Sports Injury Management

Hemorrhage into Anterior Chamber

Nature: direct damage to the eye is usually caused by blunt trauma S&S: red tinge, blood settling in the anterior chamber, pain, and visual disturbances Management: refer to an ophthalmologist or ER

Orbital Blowout Fracture

Nature: direct trauma to the eye causing a blowout fracture S&S: swelling, double vision, absent eye movement, numbness, downward displaced globe Management: ice, refer to an ophthalmologist or ER

Solar Plexus Contusion

Nature: A blow to the abdomen with the muscles relaxed. Wind knocked out S&S: Results in the immediate inability to catch one's breath Management: place knees above the chest, remove anything tight, repetitively take a deep breath, and hold

Skull Fracture

Nature: deformation and acceleration S&S: Discoloration around eyes, blood from ears or nose, blindness, hearing loss, facial paralysis Management: Activate EAP, avoid moving the individual, check ABC's, cover the open wound, monitor

Cervical Strain/Sprain

Nature: A result of direct trauma, sprains are more aggressive S&S: Pain, stiffness, restricted ROM, sprains last several days where strains last 24-48 hours Management: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories can be prescribed and a cervical collar can be worn for support.

Pectoralis Muscle Strain:

Nature: A strain of the chest muscle S&S: Pain or resisted horizontal abduction, an audible pop, snap, or tearing sensation, swelling. Management: Cold and compression if doesn't get better in 2-3 days seek a medical professional

Periorbital Ecchymosis

Nature: A black eye is caused by blood and other fluids around the eye. S&S: hemorrhage, swelling, and pain, sometimes blurred vision Management: Controlling swelling and hemorrhaging with ice, refer to an ophthalmologist or ER.

Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy

Nature: A sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain S&S: Extreme fatigue, lack of sleep, dehydration, temporary confusion, staring spell, stiff muscles, uncontrollable jerking movement, loss of consciousness. Management: Note the time, protect the head, remove glasses, and loosen clothing. After: ensure airway, turn the individual on the side, and do not leave them alone.

Exercise Induced Bronchospasm

Nature: Ambient air conditions such as duration, type, and intensity, also allergies, asthma, poor conditional respiratory infections, time since the last episode, and any underlying bronchial hyperreactivity. S&S: Chest pain, chest tightness, or burning sensation, regular dry cough, and stomach cramps after exercising. Management: Medication used for regular asthma treatment, consult a physician, avoid exercising during infected times such as high pollen or in the morning.

Hyperglycemia

Nature: An excess of ketoacids in the blood lower the blood ph. S&S: appear gradually over several days. Increasingly restless and confused and complains of a dry mouth, abdominal cramping, and vomiting. Management: Administer 10-15g of fast-acting carbohydrates. If the person doesn't get better activate EAP.

Bronchial Asthma

Nature: Asthma is caused by a constriction of bronchial smooth muscles S&S: Wheezing Management: Using a medical device such as a nebulizer or inhaler, in server causes activate EAP.

Swimmer's Ear

Nature: Bacterial infection involving the lining of the external auditory canal, resulting in a pH change S&S: Pain, itching, discomfort, gentle pressure Management: Refer to physician for proper treatment

Blunt Cardiac Injury/Cardiac Tamponade

Nature: Can compress the heart between the sternum and spine S&S: Classic signs of cardiac tamponade including JVD, individual collapses within seconds and goes into respiratory arrest. Management: Activate EAP and start CPR

Sudden Cardiac Death

Nature: Can happen in strenuous activity in a dehydrated state, direct trauma, and other health issues S&S: Chest discomfort, pain in arms, neck, jaw teeth, and upper back, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness Management: Activate EAP, monitor ABC's, perform CPR if needed

Rib Fracture

Nature: Can result from an indirect force, such as a violent muscle contraction. Most common with the result of a blunt trauma S&S: intense localized pain over the fracture. This may cause shallow breathing, leaning toward the fracture sight, and stabilizing with their hand. Management: Standard acute protocol if S&S suggests internal injuries activate EAP

Frostbit Injuries

Nature: Caused by freezing of soft tissues. Duration, temperature, and wind velocity all effect the amount of time it takes to get frostbite. S&S: The area may feel firm to the touch, the tissue beneath is soft, the skin is red and swollen and it could feel itchy and prickly. Management: The person should be removed from the cold and rapidly warmed, if it is deep frostbite then the hospital should help defrost.

