SPTM418 Exam 1

What is the theme of Tokyo 2020?

"Requiem and rebirth"

What is Sports Governance?

"The exercise of power and authority in sport organizations, including policy making, to determine the organization's mission, membership, eligibility, and regulatory power, with the appropriate local, national, or international scope." --> Rights holders in these structures make the decisions on event bids and often must sanction events

What are some of the biggest terrorist attacks at sporting events?

1. 1996 Olympic Park Bombing 2. Boston Marathon

What are the Processes of event management?

1. Assessment --> Identifying and analyzing the environment to assess the needs of the event. 2. Selection --> The decision point of the planning process. 3. Monitoring --> The systematic tracking of the progress of a task. 4. Documentation --> Recording, reporting, and maintaining assessments of progress in order to collect valuable data for current and future event processes. 5. Communication --> The open and transparent channels of discussion about the processes.

What are the Five LEED certifications?

1. Building Design and Construction - New Buildings 2. Building Operations and Maintenance - Existing Buildings 3. Interior Design and Construction - Interiors 4. Neighborhood Development - Outdoor Green Spaces 5. Homes - Residences

How can you minimize initial building costs?

1. Building a smaller or less expansive building first with room for future phases 2. Establishing sufficient parking on the front end to ensure capacity will have parking later 3. Utilization of existing facilities with available buildings that can be repositioned and reapportioned 4. Must fully vet building structures and materials 5. Hiring a realtor could potentially help to find an existing building/structure --> Can provide demographics, traffic volumes, etc.

What are the three dimensions of experience? What do they mean?

1. Conative Dimension --> The behavior, or physical responses, of event attendees. 2. Cognitive Dimension --> Making sense of an experience through awareness, perception, memory, learning, and judgement. 3. Affective Dimension --> The emotional response to the experience.

What are the keys to a successful capital project?

1. Controlling costs (Costs) 2. Keeping the project on schedule (Time) 3. Keeping the project within the design (Scope)

What are aspects of The Design Phase?

1. Costs are approximate 2. Costs are constantly reviewed 3. Changes constantly

What are some key aspects to Schematic Drawings?

1. Defining the components that the facility will offer. 2. Space planners can produce schematic drawings that depict the proposed building layout 3. Exhibit the size of the facility, including maximum capacity, parking, etc. 4. Planners must first determine the schematics to determine the amount of land required to build 5. Local government agencies provide resources and codes

What are the factors in Facility/Capital Project Feasibility?

1. Determine need 2. Determine achievability of funding for construction 3. Determine viability of the project for the future 4. Five options to determine project feasibility --> SWOT, PEST, STEEP, STEEPLE, Porter's 5 Forces

What are common monitoring strategies at the evaluation stage of the event for risk monitoring?

1. Documenting occurrences and updating the risk management plan as necessary. 2. Reviewing the occurrences of incidents and the consequences associated with them. 3. Reviewing unexpected occurrences and developing a plan to mitigate or manage them in the future. 4. Gathering information from managers, employees, and volunteers to determine any other risk management issues.

What are the Four Realms of Experience?

1. Entertainment --> Tends to include more passive forms of participation that are more likely to absorb the participant than to immerse the participant in the experience. Example includes someone watching a NCAA National Championship game on ESPN at their house. 2. Educational --> Includes experiences that involve greater immersion and active participation. Example includes event expos for sport participants where they learn from seminars and workshops. 3. Escapist --> Includes experiences that enable the participant to be fully immersed in the active participation. Example includes an athlete competing in the Olympics. 4. Aesthetic --> Includes experiences that are similar to the escapist experiences without the active participation. Example includes a spectator at the Olympics.

Why do events fail?

1. Failure to plan 2. External factors 3. Incompetent staff 4. Poor control of costs 5. Lack of income 6. Lack of leadership

What are the Steps of a Successful Construction Project?

1. Feasibility 2. Design 3. Procurement 4. Construction

What 3 countries enjoyed sport for leisure 30,000 years ago?

1. France 2. Africa 3. Australia

What are the big changes since the 1990s?

1. Funding shifts from private to public 2. Increase in demand for suites and luxury seating 3. Rise in sport-specific stadiums

What are the two critical types of insurance? What do they do?

1. General liability insurance 2. Builder's risk insurance Protect the owner during construction against theft of materials on site, fire, and destruction of the constructed building by an Act of God. Also protects the owner from injuries at the site not associated with the actual construction of the project.

Who is experiencing the event?

