SSCI 316: Final Study Guide

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? As discussed in chapter 4, what were some of the provisions?

- 1853 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - ceding what is roughly Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, California to the US. - Persons of Mexican descent could chose to either remain citizens of Mexico by moving into Mexican territory (and giving up any land rights) or could stay in the newly acquired areas and become US citizens (and they were guaranteed property rights, language, culture). - Those who stayed became a conquered, colonized group.

What happened when African American men received the right to vote when the 15th Amendment passed in 1870? How did elite whites in the south respond to this?

- 1870 - 15th Amendment passed, giving African American men (all women are denied the right to vote until 1920) the right to vote. - Many African American men not only voted, but they ran for and received positions of authority (not at all to the liking of the majority group). - Government funding for the Freedmen's Bureau ended in 1872. - By 1880s, US government no longer in the south upholding legal changes.

What was the Supreme Court decision of Plessy v. Ferguson? How did it have a long term impact on the lives of African Americans?

- 1896 - Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme court ruled that trains could have separate cars for blacks and whites as long as they were equal. - Allowed not just separate train cars, but hospitals, recreation, housing, etc that was separate, but NOT equal.

How have the economic differences between the US and Mexico impacted immigration from Mexico into the US?

- 1st contact with US was largely colonization, conquered (in some southwestern states some immigration if the groups retained political, economic capital). - This early colonization identification still impacts perception of new immigrants from Mexico. - Many factors impact immigration (legal and illegal) into US: conditions in Mexico; US demand for low or unskilled labor; global changes; changes in US immigration policy.

What three groups have had a particularly difficult time assimilation to US culture? Why?

- African Americans (labor) - Native Americans (land) - Hispanic / Mexican Americans (labor and land)

What is racial profiling?

- As compared to whites, African Americans are disproportionately targeted to be policed, stopped, frisked, questioned, followed. - One result has been distrust, resentment from the African American community.

What does 'Californios' refer to? What eventually happened to this group?

- At first relationships between Anglos and Californios (originally of Mexican heritage) were cordial; might have become a multi-lingual / multi-cultural state. - With the gold rush, numerous Anglos came from the east; Californios lost power. - Through legal, semi-legal and non-legal means most of the land originally owned by Californios came to be owned by Anglos; thus creating the Californios as a colonized / conquered group.

What is significant about Brown v Board of Education? Why was the first name on the case Linda Brown's father, Oliver Brown? What was the outcome of this Supreme Court Case? Did it immediately reverse all instances of separate, but not so equal in all of the US?

- Began as 5 separate court cases, were consolidated by Supreme Court (therefore both Ruby and Linda were represented. - Oliver Brown's name was put first on list (felt having a man first, increased their chances). - Essentially reversed the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision that said 'separate but equal'. - The culmination of decades planning by NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). - Objective: attack Jim Crow by identifying situations where the civil rights of African Americans had been violated; bring suit against that agency. - Goal: Supreme Court declares segregation unconstitutional in that case and all similar cases. - Though the movement did speak for individual cases, it's purpose was not necessarily the Civil Rights of those individuals, but was aimed at the agencies, institutions that were discriminating.

What was the factor that most contributed to African American trade school graduates not getting employment as fast as white graduates of the same school?

- Black and white trade school graduates were compared. - Overall, the white graduates found jobs sooner, had more promotions, made more money, not as likely to be unemployed. - Careful analysis found that the difference was not due to training or personality differences. - The primary issue was not 'what' you know, but 'who' you know (very different networks).4

As discussed in chapter 4, how did Blauner describe 2 ways of creating minority groups? Which is more problematic at the time of contact and after

- Colonization. -- Created when the majority group can conquer the other group or colonize the other group. -- The minority group's culture is defined as inferior, individuals in the minority group are put in positions that allow little, if any upward advancement. -- It is especially useful if the minority group can be identified easily (visual markers that allow for maintaining and reinforcing the oppressive system). - Immigration. -- Created through a more or less voluntary movement of one group into the territory of the other group. -- These initial positions are not as inferior as the colonized. -- They frequently have sufficient resources and internal organization to counter attempts to conquer / colonize them. -- Boundaries between groups is not as rigid. -- Allows for greater acceptance in new society. -- If the new group is considered to be racially (physically) and or culturally similar, acceptance is even easier.

What is globalization?

- Different parts of the world are more interconnected now than they have ever been. -Ttrade, commerce, improvements in transportation and communication.

What is machismo?

- Has both negative and positive aspects; however majority society emphasizes negative. - Value system incorporating: men's dominance, honor, virility and violence. - Includes being a respected father, a good provider.

Did the institution of slavery, as it existed just prior to the Civil War initially emerge as a full institution? What happened?

- It's important to recognize that the institution of slavery, as it existed prior to the Civil War developed gradually and became more and more institutionalized.

Is it correct to say that Hispanic / Mexican Americans have a 'culture of poverty'? Why not?

- Mistaken idea that 'problems' associated with Mexican American community originates with an unhealthy value system (weak work ethic, fatalism, etc). - Though there are some differences in values between Mexican Americans and majority US, many values are actually quite similar (Hispanic Americans have greater support for 'working hard to get ahead'). - This culture of poverty concept has also been applied to African Americans. - African Americans considered to be too matriarchal / Hispanic Americans considered to be too patriarchal.

What is the urban underclass?

