sporty's private pilot

what causes the left turning tendency?

-Engine torque, the tendency of the airplane to turn opposite the propeller rotation, spiraling slipstream, gyroscopic precession, and asymmetrical propeller loading all contribute to make the airplane turn left.

What is a nautical mile?

1 nautical mile = 1.15 statue miles

What are two problems that can occur inside of a engine piston that would cause abnormalities?

1) Detonation: when fuel/air mixture is subject to very high temperatures in the cylinder and spontaneously combusts. (shows up as overheating and loss of engine power). It can be caused by too low a grade of fuel, climbing at too low an airspeed(excessive heat), or too lean a mixture. 2) Pre-ignition: the uncontrolled ignition of fuel/air mixture before the spark plug fires.(caused by excessively hot exhaust valves or sparks). Shown by lost of power

What are the engine leaning recommendations?

1)Enrich Mixture before increasing power 2)Adjust the mixture after any change in power or altitude. 3)Use full rich mixture for takeoff and climb.

What is the procedure for flight briefing during run-up?

1)Prior to rotation: Throttle closed, Brake as required, and stop straight ahead. 2)If there's not enough runway to stop: mixture Idle cutoff, fuel selector off, magnetos off, battery master off, and try to avoid all obstacles. 3) After rotation w/ space on runway: throttle closed, land straight ahead and brake as required. 4)after rotation without runway remaining: airspeed pitched for best glide(76KIAS), fuel selector off, mixture cutoff, magnetos off, slaps adjusted, battery master off, and land at slowest possible airspeed straight ahead and avoid obstacles.

what are the three categories of turns/banking?

1)shallow bank: less than 20 degrees. 2)medium bank: between 20-45 degrees 3)steep bank: greater than 45 degrees (hold ailerons against the bank to resist the desire for the plane to continue to bank.)

What are the VFR minimums?

1,000 AGL (above ground level) cloud ceiling minimum and 3 SM visibility minimum

MSA of Congested area/open air assembly?

1,000 ft above the hightest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 ft of the aircraft

when should you level off your altitude?

50-100ft before desired altitude.

What altitude is ground maneuvers done at?

600 and 1000 ft agl, the usual traffic pattern altitude.

Adverse Yaw

A condition of flight in which the nose of an airplane tends to yaw toward the outside of the turn. This is caused by the higher induced drag on the outside wing, which is also producing more lift. Induced drag is a by-product of the lift associated with the outside wing.

rudder

A controlling surface on an aircraft's tail that regulates yaw. (side to side)

Weight

A measure of the force of gravity on an object

elevator

A rear horizontal stabilizer that controls up and down or pitching motion of the aircraft nose.

Trim Tab

A small control flap at the trailing edge of a control surface which when deflected causes the control surface to float at a given angle.

longitudinal axis

A straight line parallel to the length of the fuselage but that runs through the aircraft's center of gravity.

vertical axis of a plane

A straight line that goes through the center of the fuselage that allows for the plane to yaw side to side.

Which instrument(s) are used to verify and crosscheck the attitude of the airplane?

Altimeter, heading indicator, airspeed indicator, and the turn coordinator.

The mixture must be reset whenever you change:

Altitude or power.

What is Minimum Safe Altitude?

An altitude allowing, if power fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

What happens to the engine when altitude increases?

As altitude increases and the air becomes thinner it requires less fuel mixture because less air is flowing in.

parasite drag

Caused by any aircraft surface which deflects or interferes with the smooth airflow around the airplane.

CTAF stands for...

Common Traffic Advisory Frequency and is marked with a C.

Flaps

Control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing extending outward from the fuselage to the midpoint of each wing. Flaps can increase the lifting efficiency of the wing and decrease stall speed.

What is the Best Economy Leaning TEchnique?

Engine is leaned with mixture to Peak EGT. (50 degrees rich of EGT) (skyhawk)

What does EGT stand for?

Exhaust Gas Temperature.

where can you find the ground reference maneuvers guidelines?