1. Guests --> Fans --> Other 2. Spectators --> Stakeholders --> Volunteers --> Sponsors --> Media --> Residents --> The Athlete

Common types of goals are to:

1. Increase something 2. Make something 3. Improve something 4. Reduce something 5. Save something 6. Develop something

What are the Five Core Phases of Project Management?

1. Initiation 2. Planning 3. Implementation 4. Monitoring 5. Shutdown

What is the anatomy of an experienced measured in terms of? What do each mean?

1. Intensity --> The strength of the experience. 2. Duration --> The length that the experience stays present for the individual. 3. Memorability --> The ability of an experience to remain an intense and enduring memory. 4. Meaning --> The perception and interpretation of the event elements that make the event significant.

What are some Soft and Hard Cost Issues?

1. It is very hard to determine certain costs, specifically labor expenditures. Subcontractors can be very unreliable and can cause work stoppages and/or delays. 2. To determine costs of the proposed construction, you must do research on the costs and availability of land, building design, building per square foot rates, materials, labor, and utilities. 3. Research includes visiting other facilities. 4. Once pricing of each component is complete and the pro forma presents a profitable project, financing can be acquired.

Themes should convey a story using what kinds of elements?

1. Logos 2. Flags 3. Color schemes 4. Etc.

What are the 5 types of events?

1. Mega event 2. Recurring event 3. Traveling event 4. Ancillary event 5. Community event

What are the trends when renovating facilities?

1. Moving away from "seat 'em and feed 'em" mentality 2. Moving towards seating zones, bars, restaurants, indoor club areas, and standing room only sections 3. Social spaces 4. Connectivity needs (Wifi, interactivity with cell phones, data collection points) 5. Need for eSport facilities, new sports, mega-events 6. In recreation (Moving away from squash, racquetball, toward newer programming)

What are the 3 things to consider when creating a sporting event?

1. Must be memorable and engage fans in a person way. 2. Experiences are highly personal. 3. Experiences are subjective and heterogeneous.

What changes have been made to protect against terrorist attacks?

1. No bags, backpacks near start/finish, or along course, only race issued clear plastic 2. Checkpoints 3. Metal detectors, increased personnel 4. Safety procedures not made public to prevent terrorists from finding loopholes

What were the catalysts for development of other facilities in the modern era?

1. Olympic Games in 1896 2. Boom of intercollegiate athletics in the US 3. Early growth of pro baseball 4. US Football

What are the 5 Phases of Facility Financing?

1. Original Construction (1880s-1910s) 2. Transition to Partial Public (1920s-1950s) 3. Transition to Mostly Public (1960s-1970s) 4. Quiet Period (1980s) 5. Transition to Major Renovations with Public Money (1990s-2000s)

What are the factors of STEEPLE?

1. PEST 2. Environmental 3. Legal 4. Ethical

What are the factors of STEEP?

1. PEST 2. Environmental Factors

What are the leading cities winning the most bids/hosting the most events across the globe?

1. Paris 2. Doha 3. London 4. Moscow 5. Tokyo 6. Budapest 7. Madrid 8. Melbourne 9. Dubai 10. Beijing

What does PEST stand for?

1. Political --> Includes tax law or policy, employment laws, construction regulations, green/environmental policies and regulations, and general political stability. 2. Economics --> Includes the current status of the economy, interest rates, and inflation rates. 3. Social --> Includes the growth of the population trends in job and leisure opportunities, and age distributions. 4. Technological --> Includes automation, technology incentives, and rate of technological change.

What are the 5 strategies to promote celebration and camaraderie for Liminal/Liminoid events?

1. Produce ancillary events --> These events provide useful means to enhance the celebratory atmosphere around the event. 2. Theme widely --> Use multiple interpretations and meanings with symbolic elements layered throughout the event. 3. Enable sociability --> Provide ample opportunities for people to share time, space, and activities. 4. Create event-related social events --> Include social activities and mixers in the lead up to the event. 5. Facilitate informal social opportunities --> Provide opportunities not restricted to the existing venues or formal events.

What is some key information of Austin's Soccer Park?

1. Property was vacant and city-owned 2. Deal between the city and Austin FC 3. Set for completion in April 2021 4. $242 million stadium 5. Limited details have been released about parking and transportation for the arena 6. City of Austin will own the soccer park; Two Oak Ventures (owners of Austin FC) leases land and stadium for $550,000 per year

What are the Four Broad Categories of Risk?