- Poor African Americans have remained in the urban areas which have had a huge decline in manufacturing jobs. - The few manufacturing jobs left have moved to suburbs or the 'Sunbelt' or out of the country. - Urban underclass: African Americans and other minority status groups that are marginalized and separated from mainstream society.

How did changes in immigration policy in 1965 impact immigration from Mexico into the US?

- Replaced racist 1924 policy that drastically reduced immigrants from coming into US. - Opened up immigration for close family members of people already US citizens. - Increased immigration from Mexico as immigrants gained citizenship, which allowed relatives in Mexico to immigrate.

How did the police and groups such as the Ku Klux Klan react to nonviolent direct action?

- Response to these nonviolent direct actions was violence by police as well as groups like the KKK.

What was new about the riots of the 1960s?

- Riots began in 1965 in Watts, Los Angeles and spread throughout US cities. - Though racial riots were not new, but the new riots were more likely to be African Americans rather than whites as aggressors. — In particular white owned businesses in African American neighborhoods were targeted.

What is de jure segregation? How did it originate?

- Separation of groups backed up by local and state laws. The origins of de jure segregation: - Though slavery was declared illegal, the southern elite (and others) found ways to continue the subjugation of African Americans.

Did the Civil Rights Movement consist of one, single event? What was included?

- Series of attempts to end legalized segregation, help with huge inequalities faced by African Americans. - Included: protests, demonstrations, lawsuits, courtroom battles.

What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965? Which group benefited the most from it?

- The same standards are to be used to register all citizens to vote (federal, state and local elections). - Banned literacy tests, whites only primaries, etc. - Especially helped Southern African Americans to vote.

Has the 'war on drugs' been waged equally in the black community and the white community? Why?

- War on drugs began late 1980s - in the chart below African Americans and whites have not been incarcerated at the same rates (spike for African Americans begins with war on drugs). - Much of this is due to laws about cocaine. - 2 forms of cocaine (powder, more expensive to make, used by upper class whites) and crack (less expensive to make, used in low income African American community). - Both forms are addictive, but initially it was said that crack was more addictive. — This was the reason used to make stiffer penalties for crack cocaine (as opposed to powder cocaine). - Until 2010 the federal government required a minimum for possession of cocaine (5 years). - The minimum for crack was 5 grams. - The minimum for powder was 500 grams. - Many more African Americans than whites were arrested, incarcerated, have prison records. - In some states a person with a felony cannot vote. - Though there is no statistical difference is marijuana use, African Americans are 3.5 times more likely to be arrested.

What happened in Jamestown in 1619? Why were the individuals from Africa traded as indentured servants?

1st recorded instance of persons of African descent in the New World: - August of 1619 a Dutch ship landed at Jamestown; they needed provisions and offered to trade their 'cargo' for food, water. - The 'cargo' was about 20 persons from Africa, probably meant for the slave trade. - At this time, Britain (and so, the US) did not practice slavery. - However the 'cargo' was accepted and was most likely brought in as indentured servants. - As with other indentured servants, when their contracts were fulfilled, they were freed and received land (Jamestown was founded as a means of making money for the British crown; therefore farming land for cash crops was encouraged). - It's important to recognize that the institution of slavery, as it existed prior to the Civil War developed gradually and became more and more institutionalized.

Be able to identify and apply the concepts of extractive occupations; manufacturing occupations and service occupations.

3 types of occupations: - Extractive (primary) occupations. - Produce raw materials (extract from the environment). - Including raw lumber, mining, food. - These jobs tend to be unskilled manual labor; not need much formal education, are low paying. - Manufacturing (secondary) occupations. - The raw materials extracted above are made into finished products to sell on the marketplace. - Blue collar jobs: manual labor, but somewhat more education needed. - Example: assembly line jobs. - Service (tertiary) occupations. - Do not produce 'things' but provide services. - Examples: police officer, clerk, teacher, doctor, nurse, waitress, cabdriver.

What is the dual labor market?

A dual labor market: - Primary labor market: pay better, higher status, allow for upward mobility, more security. - Often require college degrees for entry level jobs (that could be done without a college degree). - Secondary labor market (also called the competitive market). - College degrees not required. - These jobs are low status, low pay, low skilled, not secure, do not offer benefits. - Minority status individuals are more likely to be in the secondary labor market, largely due to lack of educational opportunities.

According to the World Bank, what is the rate of poverty in Mexico?

About half of the Mexican population lives in poverty.

According to the designer of the Confederate Flag (William Thompson) what does it stand for?

According to William T. Thompson, designer of the Confederate Flag: "As a people we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored race." "As a national emblem, it (the Confederate flag) is significant of our higher cause, the cause of a superior race."

What are the 4 conditions necessary to decrease prejudice according to contact hypothesis?

According to contact hypothesis - to decrease prejudice need: 1. Equal status between groups (including resources and prestige). 2. Goals shared in common by all. 3. Cooperation and meaningful interaction between groups without threat or competition 4. support from authority, law, custom.

How did the prosperity of the 1950s into the 1960s impact the Civil Rights Movement?

An era of prosperity: - The 1950s into the 1960s was a prosperous time for the US. - This prosperity reduced the intensity of intergroup competition (especially in the north; not so much in the south). - When times are prosperous, reduced resistance to change. - Overall, minority groups are not as likely to be considered a threat.