Cervical Fracture or Dislocation

Nature: Caused by unsafe practices S&S: Pain unrelated to neck pain or muscle spasms, abnormal sensations in the head, paralysis, loss of bladder control, etc. Management: Should be treated by a medical professional, do not move the player. Activate EAP.

Post-Concussion Syndrome

Nature: Cognitive impairments from the time of injury or 48 hours after and last up to several weeks-months. S&S: persistent headaches, blurred vision, vertigo, memory loss, irritability, decreased attention span, and inability to do simple tasks. Management: manage the pain of headaches and refrain from the activity with the gradual return.

Liver Contusion/Rupture

Nature: Direct blow in the upper right quadrant can cause liver injury S&S: Significant palpable pain, point tenderness, hypotension, shock. Management: Activate EAP

Kidney Contusion

Nature: Direct blow that injures the kidney. S&S: Pain, tenderness, hematuria, and pain in the lower back region. Management: Activate EAP

Hypothermia

Nature: Everyone should be treated as having hypothermia until proven otherwise, shivering ceases and the muscles become skiff as the body is warmed S&S: Shivering, clumsy, apathetic, confused with slurred, stumbled, and drop things. Management: Activate EAP, Until they arrive the individual should be slowly warmed

Heart Attack

Nature: Excessive cholesterol buildup blocks a coronary artery S&S: Chest Discomfort, pain in arms, neck, jaw, teeth, and upper back, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness Management: Activate EAP, monitor ABC's, perform CPR if needed.

Hypoglycemia

Nature: Exercise lowers blood sugar and can be counterbalanced with increased food. S&S: Dizziness, headache, intense hunger, aggressive behavior, pale, cold, and clammy skin, salivation, and tingling in the face, tongue, and lips. Management: Administer 10-15g of fast-acting carbohydrates. If the person doesn't get better activate EAP

Lumbar Vertebrae Fracture

Nature: Extreme tension from the attached muscles, or from a direct blow to the lower back. This can lead to other injuries S&S: localized pain and fractures under L1 or L2 aren't a serious threat. Management: Activate EAP

Unconscious Individual

Nature: Head Injuries are the leading cause S&S: Can't respond to sensory stimuli. Management: Activate EAP, check vital signs

Exercise Induced Muscle Cramps

Nature: Involuntary muscle spasms caused by water loss S&S: Commonly occur in the calf and abdominal muscles. Mimic dehydration, thirst, sweating, and fatigue. Dizziness may be present Management: Activity should stop and fluids should be provided. Mild, passive stretching and ice can be used on the involved muscles.

Internal Lung Conditions

Nature: Laceration to the lung and blood vessels S&S: Severe pain during breathing, hypoxia, cyanosis, signs of shock, and coughing up frothy blood may also be present. Management: Activate EAP

Exertional Heat Stroke

Nature: Less common by more serious. Metabolic heat continues to rise, increasing heat rate and heat production S&S: Causes clinical and pathological damage to body tissue and affects multiple organs. Management: Activate EAP, wile waiting individual should be moved to a cool area and the body should be rapidly cooled.

Hyperventilation

Nature: Linked with pain, stress, a trauma in sports participation. Respiratory rate increases. Rapid, deep inhalation, too much carbon dioxide being released S&S: Inability to catch one's breath, numbness in the lips and hands, spasms in the hands, chest pain, dry mouth, dizziness, and occasional fainting. Management: Calm the individual, concentrating on slow breathing, inhale through the nose exhale through the mouth.

