the "Father of Baseball"?

Walter C. Camp. He created the line of scrimmage, set players at 11, and instituted the size of the field at 110 yards.

Who is considered the "Father of Football" and what rules did he create?

A winged female character known as Nike, which means "victory" in Greek.

Who is the Greek Goddess of Victory?

Walter Byers was the first executive director of the NCAA; a position he held from 1951-1987.

Who was Walter Byers and how did he increase the power of the NCAA?

The Olympics were open to any free-born Greek in the world. Women were only allowed to take part by entering horses in the equestrian events.

Who was allowed to participate in the Ancient Olympic Games?

Jack Johnson won the World Heavyweight title 1908 becoming the first African American to win the World Heavy Weight belt

Who was the first African American Heavyweight champion of the world?

Moses Fleetwood Walker signed with Toledo's baseball team that was a member of the American Association.

Who was the first African American to play in the Major Leagues?

The Ancient Greeks claimed that Hercules was the Games' founder

Who was the founder of the Ancient Olympic Games?

In 363 AD, Emperor Theodosius end the Games because he considered them pagan.

Why did Emperor Theodosius of Rome ban the Olympic Games?

Naismith wanted to create a sport that was suitable for play inside during the Massachusetts winter for the students at the School for Christian Workers

Why did James Naismith invent the game of basketball?

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar boycotted the 1968 Olympic Games to raise awareness of the general plight of American blacks

Why did Kareem Abdul-Jabbar boycott the 1968 Olympic Games?

After being denied conscientious objector status by the U.S. government, Ali was stripped of his title for his refusal to be drafted to the armed service.

Why did Muhammad Ali have to give up his title?

The Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games

Why did the US boycott the 1980 Summer Olympic Games?

Promoters began calling out for a "Great White Hope" to take the title away from Johnson.Jack Johnson's marriage to a white woman caused an enormous backlash

Why did the US media in the early 1900s want to find the "Great White Hope"?

South Africa's government was weakened because of international sanctions and pressures to reform.

Why did the apartheid system collapse?

Policy enforcement was left in the hands of the member institution. This resulted in rampant cheating and rule violation.

Why were college conferences unable to effectively enforce rules?

Ideology is a body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of a nation, political system, and underlies political action.

Define Ideology?

They speed up recovery and increase growth of muscles.

Describe how anabolic agents affect the body?

An Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their countries to the games in safety. All wars were to be halted before, during and after the Games.

Describe the "Truce of Zeus" policy?

Despite unsubstantial evidence of Iverson involvement in a bowling alley fight, the state of Virginia convicted Iverson with a felony charge of maiming by mob.

Describe the Allen Iverson bowling alley trial?

Pankration was a combination of boxing and wrestling

Describe the Ancient Olympic event Pankration?

U.S. Economic System: Capitalism USSR Economic System: Communist U.S. Cold War Leaders: Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon USSR Cold War Leaders: Premiers Stalin, and Khrushchev U.S. Space Race: Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moo USSR Space Race: Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite and Yuri Gagari first man to travel to space 1980 U.S. Win : Team USA wins hockey gold medal in Lake Placid at the1980 Winter Olympics. 1972 USSR Win: Soviet basketball team wins gold in Munich at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Describe the Cold War Rivalry between the US and USSR (political and economic)?

"Death penalty" is applied to repeat offenders. It bans schools from competing in sports for a year.

Describe the NCAA's death penalty?

Policies of racial segregation

Describe the apartheid system in South Africa?

With 3 seconds remaining in the championship game, the Soviet team was awarded three different opportunities to score. On the Soviets third try, they scored defeating the U.S. Team 51-50.

Describe the controversial ending to the 1972 gold medal basketball game?

In 1985 the NCAA levied the death penalty against southern methodist football program. The SMU football program was never as good as they were before.

Describe the illegal recruiting scandal that took place at SMU?

Students are paid first and foremost for their athletic services and not for academic performance as a student.

How did athletic scholarships differ from other types of scholarships?

When Jesse was nine years old his family moved to Cleveland for better opportunities, as part of the Great Migration (1.5 million African Americans left the segregated South).

How did the Great Migration of the early 20th century affect Jesse Owens?

The right to the player were to be retained by the team. The reserve clause bound players to negotiate a new contract with the same team.

How did the reserve clause prevent free agency in sports?

Nations have linked success in international competition to supremacy of their political and economic systems. For example, because the U.S. defeated the Soviets in hockey, the American way of life (capitalism and democracy) must be better.

How have nations used sports to justify their political ideologies?

4 gold medals

How many gold medals did Jesse Owens win?