Why were assimilation goals more accepted during the Civil Rights Movement?

Assimilation goals: - The goals of the Civil Rights Movement were seen to be appropriate and reflective of US values (liberty, equality, freedom, fair treatment) by many (mostly northern whites / not so much by the south).

What happened in Charlottesville, Virginia in August of 2017?

August, 2017: Charlottesville, Virginia - several white nationalist (WN) groups came together for a 'Unite the Right' rally and clashed with anti-WN groups. - Eozens were injured; 3 died including Heather Heyer, who was killed by a car driven by white supremist, James Alex Fields Jr. - According to the major of Charlottesville, the Virginia Secretary of Public Safety, the Attorney General and the FBI it was domestic terrorism.

What was Operation Wetback? Did it accomplish what it intended?

Began in 1950s. - Intended to repatriate illegal immigrants from Mexico. - In actual practice, the civil rights of many US citizens were violated. - Partly why there is such a high degree of distrust in Mexican American community for US officials. - Example: though many people complain that illegal immigrants from Mexico are abusing US health care, etc that is not so; more often even legal residents avoid US government and don't use many services that would be entitled to.

What subsistence technology was the US when first founded?

Beginnings of what would become the US - agrarian subsistence technology: 1st change - to industrialization in late 1800s. 2nd change - postindustrial/deindustrialization. - Manufacturing sector is reduced; thus secure, living wage, blue collar, manual labor jobs are reduced - Increase in service/information processing based jobs.

How can we apply the Blauner hypothesis to Native Americans?

Blauner - Native Americans became a conquered, colonized group. - Degree of prejudice, racism starts out very problematic, remains problematic.

How can we apply the Blauner hypothesis to Mexican Americans?

Blauner hypothesis: - The contact situation was overall colonization. - Mexican Americans had their culture, language, status and property rights reduced. - Since Mexico is geographically close, Mexican Americans were able to renew their culture, language.

Who were Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey? What did each propose?

Booker T. Washington: - Born in slavery. - Founded, was president of the Tuskegee Institute. - Proposed African Americans be patient, accommodate the Jim Crow system (therefore favored by many whites). - However, he also privately worked on integration, end of discrimination. W.E.B. Du Bois (opposed Booker T. Washington): - Born in north, exceptional education for that time (in general and for African Americans). - Had at least on Ph.D. - sociology. - Along with white liberals founded NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). - 1909 rejected accommodationist stance of Booker T. Washington. - Wanted direct, immediate attack on racial inequality. - Primary goal of NAACP - to challenge de jure segregation. - Many of the cases were taken not so much for the sake of individuals, but to help all African Americans overthrow institutional discrimination. Though Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois differed on tactics, they agreed on the need to reduce discrimination. Marcus Garvey - born in Jamaica; migrated to US during WWI. - Felt that white US society was hopelessly racist; therefore advocated separation, including African Americans returning to Africa.

What is bureaucracy?

Bureaucracy and rationality: - Bureaucracy: formal organizations that are large scale, impersonal. - Run (supposedly) by rules and regulations. - Are therefore rational (being efficient about getting things done) and objective. - The rationality / objectivity helped reduce blatant racism, allow some improvement in opportunities.

What impact did the gold rush of 1849 have on what would become the state of California?

California: - 1849 - gold found in California, precipitating an influx of US citizens (Anglos) from the east. - At first relationships between Anglos and Californios (originally of Mexican heritage) were cordial; might have become a multi-lingual / multi-cultural state - with the gold rush, numerous Anglos came from the east; Californios lost power. - Through legal, semi-legal and non-legal means most of the land originally owned by Californios came to be owned by Anglos; thus creating the Californios as a colonized / conquered group.

How did a changing subsistence technology help the Civil Rights Movement?

Changing subsistence technology: - The rigid competitive system of Jim Crow is not enforceable when population industrializes and moves to urban areas.

Chapter 3, 4

Chapter 3, 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

As discussed in chapter 7, be able to compare and contrast Native Americans, African Americans and Hispanic Americans.

Chicanismo: ideology that was behind activism, militancy of 60s (similar to Black Power, Red Power). - Chicanismo & Black Power similarities: grew out of impatience with ongoing prejudice, discrimination, unequal status; rejected negative stereotypes, but promoted sense of pride in own group (but not 'my group is better than your group'). - Move away from continued trying to assimilate; rather develop pride in own group. Chicanos - term adopted in 60s. - Had initially been a negative term. - As with Negro becoming Black; Indian becoming Native American, then First Peoples; indicates a self-image. - Self image that emphasizes positive aspects - and these names were self-given, not imposed by dominant group. Chicano women (Latinas) very involved also - similar to African American, etc women dealt with racism and sexism.

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination on grounds of: race, color, religion, national origin or gender. - Applied to publicly owned places such as swimming pools, parks, businesses and other facilities open to the public (and any programs receiving federal aid).

What were the 'Black Codes'? How did the help with the labor shortage in the south after the Civil War?

Control of black labor: - War ends, leaving elite with problems. - Lacking funds , resources — a lot of land to farm (mostly cotton), is labor intensive. - Not only had slaves been doing most of the labor, they also knew the most about the process of growing cotton; with no slaves, this information is not available. - 'Black Codes' enacted - allowing law enforcement to incarcerate African Americans, especially men. - These men could then be 'rented out' as 'convict labor'.

