stats ch 1

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

dependent variable

are procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of scores or observations.

descriptive statistics

number of students in a statistics class. Continuous or discrete?

discrete

the SAT score among college students. continuous or discrete?

discrete-

a researcher tests whether dosage level of some drug (low, high) causes significant difference in health

experiment

Qualitative variables can be continuous or discrete true or false

false

what human behavior trait or characteristic can you think of that is distributed normally?

height and weight; intelligence and problem solving skills

This explores the question "how do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. works every time I use it?"

reliability

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) Which of the following is one way to represent the standard deviation?

s

are rules for how the properties of numbers can change with different uses

scales of measurement

is the study of phenomena through the strict observation, evaluation, interpretation, and theoretical explanation.

science

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) What is the square root of the variance?

standard deviation

describe characteristics in a sample

statistics

what are the characteristics of the normal curve?

the mean, median, mode are all equal to one another; the curve is symmertrical about the mean; and the tails are asymptotic.

to compute a standard score, what 3 bits of info do u need?

the raw score, the mean, and the standard deviation.

What value is most often used to represent an entire group of scores?

MEAN

sagepub Chap. 8 (# 1 - 4) Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal curve?

Mean, median, and mode are the same

Qualitative or Quantitative? A researcher distributed open-ended questions to participants asking how they feel when they are in love

Qualitative

Qualitative or Quantitative? A witness to a crime gives a description of the suspect to the police

Qualitative

Reliability and validity specifically relate to the...

Quality of the data themselves

Qualitative or Quantitative? A psychologist interested in drug addiction injects rats with an attention-inducing drug and then measures the rate of lever pressing

Quantitative

Qualitative or Quantitative? A researcher records the blood pressure of participants during a task meant to induce stress

Quantitative

Only this level of measurement has a true zero.

RATIO

This is the level of measurement where outcomes are based on some underlying continuum that also contains a true or absolute zero.

RATIO

This is the most precise level of measurement.

RATIO

Why is a z score a standard score, and why can standard scores be used to compare scores from different distributions with one another?

a z score is a standard score (comparable to others of the same type of score) because it is based on the degree of variability within its respective distribution of scores.

A researcher tests whether cocaine use increases impulsive behavior in a sample of cocaine dependent and cocaine inexperienced mice a) identify the independent variable b) identify the dependent variable

a) cocaine use b) impulsive behavior

standard scores, such as z scores, allow us to make comparisons across different samples. Why?

cause they all use the same metric-the standard deviation- and we can compare scores in units of standard deviations.

Which variable is measured in each group

dependent v

A researcher demonstrates that eating breakfast in the morning causes increased alertness throughout the day. What research design must the researcher have used in this example? Explain.

-Experimental research method, this is because the researcher has found (cause) which is that breakfast in the morning increases alertness throughout the day

Describe Infer Summarize

1: Descriptive Statistics 2: Inferential Statistics 3: Inferential Statistics

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) What is the range for the following set of scores: 29, 48, 22, 37, 55?

33

sagepub Chap. 8 (# 1 - 4) Under the normal curve, approximately what percent of scores fall between and -1 to +1 standard deviations around the mean?

68%

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) What is the range for the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12?

9

How is a sample related to a population?

A sample is a subset of a population.

A researcher measures the height and income of participants and finds that taller men tend to earn more than shorter men. what type of research method did the researcher use in this example? Explain

Correlational because the taller person is getting a higher income and the shorter person is getting lower income.

Season of birth (spring, summer, fall, or winter)

DISCRETE

number of questions that participants ask during a research study

DISCRETE

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Descriptive statistics is taking a group and numerically representing their data; while inferential statistics makes guesses/hypothesizes about the general population based off of the group researched.

What is the formula for computing the mean?

Ex/n

T/F : graphs, tables, and summary statistics all illustrate the application of inferential statistics

FALSE. the answer is descriptive statistics

T/F: descriptive statistics can be used to describe populations and samples of data

FALSE. the answer is inferential

The treatment variable in an analysis is called the...

IV

is this independent or quasi independent? (only answer quasi independent for variables that cant be randomized) environment of research setting

Independent

Which variable is manipulated to create the groups？

Independent Variable

this is the least precise level of measurement.

NOMINAL

A researcher measured behavior among all individuals in some small population. are inferential statistics necessary to draw conclusions concerning this population? Explain.

No. because it is measuring a behavior NOT anything numerical

sagepub Chap. 8 (# 1 - 4) When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?

Population is normally distributed

If a distribution is significantly distorted, what is this called?

SKEW

To determine whether a new sleeping pill was effective, adult insomniacs received a pill (either real or fake), and their sleeping times were subsequently measured (in minutes) during an overnight observation period.(a) Identify the independent variable in this study.

Sleeping pill (real or fake)

What should be used to determine central tendency?

THE AVERAGE

T/F: inferential statistics are procedures used to make inferences about a population, given only a limited amount of data

TRUE

Which of the following symbols represents the individual score?

X

What is another term for the mean?

arithmetic average

Reliability and validity should be considered...

before you start analyzing data

delay in seconds it takes drivers to make a left-hand turn when a light turns green

continuous

time in seconds to memorize a list of words. Continuous or discrete?

continuous

the weight in pounds of newborn infants. continuous or discrete?

continuous-

a researcher measures the relationship between annual income and life satisfaction

correlation

is this independent or quasi independent? (only answer quasi independent for variables that cant be randomized) type of feedback

independent

are used to help the researcher infer the unknown parameters in a given population

inferential statistics

sagepub: Which of the following are among the things to remember when creating figures?

maintain the scale in the graph

sagepub: A good rule of thumb when creating an illustration is:

make sure your graph communicates only 1 idea

What is the most common average computed?

mean

sagepub: A distribution of scores in which almost the entire class scored very high, but a few students scored fairly low, would be:

negatively skewed

rank the scales of measurement in order from least informative to most informative

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio ( NOIR)

in 2010, Fortune magazine ranked Apple as the most admired company in the world. This ranking is an ________ scale of measurement

ordinal

describes characteristics in a population

parameters

sagepub Chap. 8 (# 1 - 4) What is the basis for the normal curve?

probability

is this independent or quasi independent? (only answer quasi independent for variables that can't be randomized) years in education

quasi independent

is this independent or quasi independent? (only answer quasi independent for variables that cant be randomized) -marital status

quasi independent

a researcher tests whether citizens differing political affiliations (republican, democrat) will show differences in attitudes towards morality.

quasi-experiment

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) Which measure of variability is easiest to calculate?

range

To determine whether a new sleeping pill was effective, adult insomniacs received a pill (either real or fake), and their sleeping times were subsequently measured (in minutes) during an overnight observation period.(b) Identify the dependent variable in this study.

time spent sleeping

true or false a ratio scale can be continuous or discrete

true

true or false an experiment is the only method that can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables

true

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) Which of the following measures how scores differ from each other?

variability

sage pub Chap. 3 (# 1 - 4, 6 - 8) When reporting descriptive data such as the Mean, what additional information should also be reported that expresses how different the scores are in the distribution?

variability