Limits on how much your can pay your players.

How was the salary cap established in National Basketball Association?

9 verse 9 A player cannot run with the ball A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown into the basket

List Dr. James Naismith's original rules to basketball?

- Foul territory - 90 feet between bases - Three-out innings - Nine-member teams with fixed batting orders - Elimination of retiring baserunners by throwing batted baseballs at them

List some of the baseball rules established by the New York Knickerbockers Club?

The ABA created, the three-point field goal arc, slam dunk contest and the all-star game

List some of the innovations introduced by the ABA?

200 Meter Run Javelin Throw Long Jump Discus Throw Wrestling

List the events in the pentathlon?

Political animosities arising from World War I drove the International Olympic Committee to exclude the Central Powers losers in the war (Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) from the Games of 1920 and 1924.

Name and explain why some were countries banned from the 1920 Olympic Games?

Branch Rickey

Name the MLB owner that signed Jack Robinson to his first Major League contract?

Serbians, Catholic Croatians, and Muslim Bosnians

Name the different religious and ethnic characteristics that comprised the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?

Cincinnati Red Stockings

Name the first professional baseball team that paid all of their players?

Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders San Diego Charges Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Jets

Name the former AFL franchises that now play in the NFL:

The Globetrotters were the creation of a Chicago coach named Abe Saperstein.

Name the founder and first coach of the Harlem Globetrotters?

NFL: Kenny Washington (Rams) and Bill Willis (Browns) NBA: Chuck Cooper, Nat Clifton, and Earl Lloyd

Name the players and the teams taht broke the color barrier in the NFL and NBA?

Yugoslavia established six republics, each with its own parliament and president. Croatia (Catholic Croats) Slovenia (Catholic Slovenes) Serbia (Orthodox Serbs) Bosnia-Herzegovina Montenegro (mostly Serbs) Macedonia

Name the republics in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?

All college athletics are considered "no profit". Universities don't pay anything. College athletic programs receive some financial support.

Name the three distinct financial advantages college sports have over their professional counterpart?

The two main factors were the death of Commissioner Kenesaw Landis's and the shortage of major league players during World War II.

Name two major factors that helped prompt racial integration in Major League baseball?

Flood sued major league baseball claiming he was slave bound to his club team. Flood argued that he deserved the right to become a free agent because it would give him the power to decide for which team he would play.

On what grounds did Curtis Flood sue MLB?

Jack Johnson's marriage to a white woman caused an enormous backlash

What aspect of Johnson's private life hindered future opportunities for black's in the heavyweight division?

Joe Louis

What boxer was nicknamed the Brown Bomber?

The stunts and comedy of the black teams reinforced the negative stereotypes held by white fans.

What characteristic of the Negro Leagues reinforced white stereotypes of blacks?

Ohio State University

What college did Jesse Owens attend?

Japan

What country withdrew their invitation to host the 1940 Games?

A victor received a crown made from olive leaves, and was entitled to have a statue of himself set up at Olympia.

What did winners of the first Olympics receive?

Mandates minimum test scores and high school grade point averages for entering athletes.

What does the NCAA's proposition 48 mandate?

Recruitment of college athletes and television contract.

What factors contributed to the NCAA increased governing power?

Temporary work stoppage or denial of employment initiated by the management of a company during a labor dispute.

What is a lockout?

A charge or fine put on the payroll of the team that exceeds the salary cap level set by the league.

What is a luxury-tax?

When shaving is keeping the margin of points between teams within a range called for by gamblers plays receive cash.

What is point shaving?

The Rooney Rule requires National Football League teams to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs.

What is the Rooney Rule?

Unrestricted is player without a team. Restricted is when you have to go through your club before signing.

What is the difference between an unrestricted free agent and a free agent?

Stacking

What is the term that describes the phenomena where blacks are regulated to certain playing positions and excluded from others?

The Nazi's reintroduced the torch relay and the ceremonial lighting of the torch.

What opening ceremony tradition did the Nazi Games reintroduce?

William "Candy" Cummings

What pitcher is credited for creating the curve ball?

College students used the first football games as initiation rites for incoming freshmen.

What prompted universities to begin to play football?

Crossover Athlete

What term is used to describe black athletes that parlay their talent and charisma into exceptionally lucrative endorsement deals?

Hitler wanted the Berlin Games as a means to showcase his government and ideals of racial supremacy.

What was Hitler's primary motivation for hosting the 1936 Olympic Games?

Louis was the focus of a media recruitment campaign encouraging African-American men to enlist in the Armed Services

What was Joe Louis's primary objective as a member of the US Army Special Services Division?