What are the 3 waves of immigration from Cuba to the US? How do they differ from each other and other immigrant groups?

Cuba - 3 waves: elite, middle class, less than middle class. - Elite: escaping Castro, Communism, openly accepted - had values that fit in more with US middle class (partly due to education). - 2nd group: not as accepted (lower SES, not as educated). - 3rd group: not accepted (even lower education, SES).

What is de facto segregation? How voluntary is it?

De facto segregation : - Inequality, segregation that appears to be voluntary by both African Americans and whites, but isn't. - This de facto (by tradition) segregation results from government and quasi government agencies (real estate boards, school boards, zoning boards). - In the north racial discrimination wasn't as overt but existed (labor unions, employers, white ethnic groups, etc). - African Americans have dealt with greater poverty, higher unemployment, lower quality housing, inadequate schools. - African Americans expressed concerns with above through urban unrest and the Black Power movement.

Understand figure 4.3.

Ethnocentrism, Competition, Differential in power --> Inequality and institutionalized discrimination <--> Prejudice and racism

Why have some white nationalist groups dropped the use of the swastika and begun using the rune, odal?

Examples of the Nordic rune, Odal. It symbolizes kinship, family and blood unity. These ideas were important to the Nazi ideology of a 'pure race'. Two divisions of the Nazi SS used this symbol during WWII.

In general, how does majority US society differ from Mexican American society regarding family and individualism?

Family - tends to be more important for Mexican Americans than Anglo Americans. - Family provides support when life is difficult, but can get in the way of Anglo values of individualism (example: moving away from family for educational, employment opportunities).

Why did African American couples seek to get married after the Civil War?

Gender and race: - Since legal recognition of their marriages was not allowed under slavery, many couples sought to get married to legitimate their families. - Overall African American women have worked outside of the home more than white women. - African American men and women have largely been employed in agriculture and domestic work.

What were gender relations like for Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans?

Gender relations: - As with other aspects of life, Native Americans differed substantially in gender relations / roles. - Contact with Europeans frequently created tensions; European society was very patriarchal at this time. - Some Native American groups, such as the Iroquois were more matrilineal (kin reckoned on mom's side), matrilocal (new couple lives with her family).

Which minority status group is the largest in the US today? Where is this group most likely to be found? Is it growing?

Hispanic Americans - largest minority group (16.6 % of total US population) and is growing. - Mostly in west and south of US, but growing throughout the US. - Some Hispanic American groups have been in North America before Jamestown. - Hispanic: from areas colonized by Spain. - Hispanic groups share a language (but with different dialects) and some cultural attributes. - But do not identify as one group.

Where would enclave minority groups and middleman minority groups be along the continuum between immigration and colonization?

In the middle.

How did this prosperity impact the African American community in particular?

Increasing resources in the African American community: - The prosperity also increased the economic and political resources of African Americans- interconnected African American controlled organizations and institutions emerged (example: churches, colleges).

In what subsistence technology does a paternalistic control of labor work best? What are the characteristics of that subsistence technology that allow it to work well?

Industrialization and the shift from paternalistic to rigid competitive relations. - Paternalism (which worked within an agricultural subsistence technology that was labor intensive and used a large, involuntary, geographically immobile labor force) would no longer work in industrialization. - Industrialization required a geographically and socially mobile, somewhat skilled, literate workforce. - As a result labor moved to cities, where the tight paternalistic control of an agrarian community would no work. - Paternalism replaced by a rigid competitive system (focusing on eliminating threats and defending the privileges of dominant group). - The lesser status dominant group members want to minimize or eliminate minority competition over jobs, housing, etc. - The goal of this system: African American population that is impoverished, little power. - Minority group is therefore mostly excluded and unable to compete for scarce resources such as jobs, housing.

What is the Jim Crow system? When was it?

Jim Crow system: rigid competitive system - from 1880s to 1960s. - Minority group is physically and socially separated (neighborhoods, jobs, stores, schools, restaurants, recreational areas, cemeteries, hospitals).

What were the labor supply problems that lead to the institution of slavery in the US?

Labor supply problems: - Though animals are now used as an energy source in agricultural subsistence technology, human labor is also needed for some tasks. - In particular, the crops grown on plantations in the south, were labor intensive (rice, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco). - Though draft animals can pull ploughs, etc, hands with opposable thumbs are needed for other tasks. - The 1st colonists brought labor with them - indentured servants (contract laborers). --Most were offered ship passage and or payment of a debt for so many years of labor. - Initially this system seemed to be working. - Over time, many of the indentured servants died before fulfilling their contracts and word traveled back to Britain that going to the New World had many problems; fewer indentured servants came over. - There were attempts to enslave Native Americans, but, overall, that didn't work out well. -- Unlike slaves from Africa, they knew the layout of the land, which made escaping easier; once escaped they could easily fit into another Native American community. - At this time, as a colony of Britain, we were not slave owners. - However, thought Britain was not yet in the slave trade, the Spaniards and Portuguese were bringing slaves into other parts of the new world.

How did the Great Migration impact white ethnic groups in northern cities?