1. Public Liability Caused by Negligence --> Occurs when the facility or event manager fails to provide a reasonably safe environment from individuals to work safe, spectate, or participate in the sporting activity. 2. Public Liability Excluding Negligence --> Occurs when individuals are affected by the practices of the personnel within the facility. 3. Business Operations --> Includes business interruptions, property loss, contractual issues, or employee health. 4. Property Exposures --> Natural disasters, fire, vandalism/terrorism, and theft

What are valuable skills of a Project Manager?

1. Quick thinking 2. Versatility 3. Flexibility 4. Accounting for elements out of control 5. Ability to predict 6. Control risk, limit failure

What happens when uncontrollable occur in single-game sporting events?

1. Rain date 2. Insurance 3. Cancel event --> Lose money from cancelling event

What are the benefits of good risk management?

1. Reduced costs 2. Increased safety of patrons 3. Improved quality of the experience

How do you hire a Design Firm?

1. Reviewing a portfolio of recent designs and projects can build confidence in your chosen firm's ability to deliver the right solutions 2. Pro forma statement will include a design budget...can you afford a firm/what firm can you afford? 3. Designer contracts --> Costs for schematics, design development, contract drawings --> Costs for topographical/geotechnical reports from a civil engineer --> Landscape design (landscaping, parking, walks, retention) --> Mechanical, plumbing, electrical, fire protection drawings --> Details of permits, construction administration --> Details on closeout/final punch list

How do you find THE site?

1. Site must have the ability and capacity to house the building, parking, and open space needed 2. Site's proximity to highways/interstates, airports, trains, other transportation access --> Traffic flow in and out of the site --> At least two opposing directions in and out --> Take into account the surrounding infrastructure and its ability to handle traffic

What are some Software Tools of Project Management?

1. Smartsheet --> A cloud-based tool that allows teams to interface on complex projects in a simple and easy format. 2. Wrike --> A project management tool that enables teams to collaborate the platform. 3. Monday --> A visually driven project management tool that enables teams to simplify how the team works by managing workload in a more visual platform. Requires you to create a board (project) for the team to track workload.

What does SMART stand for in SMART Goals?

1. Specific --> State what you'll do/Use action words. --> Example: "The goal of this year's 3 on 3 tournament is to increase the number of teams signed up." 2. Measurable --> Provide a way to evaluate/Use metrics or data targets. --> Example: "The goal is to make $10,000 to donate to the youth sports leagues in Pennsylvania." 3. Achievable --> Within your scope/Possible to accomplish, attainable. --> Example: NOT "The goal is to make $1,000,000 from a50-team youth soccer tournament." 4. Relevant --> Makes sense within your job function/Improves the business in some way. --> Example: "The goal is to bring awareness to childhood hunger in the city of Wilmington through sport." 5. Time-bound --> State when you'll get it done/Be specific on date/timeframe. --> Example: "The goal is to engage 35% of attendees by in-game social media promotions by the end of the 3rd quarter of the game."

Much of the sport experience is offered by the _____________ through ___________________ ____________________.

1. Sponsor 2. Sponsorship activations

What does SWOT stand for?

1. Strengths --> What you do better than other individuals on the market. What gives you an advantage over others? 2. Weaknesses --> Thinking about what you can improve within your organization. 3. Opportunities --> Involves examining which trends, technological advances, and new prospects you can capitalize on. 4. Threats --> Examines which obstacles you are facing as an organization. Involves assessing what your competition is doing or how that can negatively impact you.

What are the Porter's 5 Forces?

1. Supplier Power --> How easy is it for suppliers to drive up prices? When this is low, there are a higher number of suppliers or the product/service is not very unique. 2. Buyer Power --> How easy is it for the buyers to drive prices down? This is driven by the number of buyers on the market and their power. If there are few powerful buyers, they can often determine the terms. 3. Competitive Rivalry --> What is the number and capability of the competitors in the market? Many competitors with undifferentiated products will reduce the attractiveness on the market. 4. Threat of Substitution --> Are there close substitute products/services on the market? If so, customers may switch to alternatives in response to any price increases. 5. Threat of a New Entry --> Is this market profitable? If so, it can attract new entrants, which erode the profitability.

What components are needed to create a Gantt Chart?

1. Tasks --> Break down the work involved into manageable activities. 2. Timelines --> Set the time scale for each task. Factors to consider are the start and end time and the availability of the assigned resource (both human and financial). 3. Priorities --> Set the order of important items and identify what tasks must be completed prior to the current task starting. 4. Milestones --> Assist in monitoring the event. Tasks that are of particular importance are designated as milestones.

Who is responsible for the Capital Project process?

1. The owner --> Cost, scope, time 2. The facility operations manager --> Time, Scope, cost

What are the two main challenges of project management?