Costochondral Injury

Nature: May occur during a collision with another object or as a result of a severe twisting motion S&S: May hear or feel a pop, localized sharp pain, pain may slowly decrease in intensity, visible deformity. Management: Standard acute protocol should be followed to reduce pain and inflammation. Referral to a physician.

Lumbar Strain/Sprain

Nature: Mechanical injuries to muscles, ligaments, or connective tissue S&S: Pain discomfort, the pain will increase with movement. Management: acute protocol to control pain, following cold treatment passive stretching

Anaphylaxis

Nature: Medications, food, insect stings, inhaled substances, and radiographic dyes can cause a severe allergic reaction S&S: Tightness of chest and throat, blueness, confusion, choking, skin reactions Management: Activate EAP, monitory ABC's, give EpiPen

Detached Retina

Nature: Most common in people over the age of 40 S&S: Seeing floaters and light flashes Management: refer to ophthalmologist or ER

Nasal Fracture

Nature: Most common, blunt trauma S&S: bleeding, flattened nose, loss in symmetry, swelling Management: ice and referral to a physician

Total Airway Obstruction

Nature: No Air Passing through the vocal cords S&S: Unable to speak, breathe, or cough, gasps at the throat Management: Heimlich Maneuver can dislodge the object. Unconscious activate EAP and preform rescue breathing

Sudden Death in Athletes

Nature: Nontraumatic, unexpected, and occurs instantaneously or within minutes of an abrupt change. S&S: Unexplained chest pain, sudden onset of fatigue, heartburn, excessive breathing. Management: Activate EAP and start CPR

Neck Contusion and Fracture

Nature: Occur during hyperextension of the neck S&S: Difficulty breathing, coughing, difficulty swallowing, tenderness, pain, and respiratory distress. Management: Calm individual, if significant trauma is present activate EAP, observation should continue throughout the day.

Partial Obstructed Airway

Nature: Partial Air exchange S&S: Able to cough, gasps at the throat Management: Can cough forcefully no action needed. Ineffective cough or high-pitched noise while breathing preform the Heimlich Maneuver

Thoracic Contusion

Nature: Protective rib cage serves to limit movement. Direct blows to the back. S&S: Pain, ecchymosis, spasms, and limited swelling Management: apply cold if symptoms don't resolve they should be seen by a medical professional.

Cauliflower Ear

Nature: Repeated blunt trauma pulls the cartilage away from the perichondrium S&S: Pain, burning, throbbing, swelling Management: Ice if the condition worsens, refer to a physician.

Abdominal Muscle Strain

Nature: Sudden twisting or hyperextension of the spine S&S: Localized pain and spasms involved muscles. Using the muscles may cause more pain. Management: Standard Acute Protocol if the symptoms don't improve the athlete should see a medical profession.

Subluxated/Dislocated Tooth

Nature: Teeth loosening or displacement S&S: Displaced, intruded, or avulsed Management: Gently move the tooth back into place, if missing find the tooth, could possibly be put back, refer to the dentist

Heat Exhaustion

Nature: This can happen when people aren't acclimated. People who wear thick clothes and heavy padding are more at a risk. S&S: Thirst, headache, dizziness, light-headedness, mild anxiety, fatigue, rapid pulse, and many other symptoms Management: Immediately moved to a cool place. All equipment and unnecessary clothing should be removed. Water, ice packs, and cooling towels should be applied.

Stich in the Side

Nature: Trapped colonic gas bubbles, localized diaphragmatic hypoxia with spasm, live congestion, and poor conditioning S&S: Sharp pain or spasm of the lower right side of the chest wall. Management: Forcibly exhale through pursed lips, breathing deeply and regularly, leaning away, a stretch arm of the affected side over the head as high as possible.