Life in the north: - Somewhat better than the south for African Americans, still problematic. - Since it was easier (not totally without problems) to vote, political power, ability to organize increased. - This set the stage for mid 1900s protests. Competition with white ethnic groups: - Movement of African Americans from rural south to urban north occurred about the time that immigration from Europe slowed, stopped. - Factories still needed low status workers. - Though the European immigrants had been recipients of prejudice, discrimination, they (and their children) had been in the US long enough to gain some status/resources. - European immigrants often felt incoming African Americans were an economic threat, especially when they tried to form unions and the corporations used African Americans as strikebreakers (scabs). - Overall, the arrival of low status African Americans helped the European immigrants to increase their own status. - With greater dislike of African Americans, a bit more acceptance of (now perceived to be) white immigrants.

What role did mass media play in the Civil Rights Movement?

Mass media (especially TV): - When mass media showed footage of African Americans being attacked for demonstrating their rights — this was frequently the first time northern whites really saw / understood what was going on.

How does the proximity of Mexico impact Mexican Americans?

Mexican Americans are different from other Hispanic groups due to the close proximity of Mexico, allowing movement across border and renewal of language, culture.

How have Mexican Americans been important to the US labor movement?

Mexican Americans important to US labor movement - if not allowed into white labor unions, formed their own labor unions. - More groups form after end of WII - Mexican Americans (like other minority status groups) had greater realization of what had been denied them.

How did the US acquire what is roughly the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas?

Mexican Americans: - What is now south western US was originally part of Mexico; it was relatively sparsely populated. - Today these areas are (roughly) the states of Texas, California, Arizona and New Mexico. - These areas differed in how they encountered Anglos from the east, this continues to impact these areas today. Arizona and New Mexico: - Few Anglos settled in these areas, so persons of Mexican heritage continued to be a numerical majority, allowing this group to retain some power. - In Arizona, however, those of Mexican heritage were immigrants, of low status; thus economic and political power in Arizona eventually went to the Anglos. - In New Mexico a numerical majority of persons of Mexican heritage along with their ability to organize politically meant they were able to retain some power.

Should Hispanic Americans be considered a conquered / colonized group or an immigrant group? Why?

Mexican Americans: - Conquered, colonized in 1800s, used as cheap labor (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo). - Conquered for land; also exploited for labor. - similarities to Native Americans: small size of groups, differed in both language and culture from majority group - Both impoverished, relatively powerless, few resources, physically isolated. - Similarities to African Americans in the South: exploited for labor; after slavery low-paying jobs, subordinate status. - All 3 groups were colonized by Europeans; in early 1900s didn't have the resources needed to overcome low status, to fully retain own culture. Mexican Americans are different from other Hispanic groups due to the close proximity of Mexico, allowing movement across border and renewal of language, culture.

Be able to identify and define the 4 types of possible identities for mixed race persons.

Mixed race and new racial identities possible identities for 'mixed race' individuals (from a small sample, not generalizable in percentages - but useful as a tool of understanding): 1. Border identity — those with 'border identity' do not see selves as either African American or white. - Validated border identity. - See selves as biracial and society 'validates' this (family, friends, community). - 'Invalidated' border identity. - See selves as biracial, but are not validated by society. - Society sees them and treats them as African American. - Can create conflict between self-image and how others define them. 2. Singular identity: - See self not as biracial, but as just African American. - Consistent with the traditional view of race as African American or white. 3. Transcendent identity: - Reject idea of race. - Not define self as either African American or white. - Instead define self as an individual. 4. Protean (changes as a person moves through different groups and social context changes).

What is modern institutional discrimination? How does it compare to traditional discrimination?

Modern institutional discrimination: - Not as overt as the blatant earlier discrimination.

Can the indigenous groups found in the 'New World' be considered homogenous? Why?

Native Americans: - The indigenous peoples Europeans found in the 'New World' were very diverse. - Groups differed in size of group, type of subsistence technologies, gender roles, diverse cultures, languages and government forms. - Native Americans are not , and have never been homogenous. - Though similarities exist, there is no 'Native American' culture. - For Native Americans, group membership is a large part of self identity. - Between war, diseases (some intentional), destruction of food sources (some intentional) many groups ceased to exist; other groups became much smaller.

How can we apply the Noel hypothesis to Native Americans?

Noel hypothesis and Native Americans: - European colonists wanted land, not labor from Native Americans. - At first Native American groups were able to resist some land grab attempts. - Over time Native Americans were forced onto 'reserved lands' (reservations) where they were not able to continue their traditional cultures. - British Crown required colonists to treat Native Americans as sovereign nations (like France or Spain); this was somewhat followed prior to US Revolution. — After Revolution, it was a theory, but seldom practiced.

How can we apply the Noel hypothesis to Mexican Americans?

Noel hypothesis: - Ethnocentrism existed from the beginning. - Many of the prejudiced already applied to Native Americans and African Americans were then applied to Mexican Americans, especially those of lower status. - Group boundaries were made more visible by physical and religious differences. — Physical (racial) differences since persons from Mexico are a mixture of Spanish and Native Americans. - From the beginning there was some competition for land; however, this competition was low key since there was a lot of land and low population density; over time this competition increased. - Power differential varied, helping to explain differences in political power across the areas. - Competition was also for labor - unlike Native Americans, somewhat similar to African Americans. - Over time immigration (day or seasonal labor) from Mexico was encouraged, resulting in low status workers.

What is nonviolent direct action? How was it applied to the situation of busses in Montgomery, Alabama? What philosophies is nonviolent direct action based on? What are the objectives of nonviolent direct action? What techniques are used in nonviolent direct action?