FAR 91.119

what is the direction the aircraft actually points called?

Heading

what is the best precaution for turbo-charged engines?

In turbocharged engines, it's best to run with the mixture a bit on the rich side. This will generally keep the engine cooler, so that the heat that causes detonation or preignition is not as likely to develop.

During a prolonged glide, clear the engine by:

Increasing the power to about 1500 RPM.

How do you set the mixture if your airplane has no EGT?

Lean till the engine runs roughly and then enrich until the engine runs smoothly again.

For best economy, lean the mixture to peak EGT and:

Leave it set at peak EGT.

what is Straight and level flight?

Main maneuver, Wing tips even with horizon, Constant heading and altitude is maintained

In a medium banked turn, once the desired bank is achieved:

Neutralize the controls.

What is stadium TFR?

No one operates within 3,000 ft AGL and 3 NM of the event from 1 hour before to 1 hour after.

The reference instruments for straight flight are:

The attitude indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator

cloud ceiling

The height of the base of the lowest widespread cloud in the sky -overcast -broken -scattered

Lateral Axis

The horizontal line that passes through the center of gravity of the aircraft, perpendicular to its flight path.

Rate of Turn

The rate of a turn expressed in degrees per second

What is corkscrew/ slipstream effect?

The spiraling slipstream or corkscrew effect is caused by high propeller speed and is most pronounced at low forward speeds. The propeller rotation causes the slipstream to rotate clockwise around the fuselage striking the vertical stabilizer on the left side making the nose yaw to the left.

What should happen to the EGT as you lean the mixture?

The temperature should increase until it hits peak EGT

What do the spark plugs contain and what do they do?

They contain electrodes and they cause a spark that ignites fuel injected engines.

Rectangular Course

To teach the student how to fly a ground track equidistant from all sides of a rectangular area on the ground, accounting for wind effects while maintaining constant altitude and airspeed while using inside and outside references

Wing tip vortices

Turbulence caused by the high pressure on underside of wing trying to flow to the low pressure on top of the wing Two Counter-Rotating Vortices: Left Wing is clockwise, Right Wing is counter-clockwise Vortices are greatest when you have a relatively high angle of attack, for example on takeoff and landing. They diminish somewhat at cruise speed.

what are the four fundamentals of flight?

Turns Climbs Straight and Level Descents

To ensure that the airplane is laterally level:

Visually check the relationship of the wings to the horizon.

When is a turn balance?

When the horizontal lift is equivalent to the centrifugal force.

When should you lean the mixture?

When there is a drop in RPM from increase in altitude. Because the fuel enters the engine at a consistent rate then the mixture is too rich for the amount of air. Engine will run rough.

what is the preferred entry for an emergency landing pattern?

a 45 degree turn into downwind (R/L).

what is glide ratio?

a ratio of 9:1 on most training planes. airplane will travel 9 ft forward for every 1 foot lost in descent.

Climbing turns should be made using:

a shallow bank

what are the flight instruments?

airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator, turn coordinator, and heading indicator, also called the directional gyro.

MSA of other than congested areas?

an altitude of 500ft above the surface, except over open water and sparsely populated areas

what is centrifugal force?

an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.

lift

an upward force due to a pressure difference between the top and bottom of a wing

In a turn, you must:

apply back pressure on elevator control.

What is the recommended flight setting for EGT in relation to mixture?

avoid leaner than peak EGT. To test it without EGT gauge set mixture lean until engine is rough then rich until its no longer rough.

what is a slipping turn?

ball out of center toward the side of the turn. Bank angle is too great for rate of turn.

when flying the crosswind leg of a rectangular course the airplane must be..?

crabbed into the wind

A mixture that is set too rich will...?

create a spark plug fouling

what is the attitude indicator?

displays the plane in relation to the horizon. Based on a gyroscope

What is the negative aspect of a combustion engine in aircraft?

it requires proper proportions of air to fuel to burn well.

