Stats Ch. 3 Study guide

The _____ allows researchers to make predictions from a person's value on one variable to a person's value on another variable. a. linear relationship line b. nonlinear relationship line c. line of best fit d. time plot line

NOT LINEAR RELATIONSHIP LINE

_____ refer(s) to any unnecessary information in a chart that is distracting. a. Chartjunk b. Grids c. Ducks d. Moiré vibrations

a. Chartjunk

What is a Pareto chart? a. a bar graph with the bars ordered from highest (on the left) to lowest (on the right) b. a line graph with bars depicted in three dimensions c. a bar graph in which all the bars are stacked on top of one another d. a pictorial graph that uses a symbol to represent the scale dependent variable

a. a bar graph with the bars ordered from highest (on the left) to lowest (on the right)

On a histogram the y-axis depicts _____, but on a bar graph the y-axis depicts _____. a. counts or frequencies; the dependent variable b. the dependent variable; counts or frequencies c. the independent variable; the dependent variable d. the dependent variable; the independent variable

a. counts or frequencies; the dependent variable

When constructing a graph, it is better to making one's own, intentional decisions about its appearance than to rely on computer: a. defaults. b. multivariable graphs. c. programs. d. interactive graphs.

a. defaults.

Pictorial graphs are sometimes used when the independent variables has _____ categories. a. only a few b. a great number of c. symbolic d. scale measurement

a. only a few

If graphing one scale independent variable and one scale dependent variable, use a: a. scatterplot or line graph. b. Pareto chart. c. histogram or frequency polygon. d. bar graph.

a. scatterplot or line graph.

In a pictorial graph images are used at each level of the _____ variable to represent its value on the _____ variable. a. independent;dependent b. dependent; independent c. scale; nominal d. scale; dependent

a.independent; dependent

On a histogram the x-axis depicts the values of _____ variable, but on a bar graph the x-axis depicts the values of _____ variable. a. the dependent; the independent b. a scale; a nominal c. a nominal; a scale d. the independent; the dependent

b. a scale; a nominal

Any background pattern on which graphs appear is a form of chartjunk called: a. background noise. b. grids. c. moiré vibrations. d. ducks.

b. grids.

In a pie chart, the slices represent: a. categories of the dependent variable. b. levels of the independent variable. c. values that would appear on the y-axis. d. more than bars on a bar chart represent.

b. levels of the independent variable.

A researcher investigated the relationship between IQ and years of education. What type of graph should the researcher use to illustrate his findings? a. bar graph b. scatterplot c. line graph d. frequency polygon

b. scatterplot

To efficiently conduct an alumni survey, a university collects data on all those who attend the annual alumni reunion on campus. What type of manipulation is this? a. biased scale lie b. sneaky sample lie c. extrapolation lie d. interpolation lie

b. sneaky sample lie

A time plot is also known as a: a. scatterplot. b. time series plot. c. line graph. d. bar graph.

b. time series plot.

What is a potential benefit of creating a Pareto chart rather than a bar graph? a. A Pareto chart is easier to create than a bar graph. b. A Pareto chart looks more sophisticated than a bar graph. c. A Pareto chart makes it easier to compare the magnitude of the dependent variable for different levels of the independent variable. d. A Pareto chart uses pictorial symbols to make it easier to compare results.

c. A Pareto chart makes it easier to compare the magnitude of the dependent variable for different levels of the independent variable.

A student poll on your university Web site for athletics asks, "How high do you think the basketball team will finish this year: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th?" An article posted a week later reports "Students predict basketball team to finish within the top 5 out of 16 teams in the conference." What kind of manipulation occurred here? a. an outright lie b. false face validity c. biased scale lie d. interpolation lie

c. biased scale lie

A bubble graph is one that: a. is similar to a pie chart but is depicted as a bubble. b. includes captions to explain each data point. c. can display multiple variables. d. portrays data such as income and life expectancy.

c. can display multiple variables.

The interpolation lie can involve: a. using a biased scale. b. using a biased sample. c. graphing extreme data points and assuming a straight line between them. d. using labels on the graph that do not precisely reflect what data the graph actually display.

c. graphing extreme data points and assuming a straight line between them.