Nonviolent direct action protest: - 1st protest: bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956. - March 2, 1955 - Fifteen year old Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat on the bus and her case was initially going to be used by the NAACP. - However, after the incident she was only 15 and became pregnant by a married man; the NAACP hesitated to use her case since she would be put down due to the mores of the time. - The circumstances of her pregnancy would also have been used against her in trial due to the social mores of the time. - Was also in Montgomery, Alabama. - December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks also refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. - NAACP used Rosa Parks' case to bring to the Supreme Court. Nonviolent direct action: confronted de jure segregation on the streets, not in court or legislatures - Example the Montgomery bus boycott. - Based on Christianity, Henry David Thoreau and Gandhi. - Objective is to confront the forces of evil(institutions) , rather than the individuals doing the evil; desire to win friendship, support of enemies. - Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote a lot about nonviolent direct action (which can be (and has been) used in many other applications). - At the time of the bus boycott, King was a new pastor in Montgomery; he lead this effort. - Used many techniques depending on the situation: sit-ins, protest marches, demonstrations, prayer meetings, voter registration drives.

What is 'otherness'?

Otherness for African American men: - Chapter begins with stories from African American me describing experiences of being 'other'. - In these cases: 'otherness' was that, as adult, African American males, society often considers them as persons who harm others; regardless of reality. - Otherness: marginalized in society.

Have hate crimes / hate groups increased or decreased over the past 2 years?

Over the last 2 years prejudice and discrimination towards African Americans and other groups (Jews, Muslims, Hispanics, some Asians) have had a huge increase.

Understand that the contact situation for the 4 states mentioned above differed and have impacted the states differently.

Overall: the contact situation for this group varied a lot, resulting in varied outcomes.

What is past-in-present institutional discrimination?

Past-in-present institutional discrimination: patterns of inequality in the present that are based on past inequalities: - Example: seniority may seem fair, but since minority individuals have been prevented in the past from these positions, they are not senior homeownership allows families to build up equity (a form of wealth), allowing one to establish credit, finance businesses, fund education, provide other forms of human capital (piano lessons, etc). - One aspect of past-in-present discrimination regarding home ownership is the New Deal (FDR, Great Depression). - The programs meant to help the population were discriminatory towards African Americans. - In addition, the FHA (Federal Housing Administration) which granted low interest mortages, were involved in racially restrictive covenants (such as: a white family could not sell their home to a black family). -- FHA also backed up redlining: it was OK for banks to not give loans to housing in African American neighborhoods.

How have we defined paternalism? How did it help create a very effective form of slavery?

Paternalism: likely when there is a small, elite group with a plantation economic system. - Large power differentials. - Huge inequalities. - Majority has control over minority through an elaborate and repressive means of control. - Caste like barriers between groups. - Elaborate, highly stylized codes of behavior / communication. - Little overt conflict (due to the power differentials and inequalities).

What happens when a society becomes postindustrial (also: deindustrial or information age)? What are the characteristics of this time? What types of jobs are available? How do the available jobs change educational requirements?

Paternalistic control of labor was needed and worked in agrarian subsistence technology (where the work is labor intensive; where it is important to exert a lot of control; the population in involuntary and geographically confined). - Industrialization changes all of the above, paternalism no longer works, no longer possible. - Workforce needs to be geographically and socially mobile, skilled, literate. - A feature of industrialization is moving to urban areas (where the factories are); close, paternalistic controls don't work in this setting. Rigid competitive group relations (increase with industrialization). - Replace paternalism. - Majority groups wants to exclude or limit minority ability to compete for scarce resources. Deindustrialization - subsistence technology changes from industrial to post industrial. - Living wage, low educational requirement, manual labor, secure, industrial / manufacturing jobs are sent overseas. - Jobs are now mostly in the service sector; better paying, more secure jobs require more education. Modern institutional discrimination. - Not as overt as the blatant earlier discrimination. A dual labor market: - Primary labor market: pay better, higher status, allow for upward mobility, more security. - Often require college degrees for entry level jobs (that could be done without a college degree). - Secondary labor market (also called the competitive market). - College degrees not required. - These jobs are low status, low pay, low skilled, not secure, do not offer benefits. - Minority status individuals are more likely to be in the secondary labor market, largely due to lack of educational opportunities.

What is the plantation system?

Plantation system: - Labor intensive agriculture. - A lot of land is needed. - Labor that is plentiful, cheap and easily controlled is needed. - By the time the plantation system was established, few indentured servants were coming to the New World; the slaves from Africa became the labor force. - Eventually a person was defined slave or not slave by color of their skin.

What is a fluid competitive system?

Postindustrial society and the shift from rigid to fluid competitive relationships: - Fluid competitive systems: minority group members are more free to compete for jobs, other scarce resources. - Formal / legal barriers to competition are reduced. - Both geographic and social mobility are increased. - The class system is more open. -- Therefore minority groups are more fearful of competition among minority groups.

What is Affirmative Action?

Programs intended to reduce effects of past discrimination; increase diversity in education/workplace.

When people move from Puerto Rico to the mainland, are they immigrants? How is the perception of race different in Puerto Rico and in the US? How does this impact prejudice and discrimination?