1. The project triple constraint. 2. The proper allocation and assimilation of the inputs (e.g., people, money, time) needed to meet the objectives of the event.

What are the leading countries winning the most bids/hosting the most events across the globe?

1. USA 2. Germany 3. France 4. UK 5. Spain 6. Italy 7. China 8. Japan 9. Australia 10. Russia

What are key aspects to know about Contractors?

1. Wise to choose 3-4 contractors to provide estimates (often goes to lowest bid). 2. Review of pricing proposals can highlight what is needed in terms of options for materials or where/how savings can be made through the process --> Can you spend more on materials that will last longer? Where and how are you going to invest your money? (Durable materials in bathrooms, training areas, pool areas, other high-use, high-traffic areas) 3. Can provide valuable insight to problematic areas during the finalization process

When was the first Olympic games held?

10th or 9th century BC

What are Closed Events?

Confined areas with few points of entry.

In order to be successful, project managers must assess the resources at disposal (______________), the objectives of the event (_______________), and the overall goals of the event (________________).

Cost Scope Time

What is Customer Participation? What is Passive Participation? What is Active Participation?

Customer participation is the way customers participate in the experience. Passive participation mainly involves spectating and the participants have no direct interaction with the athletes involved in the competition, meanwhile, active participation allows the participants to play a direct role in creating the event.

What should you expect with the design process?

Depends on your project - conversion of an existing building or starting from scratch? 1. Existing buildings require less planning but more scrutiny of existing materials/structures --> It can take 8-12 months to produce a set of drawings and obtain permits before construction can even start (Permit standards vary by location and code. Building permits involve local building codes and reviews by local officials at each step.) **Contingency plans must be built into the process to account for possible delays and modifications**

What is a Recurring Event?

Easiest to execute, lots of information (Example: Boston Marathon, University of Delaware home football games). --> Event that happens multiple times

What is a Spectator-led event?

Either derive the revenue directly (e.g., tickets) or indirectly (e.g., sponsorship) from those who are watching the event.

What is Risk Identification?

Evaluation of the environment, structures, and market-place to determine the sources of risk associated with the sport facility or event. --> The key is properly identifying risks through knowledge, experience, and critical thinking --> If you don't have these, the key is to find resources that can provide them to you (Local, state, or national sport organization/Groups who have hosted similar events/NGOs can provide audits)

What is Event Feasibility?

Examines whether or not the event can be executed to the desired level given the available resources.

What are our thoughts on high-priced, signature concessions at sporting events?

Examples: 1. US OPEN HONEY DEUCE COCKTAILS --> Sold over 250,000 Honey Deuce cocktails during the two-week tournament. (Costs $18, get to keep the cup) 18 x 250,000 = $4.5 million 2. KENTUCKY DERBY MINT JULEP --> Sells over 127,000 during Derby weekend. (Costs $15 on Derby day, get to keep the cup) 15 x 127,000 = $1.9 million Signature concessions bring in a lot of revenue at sporting events because people consider it "part of the full experience" to purchase them.

What are Contractors?

Firms that contracts directly with the owner for the construction of a project.

What facility holds Penn Relays? How much was it constructed for in 1895?

Franklin Field for $100,000

What is Theming?

Alteration of the attendee's sense of time and reality through tangible and memorable cues that leave lasting impressions.

How far back do sports date?

As far back as 30,000 years

What is a Gantt Chart?

A bar chart that illustrates the various tasks that must be completed for the event in a time-sequence order.

What are the Operation and Maintenance Manuals (O&M Manuals)?

A collection of documents that contain pertinent information to maintain the building by providing detailed information on the management of the new systems in addition to the maintenance and repair of equipment.

What is a Run Sheet?

A detailed schedule of the sequencing and timing for each element of the event.

What is Domain?

A division of the labor required at an event.

What is a Change Order?

A document used to record an amendment to the original scope of construction work.

What does the bidding process include?

A feasibility study, bid proposal, and submission to the event committee/governing body.

What are Cues?

A feature or element of the event that is perceived and interpreted by the attendee with the intended outcome of a lasting (hopefully positive) impression or memory.

What is Errors & Omissions Insurance?

A form of liability insurance that protects the service-providing companies from claims made by clients for inadequate work or negligent action.

What is Porter's? (As defined in the textbook)

A framework for understanding the competitive forces at work in an industry and allows one to assess industry attractiveness and how future trends will affect competition, which can help the organization position itself for success.

What are some key aspects of Site Selection?

