Sports Psych Test 2
Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 9
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Describe the stages of team development
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Explain how each statement below relates to leadership
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Describe flow and how it is achieved
A holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation that people feel when they are totally involved in an activity or are on auto pilot. A special state of flow epitomizes intrinsic motivation. This flow state contains many common elements of intrinsic motivation, but a key aspect is that a balance exists between an individual perceived ability and the challenge of the task.
Describe the cognitive-mediational model of leadership. Draw the picture.
According to this model, athlete perceptions of coach behaviors primarily determine players reactions and responses to these behaviors. However, I the interaction model tradition, player and coach behaviors are influenced by situational factors as well as individual-difference characteristics of both the coaches and the players. Coach Behavior -> Athlete perception of coach behavior <- Athlete evaluative response
Describe a target behavior and how behavior modification works.
Attend every practice is a good target behavior because it can easily be measured. Identify a few behaviors to work with because this helps them change their behaviors without become too overwhelmed or confused by trying to do too much. Uses reinforcement to change behavior.
Describe Role Clarity
Clearly understanding your role
proximity
Closer contact promotes team interaction which can lead to greater team development. Ex: locker rooms, team bus rides on road trips, living with your teammates.
Explain what research says about extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation.
Cognitive evaluation theory has demonstrated that extrinsic rewards can either increase or decrease intrinsic motivation depending on whether the reward is more informational or controlling. Ex: in sports include scholarships and winning/losing. If you want to enhance intrinsic motivation, the key is to make rewards more informational.
Discuss three factors that help people get into flow and three barriers that inhibit it
Confidence, optimal arousal, and focused attention can all help people get into flow. While factors such as a self-critical attitude, distractions, and lack of preparation can all inhibit it.
Define team climate
Develops from how players perceive the interrelationships among the group members. The perceptions and evaluations of the players set the teams climate. Coach still has final say, although players don't have to buy into it.
Describe the four components of effective leadership.
Effective leadership in sport depends on the qualities of the leader, leadership style, situational factors, and characteristics of the followers. How these four interact is what really determines what makes a leader effective.
situational
Effective leadership is much more dependent on characteristics of the situation than on the traits and behaviors of the leaders in those situation
What type of a challenge facilitates flow?
High challenge and high skill level facilitate flow.
Describe the different types of reinforcements
If doing something result in good consequence "being rewarded" people tend to repeat the behavior to achieve additional positive reinforcement. If doing something results in an unpleasant consequence "punishment" people tend not to repeat the behavior to avoid more negative consequences. Positive approach focuses on rewarding appropriate behavior, while the negative approach focuses on punishing undesirable behaviors.
Explain the difference between instructional feedback and motivational feedback
Instructional feedback provides information about the specific behaviors that should be performed, the levels of proficiency that should be achieved, and the performers current level of proficiency in the desired skills and activities. While motivational feedback attempts to facilitate performance by enhancing confidence, inspiring greater effort and energy expenditure and creating a positive mood.
trait
Leaders have a variety of personality characteristics. There is no particular set of personality traits that make a leader successful.
How does one establish positive group norms?
Leaders need to establish positive group norms or standards.
Define Leadership
Process whereby an individual influence a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
Describe the principles of punishment
Punishment can control and change behavior, but 80-90% of reinforcement should be positive. It can also serve as a useful educational host and can defer future cheating or wrong doing. Punishment must be consistent, punish the behavior not person, allow athlete input, not physical activity, not a reward or attention, don't yell or berate person, do not punish during play, do not embarrass, and use it sparingly.
Describe the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System.
Reactive behaviors - Responses to desirable performance: reinforcement and nonreinforcement. - Responses to mistakes: encouragement, technical instruction, punishment, ignoring. - Response to misbehavior: keeping control Spontaneous behaviors - Game related: general technical instruction, general encouragement, organization. - Game irrelevant: general communication
Explain the difference between the required leader behavior, actual leader behavior, and preferred leader behavior.
Required focuses on the norms of the situation, preferred focuses on the specific leader behaviors you look for in a leader, and actual focuses on the behaviors the leader displays to make himself a leader.
Explain scholarships on intrinsic motivation. In what populations were scholarships increasing motivation.
Scholarships: Athletic scholarships can either decrease or increase athletes' levels of intrinsic motivation, depending on which is more emphasized by the coach—the controlling or information aspects.
Which factors are deemed important to achieving flow?
Several factors, such as confidence, optimal arousal, and focused attention, help us achieve a flow state; other factors, such as a self-critical attitude, distractions, and lack of preparation, can prevent or disrupt flow states. Psychological skills training has also been shown to facilitate flow.
similarity
Similarity in commitments, attitudes, aspirations, and goals is important to developing a positive team climate. Ex: whole team pulling in the same direction.
Describe ways to establish group norms
Social support, proximity, distinctiveness, fairness.
behavioral
Successful leaders use both consideration (focus on friendship, mutual trust, respect) and initiating ( focus on rules, goals, and objectives) structures. The behavioral approach argue that leaders are made, not born. They can learn the behaviors of other effective leaders.
Describe how Feedback can provide instructional information
The amount of positive feedback is less important than receiving some type of positive feedback and getting positive feedback produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than getting no feedback.
Describe the four stages of team development.
The linear perspective has 4 stages of team development. 1.) Forming - team members familiarize themselves with other team members. 2.) Storming - Characterized by resistance to the leader, other team members, and interpersonal conflicts. 3.) Norming - Hostility is replaced by solidarity and cooperation. 4.) Performing - Team members band together to channel their energies for team success.
Describe the difference between the trait approach and the behavioral approach to leadership.
The trait approach assumes that great leaders possess a set of universal personality traits that are essential for effective leadership. The behavioral approach assumes that a relatively universal set of behaviors characterizes successful leaders.
What might happen to a team when the roles are clearly defined yet only partially accepted?
This can lead to problems - also, some members might accept a role but know that it is too much for them to handle, causing issues to arise or causing subpar performance. Also, role ambiguity can be a problem. They may socially loaf as well, which is when an individual in a group or team puts forth less than 100% effort because of losses in motivation.
social support
an exchange of resources between at least two individuals perceived by the providers or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient. Ex: Your teammates picking you up after striking out or making an error.
norming
hostility is replaced by solidarity and cooperation. Conflicts are resolved, and a sense of unity forms. Instead of watching out for their individual well-being, the athletes work together to reach common goals. Instead of competing for status or recognition, players strive for economy of effort and task effectiveness.
Discuss three potential explanations of social loafing.
individuals in a group or team put forth less than 100% effort because of losses in motivation due in large part to a diffusion of responsibility
fairness
leads to trust and the feeling of being treated equally. Fairness or a lack of it can bring a team together or tear it apart. Ex: Coach having different sets of rules and expectations for certain athletes. Playing "favorites"
storming
resistance to the leader, resistance to control by the group, and interpersonal conflict. Great emotional resistance emerges, and infighting can occur as individuals and the leader establish their roles and status in the group.
Define a Norm
standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior Level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief.
performing
team members band together to channel their energies for team success. The team focuses on problem solving, using group processes and relationships to work on tasks and test new ideas. Structural issues are resolved, interpersonal relationships stabilize, and role are well defined.
forming
team members familiarize themselves with other team members. Members of a team engage in social comparisons, assessing one another's strengths and weaknesses.
distinctiveness
the more distinctive the group feels, the better the climate. When a group feels distinct, its feelings of unity and oneness increase. Ex: team uniforms and team mottoes, initiation rites, or special privileges.