Puerto Ricans - Migration (push and pull) and employment: - Puerto Rico is US territory - mostly very poor; people migrate from Puerto Rico to mainland largely for jobs. Transitions - Puerto Ricans and other minority groups. - Puerto Ricans not immigrants, but deal with transition coming to the mainland. - Changes in language, culture (including some religious practices). - Most people from Puerto Rico are Catholic, but as with many other Catholic areas approach the Catholic faith differently according to locale. Race / perception of race in Puerto Rico versus mainland: - Puerto Rico has much greater diversity - mixture of people from Africa, indigenous peoples, European background. - Concept of 'race' is not dichotomous in Puerto Rico as on mainland (i.e. black versus white). - In Puerto Rico, more important than race is SES (socio-economic status). - In coming to mainland, many Puerto Ricans don't understand prejudice, discrimination based on skin color. - Puerto Ricans in US have elements of both colonized group and immigrant group.

What is the relationship between the US and Puerto Rico? How has this impacted citizenship for Puerto Ricans?

Puerto Ricans: Puerto Rico became US territory at end of Spanish American war of 1898 - Puerto Rico and citizens first contact with US war, conquest. - With ongoing poverty, lack of resources, people of Puerto Rico not able to assert independence - as the century wore on, U.S. firms began to invest in and develop the sugarcane industry that decreased opportunities for economic survival in the rural areas and forcing many peasants to move into the cities. - Overall relationship with US based on colonization. - Since 1917 Puerto Ricans are US citizens (Puerto Rico is a territory of US) - helped facility movement onto mainland US. - Movement to the mainland began gradually and increased slowly until the 1940s, when the number of Puerto Ricans on the mainland increased more than 4 times, to 300,000. - During the 1950s, it nearly tripled, to 887,000.

Is it correct to say the US entered a 'post racial' era when Barack Obama was elected president? Why?

Racism still exists.

What was reconstruction? When was it? What did it try to do? Was it successful? Why not?

Reconstruction (1865 - 1880s). - After the Civil War the southern elite (largely plantation owners - now without a cheap, easily controlled labor force) did not want the new rules. - 1865 - establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (known as the Freedmen's Bureau). - Helped newly freed slaves with housing, medical care, help with employment and business contracts, locate relatives, legalize marriages that had not been considered legal under slavery. Due to short period of Reconstruction, 2 issues not met: 1. Newly freed slaves were impoverished, mostly illiterate, few resources. - As a colonized minority group, African Americans encountered many problems improving their situation. - Greater inequalities; inequalities that last longer. 2. Though slavery was now illegal, the culture that maintained it continued. - Racist beliefs, values and norms continued.

What are the characteristics of rigid competitive group relations?

Rigid competitive group relations (increase with industrialization). - Replace paternalism.

Who was Rosa Parks? What was the outcome of her arrest?

Rosa Parks - not a little, old, tired woman; she knew what she was doing and knew the consequences. - 1st involvement with NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (colored being a preferred term for that time period)) in 1943 - At this time in the US women were generally kept behind the scenes. - However the Montgomery NAACP needed a secretary and she was hired. - Once a part of this organization, she became more involved, including being sent to investigate the case of Recy Taylor who had been raped by 6 white men, but had been acquitted by an all-white jury.

What is sharecropping? What were the conditions of sharecropping?

Sharecropping - Plantation owners needed to have their land worked. - Plantation owners allowed an African American family to live on the land, cultivate the land; maybe even provide supplies. - In exchange, the profit from the harvest would be shared. - There were many ways that the plantation owners were able to reduce how much African Americans got after harvest. - Many of the norms of this sharecropping system were simply reflections of slavery norms. - Not able to leave property without permission. - Need to stay entire season to get paid.

How can the concept of split labor markets be applied to Mexican Americans?

Split labor markets affect Mexican Americans (also affect African Americans and Native Americans): - In addition to racial split labor market - has also been a gender split labor market where women of Hispanic descent get the lowest end jobs. - In general, persons with Mexican heritage are in lower economic hierarchy; some families (more likely if 3 or more generations in US) are achieving - economically - middle class status, but are still treated as 2nd class citizens (similar to African American families).

Why did US citizens move into what is now the state of Texas? How did Mexico respond?

Texas: - Early 1800s, would be plantation farmers were moving west from the south east looking for land. - When they got to what is now the state of Texas (but, which was then part of Mexico) they hoped to grow cotton and have other types of farming. - For the most part, Mexico was OK with US Anglos using the land, since it was sparsely populated. - However, colonists from the south east wanted to continue the institution of slavery, which Mexico (once independent from Spain) had abolished. - This created tensions between those already there (Tejanos - of Mexican descent) and the newcomers (Anglo-Texans). - Result: a war between the US and Mexico, which Mexico lost.

What was the black power movement? How did it differ from the Civil Rights Movement?

The Black Power Movement: - Loose coalition of organizations, spokesperson - many proposed viewpoints that to some degree differed with the civil rights movement. - Some groups preferred not assimilation into white society, but increased African American control over schools, police, welfare programs, other public services. - Emphasized African American pride, African heritage, African American Nationalism. - Some felt that assimilation would require African Americans to become part of the system of oppression. - These concerns were brought out by Marcus Garvey in the 1920s. - Provided for African American communities: food, health care (sickle cell anemia), education, housing.

What distinction did the Nation of Islam make between racial separation and racial segregation?