A good site will contributing to attracting future patrons to the sport facility. (VITAL) --> Land + location with potential to produce revenue

What is the Flow Diagram?

A graphical representation as to how attendees will move through the event and venue.

What is LEED Certification? What does LEED stand for?

A green building certification program that recognizes best-in-class building strategies and practices. LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.

What is EYBL?

Basketball tournament (youth) sponsored by Nike --> Title 9 issues because there is no event for women (NCAA) --> Event exposes kids to college coaches

_______________ for and ______________ events is CRUCIAL to project management.

Bidding Planning

What is the breakeven analysis equation?

Breakeven point on limits = Fixed Costs / (Registration Fee - Variable Costs)

Feasibility also helps determine a _____________ of both ______________ and ______________ costs.

Budget Direct Indirect

What is a Pervious Material? What are Impervious Surfaces?

A material that allows water to soak naturally into the ground. An impervious surface is one that prevents precipitation from naturally soaking into the ground, causing water to run rapidly into storm drains, sewer systems, and drainage ditches; an example would be cement pavement.

What is Risk Retention?

A method of managing risk in which the organization does not employ any risk management strategies. The likelihood of occurrences are extremely low and/or one of the treatment strategies would compromise the objectives of the event.

What is Risk Avoidance?

A method of managing risk that involves discontinuing the component of the activity considered to be a risk. This strategy is used when the likelihood of injury is high and happens fairly frequently.

What is Risk Reduction Through Proactive Measures?

A method of managing risk that involves establishing a series of controls to reduce either the likelihood of occurrence or the consequences associated with the risk. One method of control is to establish a set of standardized practices for employees and volunteers to follow, or a standard operating procedure (SOP) manual.

What is Risk Treatment? What are the 5 common strategies facility and event owners use in respect to risk treatment?

A method of managing risk that involves minimizing the impact and/or occurrence of the risk. The 5 common strategies are: 1. Avoidance 2. Acceptance and financing 3. Reduction through proactive measures 4. Transfer 5. Retention

What is Risk Transfer?

A method of managing risk that involves moving the risk to another entity. There are two commonly used methods to transfer risk: 1. Insurance 2. Waiver of liability

What is Risk Acceptance?

A method of managing risk that involves preparing for the risk through budgeting, deductibles, or self-insurance. When accepting the risk, the sport manager is assuming the risk and potential need to pay small settlements, as in the case of injury or repairs if fans or participants damage equipment.

What are the differences between mission and vision statements?

A mission statement defines what an organization is currently doing, while a vision statement is the ultimate goal of what an organization would like to accomplish. --> The vision is what people will do in order to achieve the mission --> The mission is the why; the vision is the what/how

What is a Stakeholder?

A person or entity that has a vested interest in the event.

What is the Checklist?

A preventive control tool that ensures that each individual is performing all tasks essential for the success of the event.

What is Risk Evaluation?

A process of determining the acceptability of the risk through a cost-benefit analysis. --> Cost-benefit analysis helps to evaluate the mission and vision of the organization.

What are Capital Projects? What are the two important key elements?

A project that maintains or improves upon an asset, like a sport facility. The key elements are controlling costs and keeping the project on schedule.

What are Geotechnical Reports?

A report of the soil conditions that dictate what materials are necessary to support the foundation for the proposed building as well as provisions for drainage of surface and runoff water that can affect the drying time of certain materials.

What is Risk Management?

A sound framework to minimize the potential and severity of the risk. The identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk.

What are Communitas?

A special place where event attendees share a heightened sense of community and belonging.

What is a Pro forma statement?

A statement summarizing the projected future status of a company used as the foundation for financial planning for organization of a project. --> Can help managers evaluate new ventures or initiatives

What are Topographical Reports?

A survey of the land that identifies any existing buildings, site surface evaluations, and availability of electrical, sewer, water, and gas services. Shows lot corners, existing buildings, surface evaluations, floor evaluations, manholes, storm pipes, utility poles, fire hydrants, trees, other important objects. --> Availability of resources (electrical, sewer, water, gas) is crucial.

What is an Audit?

A systematic critical examination of the facility or event to identify key risks or safety issues.

What is a Project?

A temporary and one-time venture undertaken to create a unique product with specific outcomes and benefits.

What is a Mission Statement?

Guides the actions of the event, spells out its overall goal, provides a path, and guides all decision-making processes. It provides a framework or context within which the event's strategies are formulated. In short: A statement of purpose. Example: US Open Series Mission Statement--> "To promote and develop the growth of tennis."

What is Risk Analysis? What two questions are asked to categorize risk?