What happens if you lean mixture at high power setting?

leaning it while above 75% power the engine will be damaged.

what degree of turn should you do for rectangular pattern when encountering a direct headwind going upwind and are turning crosswind?

less than 90 degrees.

UNICOM stations are generally found at which type of airports?

non-ATC airports

Daniel Bernoulli

observed differential in pressure caused by velocity Bernoulli's Principle="the pressure of fluids vary inversely with their velocity" the faster particles move, the lower their pressure air is moving faster above wing, therefore pressure is lower size of wing makes a difference Top air flows faster bc of FLOW TURNING (curve of wing pushes air out of way. Wing is moving and disturbing air so it is pushed up and over)

The airplane will gain altitude at a steady rate by applying:

pitch and power

the three types of ground reference maneuvers are?

rectangular course, s-turns across a road, and turns around a point.

airspeed indicator arcs... red arc? yellow? Green? White?

red- Do not exceed yellow- only in smooth air green- normal operating white-flaps operating range

In an internal combustion engine, the ratio of air to fuel is correct in the full rich position only at:

sea level

When do you roll out for each category of bank?

shallow- roll out at 10 degrees before desired heading. medium- roll out at 15 degrees before desired heading. steep- roll out at 25 degrees before desired heading.

What does the altimeter do?

shows altitude of ft ASL. It is based on barometric pressure.

what does the VSI do?

shows rate of descent and climb (ft/min)

What happens if lean the mixture too much after passing the EGT peak?

the EGT will start to decrease.

One way to determine if you are maintaining a constant attitude is to occasionally check:

the altimeter

MSA of open water and sparsely populated area?

the aricraft may not be operated closer than 500 ft to any person or vessel or structure.

what is the position of the airplane relative to the horizon called?

the attitude

What is the direction you want to go in an aircraft called?

the course

you know when your turn is properly balanced—horizontal lift is equaled by centrifugal force:

the inclinometer ball stays centered.

what instrument will tell you if your turn is balanced?

the inclinometer with the ball.

Vertical Lift Component

the lift acting upward and opposing weight

critical angle of attack

the point at which the wing will stall.

what is the primary reference for attitude when looking inside the airplane?

the position of the miniature airplane of the attitude indicator in relation to the horizon bar.

thrust

the pushing or pulling force exerted by the engine of an aircraft or rocket

Induced Drag

the rearward retarding force caused by the wing creating lift.

what is the primary reference for attitude when looking outside the airplane?

the relationship between a point(s) on the airplane and the horizon.

Horizontal Lift Component

the side ward force that forces that airplane from straight flight and causes it to turn; it opposes inertia or centrifugal force

what is normal glide speed?

the speed that provides the greatest forward travel for altitude lost.

what is the path made over the surface called ?

the track

How is spark plugs affected by "gap distance"?

too small or too big of a gap distance for spark plugs caused an inefficient engine run.

what happens when you increase bank? what do you have to do?

turn aileron out of the bank to avoid increased roll. More back pressure would be used.

what is a skidding turn?

when the ball is opposite of the turn. angle of bank is too small for rate of turn. (do less rudder or more aileron)

Ailerons

wing flaps that change the shape of the wing of an aircraft to control lift

drag

Resistance of the air (technically a fluid) against the forward movement of an airplane.

As an airplane climbs, the fuel air mixture becomes:

Richer

What does the plane appear to do visually when turning right versus left?

Right turn- the nose appears to descend. Left turn- the nose appears to climb

When you decide to level-off from a climb:

Start the level-off 50 feet before your desired altitude.

What is TFR?

Temporary Flight Restriction

how does a stall spread on the wing?

That the wing stalls progressively from the wing root outward toward the wing tip, is advantageous. -The stall progresses this way because of modern wing design. For example, the wing is attached to the fuselage at an angle, called the angle of incidence. Also, the wing is slightly twisted, called washout. These design characteristics allows the outboard portion of the wing to have a lower angle of attack while the inboard part of the wing is at the stalling angle of attack.