The Nation of Islam: - Made distinction between racial separation and racial segregation. - Racial separation - a group becomes stronger with autonomy and self-control. - Racial segregation - system of inequality - African American community is powerless and controlled by majority. - Desire to develop own resources and be able to deal with majority group from a position of power. - Best known spokesperson. - Malcolm X.

Considering Noel's hypothesis on contact, be able to define and apply: ethnocentrism; competition; power; power differential; group size; degree of organization, discipline, leadership; and resources.

The contact situation: - Noel and Blauner each described theories explaining how initial contact between groups can lead to a majority / minority situation. Ethnocentrism: judging other groups' culture, society, lifestyles according to your group's standards. - Positive aspect: having pride in one's group, identifying with one's group, having a sense of cohesion / solidarity with other group members can be good. - Pride, cohesion, solidarity ensures people follow norms, cooperate with others. - Negative aspect: however, ethnocentrism becomes problematic when your group is all good, always right and all other groups are considered to be inferior (and, are then treated as inferior). - A sense of there being a social boundary between Us and Them can emerge. - When ethnocentrism is present, groups create boundaries, and maintain those boundaries. Competition: a struggle between groups over the control of a valued, scarce resource (can be land, labor, jobs, housing, political positions, education). - Through this competition, one group emerges as the dominant / majority group (increased power, authority, privilege, resources), establishes their group as superior. - They then define the other group as inferior: a minority group (reduced power, authority, privilege, resources). - The dominant group can then serve its own interests and exploiting the minority group, controlling them, possibly eliminating them. Differential in power: - Power: ability of a group to achieve its goals, even others don't agree with those goals. - Degree of power depends on: group size, degree of organization, resources. Group size: if all else is equal, the group larger in numbers will have greater power. - In South Africa, during Apartheid, though those of European descent were small in numbers, they had already secured the power of the region. - Degree of organization, discipline, quality of leadership: groups that are better in these areas are more able to secure their goals. Resources: anything that will allow a group to achieve its goals. - Can be many things, such as land, money, information (in today's world - cyber stealing others' information). - With more resources and more diversity of resources, a group is better able to assert its power.

What was the purpose of Jim Crow laws?

The end of de jure segregation de jure segregation - segregation of African Americans / whites according to law: - Also referred to as Jim Crow; emerged after end of Reconstruction after end of Civil War. - Meant to keep freed slaves as exploitable work force; limit power. - After end of slavery, plantation owners were able to remain in production through sharecropping. - However, as agriculture technology became more mechanized, this high degree of hands on labor wasn't as important; freed slaves and families have greater probability of leaving the south. — Also, with industrialization, many African Americans move to urban north where the more restrictive Jim Crow laws were not practiced. - Slowly, African Americans gain some political power in north; are also able to organize some. -- Little by little, de jure segregation is reduced.

What was the goal of the rigid competitive system?

The goal of this system: African American population that is impoverished, little power. - Minority group is therefore mostly excluded and unable to compete for scarce resources such as jobs, housing.

When was the Great Migration? When was it? Where did people migrate from? Where did they go?

The great migration - 1916 - 1970. - Over time the concentration of African Americans in the south, became more evenly distributed. This migration was not just south to north, it was also rural to urban.

Why has education become more important?

The growing importance of education: - As manufacturing becomes more specialized, education becomes more important. - Overall, minority groups have had little opportunity for further education, which holds them back in jobs; especially in the current service job era where the difference between struggling financially and being financially secure is an advanced education.

How was the system of continued subjugation of African Americans reinforced?

The origins of de jure segregation: - Though slavery was declared illegal, the southern elite (and others) found ways to continue the subjugation of African Americans.

How important were African American women to the Civil Rights movement?

Though often relegated to clerical type positions, African American women provided an important cornerstone for the movement.

What effect did the Great Depression have on immigration from Mexico into the US?

US initiates repatriation policy (sending undocumented Mexicans back to Mexico). - Though this policy was aimed at people in the US illegally, many legal residents were intimidated and also left.

Understand the relationship between urbanization, concentration of African Americans in cities and the beginnings of organization.

Urbanization: - Moving from the constrictions of plantation slavery into the urban north allowed African Americans to both concentrate their numbers and begin the organization that would lead to the Civil Rights era.

What effect did WWII have on immigration from Mexico into the US?

WWII increased US desire for cheap labor from Mexico (US men in the military, production in US has increased due to the war, even women in the US are in paid employment). - Bracero program - began during WWII, continued into 1960s. - Goal: bring in cheap labor from Mexico (predominately for agriculture). - Saved US agriculture a lot of money, since they were paid less than US workers - Involved bureaucracy in both Mexico and US; this bureaucracy was meant to create fairness for both US employers and Mexican laborers.

What did A. Philip Randolf (head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) do? Why is it significant?

Wartime developments: - 1941 - US is not yet at war; however, getting ready for possibility of war. - Racial discrimination was common in employment; jobs were often segregated with Sleeping Car Porters being a job for African Americans. - Poor pay, worked long hours, had to pay for own uniforms, food, lodging. - A. Philip Randolf, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters threatened to march on Washington. - Executive Order 8802 signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt which banned discrimination in defense related industries (railroads were considered important to defense). - This is significant: 1. A group of African Americans had their grievances heard and got what they wanted. 2. Government made a commitment to fair employment rights for African Americans.