Categorization of the levels of risks based on the severity and likelihood of occurrence. The two questions asked are: 1. How likely is the risk to occur? 2. What are the consequences associated with the risk?

What is the jewel box design? Name two facilities that have this design.

Characterized by the two-tier grandstand; steel, wood, or concrete support beams left exposed and incorporated into the design; seats that are traditionally green; and an unconventionally shaped outfield. Fenway Park and Wrigley Field.

What are Referendums?

Citizens are challenging the use of public funds for professional sport facilities by voting down referendums to increase taxes.

What is Absorption? What is Immersion?

Absorption anchors one end of the connection spectrum and describes how participants "drink in" the event around them. The participant sitting in the stands watching the basketball game absorbs the action unfolding on the court. At the other end of the spectrum lies immersion, which involves a drowning of the senses. The participant is completely immersed in the sights, sounds, and smells infused into the environment. A spectator would be immersed at the same basketball game if he or she were invited onto the court to participate in leading the team into the arena.

Give examples of Human Risk, Facility Risk, and Environmental Risk.

Human Risk: Sport Participation, Spectators, Terrorism, Athlete Protection, Management Activities & Controls, Employment & Training Facility Risk: Accreditation, Facility/Equipment/Property, Storage, Transportation, Safety/Security Environmental Risk: Legal Issues, Economic Circumstances, Political Circumstances, Loss Prevention, Weather

Define "Experience".

In the sport event industry, the meaning attached to the event through the perception of the competition, atmosphere, social interactions, food, and entertainment, among other factors.

What are "Acts of God"?

Include extreme weather (e.g., hurricanes, devastating storms, heavy snow/blizzards), and earthquakes.

What events were included in the early Olympics?

Included the discus and javelin throws, a foot race, and long jump.

What are Soft Costs?

Indirect Costs, or, not directly related to physical construction --> Commonly occur prior to the project Examples: Legal fees, permits, real estate commissions, real estate fees, financing fees, insurance, loans, design plan fees, equipment rental fees/deposits

What is considered the oldest sport in the United States?

Lacrosse

What is Run 4 the Roses WBB?

Largest youth basketball event in history under one roof --> 900 teams at $600 per team = $540,000 --> 500 college coaches at $750 per coach packet = $375,000 --> 15,000 spectators at $50 entry fee = $750,000 --> Total = $1.67 million in one weekend + parking + concessions Costs = expo center rental, court rental, referees, scoreboard rental, staff (security, athletic trainers, etc.)

Which stadium is the only stadium that has hosted 2 Olympic games?

Los Angeles Coliseum

What were games used for?

Military training

What is a Mega Event?

Most complicated, often international, easily identifiable, take years of planning (Examples: Olympic Games, World Cup). --> A BIG event

What stadium is the only stadium in the world constructed with white marble?

Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, Greece

_______________ are the reason for the event; it is not staged only for the spectator.

Participants

What is a Bid?

Represent a collection of interests and skills (aka federations, authorities, partners) that are focused on the single objective of winning (aka- hosting an event).

Who is Bridget Waldron and what is her profession?

She is the guest speaker that came to our class. --> Game Operations + Special Events Manager for Philadelphia Union Responsibilities: 1. Game day operations 2. Staffing 3. Game presentation 4. Broadcast 5. Safety + security 6. Kickoff happens on time 7. Liaison between club + league 8. Lead for all marketing events 9. Script of game --> Make sure sponsors are included --> All activations are done 10. Timelines 11. Pregame/halftime activations 12. Parachute drop with gift cards or other items 13. Bethlehem Steele --> Union's USC affiliate *Event day employee for Eagles

What are SMART Goals?

Statements of the important results you are working to accomplish. Designed in a way to foster clear and mutual understanding of what constitutes expected levels of performance and successful professional development.

What is important to remember when conducting a SWOT analysis?

Strengths and weaknesses are internal to an organization, while opportunities and threats are external to the organization.

What is Subjective? What is Heterogeneous? What do these terms have to do within sport management?

Subjective is a unique and personal venture undertaken by an individual, who attaches his or her own meaning. Heterogeneous relates to perceptions of an experience that are widely dissimilar. Experiences of sporting events are both subjective and heterogeneous, meaning, people can be at the same event and have two very different experiences (subjective) and people may have different ideas of what they want the experience to be (heterogeneous).

What is Memorabilia?

Tangible goods that support theme cues and that are available for purchase or as free takeaways.

Bids often explain the _________________________ and ____________________________ most suited for the event.