Scatterplots are often used to assess what type of pattern the data create. For example, when the data form a pattern that flows upward and toward the right, this is considered to be a(n): a. increasing nonlinear relation. b. negative nonlinear relation. c. positive linear relation. d. negative linear relation.

c. positive linear relation.

The first step in creating a scatterplot is to: a. make a mark on the graph above each study participant's score on the x- and y- axes. b. label the horizontal x-axis with the name of the independent variable and its possible values. c. label the vertical y-axis with the name of the dependent variable and its possible values. d. organize the data by participant.

d. organize the data by participant.

A graph that depicts the relation between two scale variables is a: a. frequency table. b. bar graph. c. time series plot. d. scatterplot.

d. scatterplot.

A researcher labels the dependent variable of a bar graph Marital Distress, when what was measured was the number of arguments among couples attending marriage counseling. This misnomer is an example of the _____ lie. a. interpolation b. inaccurate values c. extrapolation d. sneaky sample

d. sneaky sample

The last step in creating a scatterplot is to: a. make a mark on the graph above each study participant's score on the x- and y- axes. b. label the horizontal x-axis with the name of the independent variable and its possible values. c. label the vertical y-axis with the name of the dependent variable and its possible values. d. organize the data by participant.

a. make a mark on the graph above each study participant's score on the x- and y- axes.

Line graphs can offer additional information to scatterplots by including a line: a. that shows predicted y scores for each x value. b. of best fit rather than the individual data points. c. that shows predicted x scores for each y value. d. representing the relation of variables over time.

a. that shows predicted y scores for each x value.

Line graphs are used to represent the relation between two scale variables. Two common types of relations depicted in these graphs are: a. the predicted value of a dependent variable for each value of an independent variable and the change in a variable over time. b.linear relations and nonlinear relations. c. the predicted value of a dependent variable for each value of an independent variable and the line of best fit. d. time and change, as well as nonlinear relations.

a. the predicted value of a dependent variable for each value of an independent variable and the change in a variable over time.

_____ allow one to connect points on a map with data points located in space, such as homes for sale. a. Pictorial graphs b. Geographic information systems (GIS) c. Interactive graphs d. Pie charts

b. Geographic information systems (GIS)

This graph depicts fictional data that replicate the pattern of performance observed in a study published by Nietfeld and Ender (2003). Figure: Intelligence and Teaching Efficacy What might be one way of improving the data-ink ratio in the graph? a. Add some ducks to the graph. b. Trim the range represented on both axes so that it depicts only values in the actual data set. c. Use a computer program to put gridlines on the background of the graph. d. Expand the range represented on both axes so that it depicts values beyond the actual data set for grounding.

b. Trim the range represented on both axes so that it depicts only values in the actual data set.

A type of scatterplot that indicates only the range of the actual data on each axis is a: a. time series plot. b. range-frame. c. simple scatterplot. d. histogram.

b. range-frame.

What type of lie is it when the method of assessment or measure has limited responses, thus creating an imbalance in responses possible? a. inaccurate values b. extrapolation c. biased scale d. interpolation

c. biased scale

To graph the frequencies of one scale variable, use a: a. scatterplot or line graph. b. Pareto chart. c. histogram or frequency polygon. d. bar graph.

c. histogram or frequency polygon.

Popular magazines and Internet sources often use _____ to display information, which tends to confuse rather than clarify information. a. pie charts b. line graphs c. pictorial graphs d. photographic graphs

c. pictorial graphs

A researcher was interested in measuring reaction time differences between men and women on a computerized task. What is the dependent variable? a. researcher b. computerized task c. reaction time d. gender

c. reaction time

A type of line graph used to depict changes in a dependent variable over time is a: a. scatterplot. b.histogram. c. time series plot. d. line graph.

c. time series plot

Which of these would be appropriate to depict on a time series plot? a. life span duration for different breeds of dogs b.hours of day and preference for dinner time for males versus females c. the amount of water used in a shower before and after the installation of water-saving devices d. airline tickets sales by month of year

d. airline tickets sales by month of year

If graphing two or more nominal independent variables and one scale dependent variable, use a: a. scatterplot or line graph. b. Pareto chart. c. histogram or frequency polygon. d. bar graph.

d. bar graph

If graphing one nominal independent variable and one scale dependent variable, use a: a. scatterplot or line graph. b. frequency polygon. c. histogram. d. bar graph.

d. bar graph.