Structural Kinesiology Chapter 5

posterior capsular ligaments

Internal rotation, flexion, horizontal adduction

Deltoid application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

Lifting, lifts humerus to abduction, side arm dumbell raises anterior - humerus into extreme horizontal abduction or extreme extension and adduction Middle - humerus into extreme adduction behind back Posterior - extreme horizontal adduction of the humerus

Joint muscles innervated

Nerves of the brachial plexus

Coracobrachialis application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

Not powerful assists in flexion and adduction moving arm horizontally across chest horizontally adducting arm against resistance bench pressing lat pulls extreme horizontal abduction stretch

Teres major application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

adducting, internally rotating, extending humerus little helper lat pulls, rope climbing, internal rotation against resistance externally rotating the shoulder 90 degrees abducted position stretches

Latissimus dorsi application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

broadest muscle in back posterior axillary fold adducting, extension, internal rotation of humerus swimmers muscle chinning, rope climbing, uprise movements on horizonal bar lat pulls shpulder externally rotated while in 90 degree abducted position further accentuated by abducting shoulder fully while maintaining external rotation the laterally flexing and rotating the trunk to the opposite side

latissimus dorsi

broadest muscle of the back

Intrinsic muscles of the glenohumeral joint

deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major, rotator cuff group

adduction

downward movement of the humerus in the frontal plane medially toward the body from abduction

teres major

effective only when stabilized by rhomboid, works effectively with latissimus dorsi, lat pulls, rope climbing, and internal rotation exercises strengthen this muscle

Gleniod labrum

enhances glenohumeral joint stability

anterior glenohumeral ligaments

external rotation, extension, abduction, and horizontal abduction

5 to 7

for strengthening the rotator cuff muscles don't exceed how many lbs?

GIRD

glenohumeral internal rotation deficit; represents a difference in internal rotation range of motion between an individual's throwing and nonthrowing shoulders

20%

individuals the had a GIRD difference greater than _____ had a higher risk of injury

glenohumeral joint motion often restricted leading to a higher risk of injury among overhead throwers

internal rotation

teres major

latissimus dorsi's helper

Extrinsic muscles of the glenohumeral joint

latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

Rotator cuff muscles

maintaining humeral head in proper location SITS Supscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus strength and endurance

humerus

majority of the insertions of the shoulder joint are on the ______

supraspinatus

most injured rotator cuff muscle

diagonal abduction

movement of the humerus in a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body

diagonal adduction

movement of the humerus in a diagonal plane toward the midline of the body

horizontal abduction (extension)

movement of the humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane away from the chest

horizontal adduction (flexion)

movement of the humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane toward and across the chest

internal rotation

movement of the humerus in the transverse plane medially around its long axis toward the midline

external rotation

movement of the humerus laterally in the transverse plane around its long axis away from the midline

flexion

movement of the humerus straight anteriorly from any point in the sagittal plane

extension

movement of the humerus straight posteriorly from any point in the sagittal plane, sometimes referred to as hyperextension

glenohumeral joint

multi axial ball-and-socket joint classified as enarthrodial of the shoulder

latissimus dorsi

muscle that has a strong action in adduction, extension, and internal rotation, effectively downwardly rotates the scapula; chinning, rope climbing, and other uprise movements on the horizontal bar, basic rows and pullover exercises, lat pulls

coracobrachialis

not powerful, does assist in flexion and adduction and is most functional moving the arm horizontally toward and across the chest, best strengthened by bench press, can be strengthened by lat pulls

supraspinatus

only muscle that isn't a 3rd class lever (1st class)

pectoralis major upper (check lower as well)

origin: (clavicular head) medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle insertion: flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus Action: Internal rotation, Horizontal abduction, diagonal abduction, flexion, abduction Planes: Transverse, diagonal, sagittal, frontal Palpatation: From medial end of the clavicle to the intertubercular groove of the humerus, during flexion and adduction from the anatomical position Innervation: Lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7)

pectoralis major lower(check upper as well)

origin: (sternal head) anterior surface of the costal cartilages of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum insertion: flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus Action: Internal rotation, Horizontal adduction, diagonal adduction, extension from flexed position, adduction Plane of motion: Transverse, diagonal, sagittal, frontal Palpation: From the lower ribs and sternum to the intertubercular groove of the humerus during resistance extension from a flexed position Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

deltoid anterior

origin: anterior lateral third of the clavicle insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus Action: Abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, internal rotation, diagonal adduction Plane of Motion: Frontal, sagittal, transverse, diagonal Palpation: From the clavicle toward the anterior humerus during resisted flexion or horizontal adduction Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

coracobrachialis

origin: coracoid process of the scapula insertion: middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft Action: Horizontal adduction, diagonal adduction Plane of Motion: Transverse, diagonal Palpation: The belly may be palpated high up on the medial arm just posterior to the short head of the biceps brachii and toward the coracoid process, particularly with resisted adduction Innervation: Musculotaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)

subscapularis

origin: entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus Action: Internal rotation, adduction, extension Plane of Motion: Transverse, frontal, sagittal Palpation: Mostly inaccessible, lateral portion may be palpated on supine subject (arm in slight flexion and adduction with elbow lying across abdomen); pull medial border laterally with one hand while palpating between the scapula and rib cage with the other hand (subject actively internally rotates) Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)