Target Market Consumer Profile

Sports events, as well as the bidding process, are often funded by _____________ dollars.

Taxpayer

What is Silt Fencing?

Temporary fencing used to keep any debris from passing fro the site to any areas beyond the construction zone.

What is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

The U.S. federal agency responsible for protecting the environment and human health as it relates to the environment.

What does "cost" constraint refer to?

The amount of money budgeted to complete the project.

What does "time" constraint refer to?

The amount of time allotted to complete the project.

What does the "scope" of a project include?

Project Outputs

What is Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)?

Project tasks broken down into manageable parts. Allows the numerous tasks to be aggregated under specific categories in order to better manage the large scope of work. Example: The task related specifically to the marketing plan would be grouped and presented on the WBS as "Marketing".

What is Statutory Regulations?

When national or local government imposes new legislation.

What were the common sports at the beginning of history?

Wrestling, running, swimming, and archery.

Who is most commonly forgotten when considering event experience?

The athletes

What is the benefit of the Gantt chart and what is the limitation?

The benefit is that the tasks are displayed interdependently. The limitation is the inability to visually track resource (staff) workload.

What is the "arms race"?

The competition among sport organizations to have the best facilities, resources revenue-generating amenities, and other event features to ensure an advantage in the marketplace.

What is Experience Economy?

The consumer's reaction to an event beyond the goods or services of the event alone.

What is Risk Monitoring?

The continuous assessment of the risk associated with facilities and events, as well as the management strategies to reduce those risks.

What are Monitoring and Control Systems? What are the three operating modes?

The controls that are implemented to ensure that performance standards are achieved as the sport event is executed. 1. Measuring --> Determines progress through formal and informal reporting. 2. Evaluating --> Determines the cause of deviations from the plan and how to react. 3. Correcting --> Involves taking actions to correct the deviations from the plan.

What is the Project Triple Constraint?

The cost, time, and scope constraints that impact the final quality of an event.

What is Project Management?

The dynamic process of organizing and managing appropriate resources in a controlled and structured manner to deliver the clearly defined work required to complete a project within the given scope, time, and often, cost constraints. In short: It is the planning and controlling of scarce resources to ensure a successful event.

What is a Feasibility Study or Feasibility Analysis?

The evaluation of a proposed project or system focused upon its technical and financial viability.

What is Marketing Domain?

The event management domain composed of the event's marketing plan, marketing materials, merchandize, promotions, public relations, sales, and sponsorship.

What is Operations Domain?

The event management domain that consists of communications, event infrastructure, logistics, the venue, technical needs, participants, and attendees.

What is Risk Domain?

The event management domain that consists of compliance issues, emergency plans, health and safety plans, insurance needs, legal concerns, security needs, and any risk-related decisions.

What is Design Domain?

The event management domain that contains the event's content, theme, program, environment, and production, entertainment, and catering needs.

What is Administration Domain?

The event management domain that includes the finance, human resources, information, procurement, stakeholders, systems, and time elements of an event.

In the Five Core Phases of Project Management, what is the Implementation Phase?

The execution of the event plans. This stage is marked by high activity and requires strong, effective communication among the event team members. Monitoring and control systems are implemented here.

In the Five Core Phases of Project Management, what is the Closure/Shutdown Phase?

The final stage of event planning to ensure that nothing is lost, equipment is returned properly, and the flow of those involved occurs seamlessly. This is the most forgotten element of the project.

What is co-creation?

The interaction between the event and the attendee to create value together and it is a design tool that provides additional value to an event by allowing the attendee high-quality interactions with the event. The goal of co-creation is to move the attendee from passive-absorbed participant to active-immersed participant within the four realms of experience.

What are Participant-led events? What is an example?

The majority of the revenue is generated from those who are participating in the event. A 5K race would be an example.

What is Fiscal Policy?

The national government modifies or enacts policy changes on taxation and other financial measures, such as choosing to abandon a government-funded event.

Who is the Construction Manager?

The owner's agent. This means that he or she will provide direction to the contractor and will ensure compliance with the contract, timelines, quality, and costs.

Who is the Owner?

The party, whether public or private, responsible for getting the project financed, designed, and built.

What is Waste Diversion?

The prevention/reduction of generated waste through recycling, reuse, or composting.

In the Five Core Phases of Project Management, what is the Planning Phase?

The proactive and dynamic stage in event planning in which the various suggested options suggestion in the initiation phase are reviewed for the best course of action and preparation of the event.

What is Risk?

The probability that a hazard will lead to a loss. The term implies that there are varying degrees of both hazards and losses.

What does a risk matrix do?