Neck Laceration

Nature: Uncommon but can happen if trauma is significant S&S: Hemorrhage, blood loss, air embolism Management: Activate EAP. apply firm pressure over the wound, assess vital signs and shock symptoms

Facial Fracture

Nature: Upper or lower jaw by direct trauma S&S: change in speech, malocclusion, oral bleeding, longer face, nasal bleeding, swelling, eye on the side of the fracture can seem sunken in. Management: Activate AEP

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

Nature: When the blood vessels become irritated and rupture S&S: bright red in the white of the eye, relatively harmless Management: no treatment unless the condition worsens, then refer to an ophthalmologist

Acute Torticollis

Nature: When the head faces one shoulder and the chin faces the other shoulder S&S: Pain, muscle spasms, visual head tilt, lasts a couple of days-2 weeks Management: Heat and cold to reduce spasms

Brachial Plexus Injury

Nature: When the head is pushed away from the shoulders as they are being pushed downwards or when the arm is forced into excessive external rotation, abduction, and extension. S&S: Pain, ecchymosis, spasms, and limited swelling. Management: Apply cold if symptoms don't resolve they should be seen by a medical professional.

Focal Cerebral Injury

Nature: a localized collection of blood, adds pressure to the brain S&S: unconsciousness pupillary or retinal change, severe headache, nausea, confusion, rising blood pressure, increase body temperature. Management: Activate EAP, check ABC's, Monitor

Hemorrhage

Nature: decreased blood volume and blood pressure, weak pulse S&S: arterial bleeding, dark bluish-red blood vessels, cots easily Management: direct pressure to the uncontrolled bleeding, elevation, and EAP should be activated

Shock

Nature: faster heartbeats, reduced volume, a dropping blood pressure S&S: anxiety, fear, cold skin, sweating, nausea, dizziness, whole body weakness Management: Activate AEP, maintain airway, control bleeding, and maintain body temperature.

Scalp Injury

Nature: first area of trauma, a frequent site for laceration and other similar injuries S&S: Bleeding Management: control bleeding, prevent contamination, and assess possible skull fractures, ice to reduce swelling, and other signs of trauma

Dental Fracture

Nature: fracture to one or more teeth S&S: visual differences pain bleeding Management: See a dentist within 24 hours.

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Nature: inflammation of the conjunctiva which is the inner lining of the eyelid and anterior eyeball. S&S: itching, burning, watering of the eye, Pinkeye, eyelid stuck together after sleeping Management: referral to a physician for appropriate treatment

Epistaxis

Nature: nosebleed, direct trauma, nasal infection, dry nasal membranes S&S: bleeding from the nose Management: Apply mild pressure to the nose, tilt the head forward, and ice. If bleeding doesn't stop after 10 minutes refer to a physician

Foreign Body in Eye

Nature: something gets into the eye S&S: burning, irritation, tearing, redness, complaining that something is in their eye Management: rinsing the eye using saline, if a large object patient needs to be taken to ER.

Sciatica

Nature: symptoms attributed to a condition that compresses or irritates the sciatic nerve. S&S: pain in the lower back and legs, burning and tingling down the legs, weakness in muscles, coughing, sneezing, etc. Aggravating the symptoms, loss of bladder or bowel control Management: Referral to a physician to rule out other conditions,

Splenic Rupture

Nature: trauma can cause severe internal hemorrhage of organs or blood vessels are lacerated. An enlarged spleen can increase injury. S&S: persistent dull pain in the upper left quadrant, left lower chest, and lest shoulder, nausea, cold skin, signs of shock Management: Activate EAP

Concussion

Nature: trauma to a widespread area of the brain S&S: Headache, visual problems, slurred speech, emotional, memory deficits, etc. Management: Mild, moderate, and severe: refrain from activity until athlete returns to the pre-concussion state.

Second Impact Syndrome

Nature: when an individual is suffering from a head injury and sustains another head injury when symptoms are still present S&S: appear stunned, increasing pressure, individual collapses, loss of eye movement, and respiratory failure Management: Activate EAP, preform CPR as needed