deltoid posterior

origin: inferior edge of the spine of the scapula insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus Action: Abduction, horizontal abduction, external rotation, diagonal abduction Plane of Motion: Frontal, transverse, diagonal Palpation:From the lower lip of the spine of the scapula toward the posterior humerus during resisted extension or horizontal abduction Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

deltoid middle

origin: lateral aspect of the acromion insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus Action: Abduction, horizontal abduction Plane of Motion: Frontal, transverse Palpation: From the lateral border of the acromion down toward the deltoid tuberosity during resisted abduction Innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6)

supraspinatus

origin: medial 2/3 of the supraspinous fossa insertion: superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus Action: Abduction, stabilization of humeral head in the glenoid fossa Plane of Motion: Frontal Palpation: anterior and superior to the spine of the scapula in supraspinous fossa during initial abduction in the scapula plane; tendon may be palpated just off acromion on greater tubercle Innervation: Suprascapula nerve (C5)

latissimus dorsi

origin: posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrate, slips from the lower three ribs insertion: medial lip of the intertuberculuar groove of the humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major Action: Extension, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal abduction Plane of Motion: Sagittal, frontal, transverse Palpation: Tendon may be palpated as it passes under the teres major at the posterior axillary wall, particularly during resisted extension and internal rotation. The muscle can be palpated in the upper/ lumbar lower thoracic area during extension from a flexed position and throughout most of its length during resisted adduction from a slightly abducted position Innervation: Thoracodorsal (C6, C7, C8)

infraspinatus

origin: posterior surface of scapula below spine insertion: greater tubercle on posterior side of the humerus Action: External rotation, horizontal abduction, extension, diagonal abduction Plane of Motion: Transverse, sagittal, diagonal Palpation: Just below the spine of the scapula passing upward and laterally to the humerus during resisted external rotation Innervation: Suprescapula nerve (C5, C6)

teres major

origin: posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle insertion: medial lip of the intertuberculuar groove of the humerus, just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi Action: Extension, adduction, internal rotation Plane of Motion: Sagittal, frontal, transverse Palpation:Just above the latissimus dorsi and below the teres minor on the posterior scapula surface, moving diagonally upward and laterally from the inferior angle of the scapula during resisted internal rotation Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)

teres minor

origin: posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula insertion: posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus Action: External rotation, horizontal abduction, extension, diagonal abduction Plane of Motion: Transverse, sagittal, diagonal Palpation:Just above the teres major on the posterior scapula surface, moving diagonally upward and laterally from the inferior angle of the scapula during resisted external rotation Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Pectoralis major muscle application, strengthening, flexability (stretch)

primarily forms anterior axillary fold, aids serratus anterior muscle in drawing in scapula throwing baseball pushups pull ups throwing and tennis serves bench pressing passive external rotation shoulder horizontally abducted

Teres minor application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

provides dynamic posterior stability to glenohumeral joint externally rotating arm against resistance 15 to 20 abducted position and 90 abducted position internal rotation and extreme horizontal adduction stretch

Infraspinatus application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

rotator cuff muscle eccentricall slow down arm from high velocity most powerfull rotator cuff muscle externally rotating arm against resistance 15 to 20 abducted position and 90 abducted position internal rotation and extreme horizontal adduction stretch

Subscapularis application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

rotator cuff muscle hold head of humerus in glenoid fossa from in front and below rope climbing and lat pulls internally rotating arm against resistance in beside body position at 0 degrees of glenohumeral abduction external rotation with the arm adducted by the side stretch

Supraspinatus application, strength, flexibility (stretch)

rotator cuff muscle holds head of humerus in glenoid fossa dynamic stability full can exercise arm behind back with shoulder internally rotated and extended stretch

infraspinatus

rotator cuff muscle effective when rhomboid muscles stabilize the scapula, appropriate amount of strength and endurance is critical in both, slow down arm after pitching and tennis serves, most powerful external rotator

subscapularis

rotator cuff muscle that can be strengthened by lat pulls and rope climbing

supraspinatus

rotator cuff that provides stability in throwing movements, must have excellent strength to prevent abnormal and excessive movement of the humeral head in the fossa

teres minor

rotator cuff very similar to infraspinatus

when attempting extreme external rotation the total shoulder range of motion is enhanced by

scapula adduction

infraspinatus

second most injured rotator cuff muscle

anatomical

shoulder joint is frequently injured because of its ________ design

deltoid

side dumbbell raises strengthens any movements of the humerus on the scapula involve

Subscapularis action is opposed by

the infraspinatus

mobile, stable

the more ______ the less _______

shoulder joint

the scapula, clavicle, and humerus are the bones that make up the _____ _____

mobile

the shoulder joint is the most _______ joint

abduction

upward lateral movement of the humerus in the frontal plane out to the side, away from the body

impingement syndrome

when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space between the acromion process of the scapula and the head of the humerus

pectoralis major

works closely with the anterior deltoid; used powerfully in push-ups, pull-ups, throwing and tennis serves, bench press strengthens, usually stronger than antagonists