The risk matrix gives us a visual representation of what could happen, how serious the incident could be, and the frequency of a potential occurrence.

In the Five Core Phases of Project Management, what is the Initiation Phase?

The stage in event planning that allows sport event organizers to define the event, set objectives, and determine the sport event's feasibility.

What are Project Outputs?

The transformation of resources (human, financial, physical) into new assets through a defined deliverable.

What is Feasibility? How do you determine feasibility?

To determine realistic and practical solutions. For capital projects, it is to determine need, achievability of funding for construction, and viability of the project for future use. To determine feasibility, you use SWOT analyses, PEST analyses, and Porters 5 Forces.

What is Budgeting?

Weighing the proposed expenses against projected revenue to determine feasibility of a profitable sporting facility. (Preliminary estimates are difficult) **Must include all estimated costs (both fixed and variable)**

Who are interested in the business development through the event experience?

Sponsors and vendors

What is an Ancillary Event?

Occur in conjunction with other events, can provide additional revenue (Examples: Fan Fest, 4Kay).

Who do you need to consider when considering one's experience at a sport event?

Sport event design is meant for the guests (usually considered to be the fans and other spectators), but there are a number of other stakeholders to consider (e.g., volunteers, sponsors, media, residents near the venue, and the athlete).

What relation do sports have to religion?

Sports were used to honor religious gods or leaders.

What is a Floor Plan?

An illustration of where equipment or items are to be placed within the event venue.

What is United States Green Building Council (USGBC)?

An organization that promotes Green Building through Leadership in Energy & Environmental Designs (LEED) certifications.

Which MLB facility is the oldest one still in use today?

Fenway Park (1912) Home of the Boston Red Sox

What are potential revenue streams for a facility?

**Varies by facility** 1. Monthly rental fees from teams 2. Entertainment rentals 3. Concessions and merchandise sales 4. Fairs, shows, conventions 5. Venue tours

What is a Liminoid Zone? What two key elements do these events require?

A zone within an unsecured, secular event that creates meaning that transcends the person and creates meaning outside of normal everyday life. The key elements are: 1. A sense of celebration 2. Social camaraderie

What is a Specific Experience?

An expectation or belief that one holds about an event. Different stakeholders will all have varied, but also specific expectations at the same sport event.

What are Variable Costs?

An expense that changes based on volume of business activity and include labor, cost of goods sold, materials, etc.

What is a Generic Experience?

An experience that is commonly found at every event. They relate more to the individual's state of mind and expectations for the event than the event's theme, concept, or setting.

What is the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Chart?

An illustration of the tasks, duration, and dependency information, which can be useful in defining the critical path (An analysis of the most efficient scheduling of tasks and subtasks) for the project.

Who creates the bid?

Convention and Visitor's Bureaus, Sports Commissions, campuses, athletics departments, rec centers, community centers, parks, etc. (again, depending on the event) --> Organizing committees creates bid --> Must understand SWAT

What is a Traveling Event?

Different location but occurring on regular basis, challenges due to variation (Examples: NCAA Final Four, Ironman).

What are Hard Costs?

Direct costs specifically related to the construction of the project. Costs also directly affect the decisions made by the contractor and design team. --> Close supervision of the hard costs of the process is vital to maintain. Examples: Land cost, labor, materials, equipment, basic building services, mechanical and electrical services

What are change orders?

Documents recording amendments to original scope of construction.

What are Fixed Costs?

Expenses that do not change as a function of business activity, such as rent, operations, advertising, insurance, etc.

___________________ activations give the sponsor an avenue to engage and interact with the consumer by creating a meaningful experience associated with the sporting event.

Experience

What are internal factors?

Factors that are likely to affect the staff and project day to day and are within the sport manager's scope of control.

What are key aspects for Insurance?

Necessary for the building process. --> Design firms are required to have E&O insurance (errors and omissions) which guarantees architecture and engineering of the building in case of a colossal issue or collapse --> Ensures there is no liability to the owner before, during, and after construction --> Once the site is purchased, the owner must purchase general liability and builder's risk insurance --> Protect against theft of materials, fire, and destruction by and act of God

Superior experiences are the result of _____________________________ _________________.

Positive game outcomes.

What is Capital Funding?

Preparing Budgets to estimate the costs to maintain the venue.

Are game guarantees a good or bad idea?

Probably worth it --> The other team can also surprise you and win --> Teams paying other teams to come play them because they think they know they can win

What is a Community Event?

Smaller in scale, appeal to a region, limited resources, planning required (Example: YMCA indoor triathlon).