STUDY: EXAM 2

deep posterior compartment? function of all of them? which muscles/function of each? tibialis posterior? flexor digitorum longus? flexor hallucis longus? popliteus?

function: plantar flexes foot tibialis posterior: invert foot flexor digitorum longus: flexes digits flexor hallucis longus: flexes hallux popliteus: unlocks fully extended knee

Nerve impulse steps? 1-5

1. Impulse reaches at synaptic bulbs 2. ACh is released from synaptic vesicles 3. ACh binds to receptors 4. Muscle action potential produced 5. ACh broken down

muscle contraction events? steps 1-5?

1. calcium is released by sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. calcium binds to troponin 3. tropomyosin to roll away from the active sites on actin and expose them for binding 4. myosin binds to the active sites on the actin molecules 5. myosin head pivots, pushing the thin filaments (Actin tropomyosin troponin) closer together

The pectoral girdle is formed by __ bones. The pelvic girdle is formed by ___ bones?

2; 1

Each upper limb skeleton total bones? divied into __ regions?

32 bones; 2 regions: pectoral girdle and free upper limb

muscle contraction events? steps 6-9?

6. ATP is needed to release the myosin head from the actin molecule 7. myosin head returns to its resting state 8. calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum 9. tropomyosin covers up the active sites https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbo0i1r1pXA

when FLEXED the __ articulates with: olecranon trochlea coronoid process radial head

X trochlear notch of ulna coronoid fossa of humerus capitulum and radial fossa of humerus

7. what movement is occurring when making snow angels?

abduction adduction of the hip

Fixators?

agonist and antagonist contract at same time to stabilize a joint i.e. biceps brachii flexing and triceps brachii extending. when contract at same time, this will stabilize an outstretched hand

This bone feature on the tibia is a sharp ridge responsible for causing pain when shin is hit?

anterior tibial margin

which of following is function of pectoral girlde?

attachment site for muscles that move the humerus

what causes flexion of arm at shoulders?

biceps brachii

what causes flexion of elbow?

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

What is the anatomical name for the bones that make up the distal portion of the wrist joint?

carpals

symphysis what kinda joint? mobility?

cartilaginous; amphi

synchondrosis what kinda joint? mobility?

cartilaginous; amphi and syn

Intervertebral joint: structural classification? functional classification? specific/special classification (specific example of it)?

cartilaginous; amphi; symphysis

what movement is ocurring at the cheek? (sucking pacifier)

compression

Radius articulating with scaphoid and lunate is an example od what joint?

condylar/ellipsoidal

which characteristic below belongs to thick filaments?

contains myosin heads

The coronoid process articulates with __ of the humerus?

coronoid fossa

25. what is the origin and insertion of the gluteus minimum?

coxal bone; femur

8. bony origin; bony insertion? (snow angels)

coxal bone; femur

what causes abduction of arm at the shoulder?

deltoid (ALSO supraspinatus)

Thin filaments attached ot?

dens bodies

___ frown while ___ constricts the eye?

depressor anguli oris orbicularis occuli

what muscles cause depression of the mandible?

digastric

The ulnar notch is on the _________ (distal/proximal) portion of the ____ (bone) and articulates with the ______ (bone feature

distal; radius; ulnar head

myofibrils are gathered and surrounded by the ____. this forms what we call the ___

endomysium;musclefiber

a group of fascicles is surrounded by the ___ . this forms the ___

epimysium; skeletal muscle

26. what movement is occurring (stepping on side of ankle)

eversion

the olecranon articulates w the olecranon fossa when the elbow is __, and the coronoid process articulates w the coronoid fossa when the elbow is ___

extended; flexed

what does latissimus dorsi do?

extends and adducts arm

Ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits, without being damaged?

extensibility

what muscles cause extension of wrist?

extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris

31. which of the following does nOT cause dorsiflexion at ankle?

extensor digitorum

what causes thumbs up?

extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

Extracapsular vs intracapsular? where are they? example of each?

extra: outside articular capsule fibial and tibial collateral ligaments of knee joint intra: within articular capsule anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee joint

bony origin? bony insertion? location of muscle? posterior joint moved? knee action? flexion

femur; tibia

18. bony origin; bony insertion for extension of the knee?

femur; tibia and fibula

Articular cartilage made up of? what does it do?

fibrocartilage structures NOT covered by synovial membrane divide synovial cavity into 2 smaller cavities

articular cartilage made up of? (2) characteristics of each ?

fibrous membrane (outside) continuous w periosteum flexibility for joints and sense of strength that resist stretching synovial membrane (inner)

syndesmosis what kinda joint? mobility?

fibrous; amphiarthrosis

sutures? what kinda joint? mobility?

fibrous; synarthrosis

Joint between the temporal bone and the parietal bone: structural classification? functional classification? specific/special classification (specific example of it)?

fibrous; synarthrosis; suture

28. which muscles cause eversion of the foot?

fibulas longs and fibulas braves

21. what movement is occurring at the thigh joint?

flexion

what movement occurs when bowing down?

flexion

17. which movement occurs during soccer kicks?

flexion at the hip, extension at the knee

bony origin? tibia/fibula bony insertion? location of muscle? joint moved? action? dorsiflexion

foot bones; anterior; ankle

Regulatory proteins? found where? function? look like?

found: thin filaments on actin protein tropomyosin: covers myosin binding sites strand protect from myosin binding to actin troponin: hold tropomyosin in place

group 2: anterior thigh compartment sartorias? function: importance of it:

function: flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh importance of it: cross legs

deep posterior compartment? function of all of them? which muscles/function of each? tibilias posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus

function?planatr flexes foot tibialias posterior: invert foot flexor digitorum longus: flexes digits I-IV flexor hallucis longus: flexes hallux (toe) popliteus: unlocks fully extended knee

What bone feature and bone articulate with the humeral head?

glenoid fossa of scapula

24. what muscle is involved w medial rotation at hip?

glumteus animus (and medius)

15. what muscles causes abduction of the thigh at hip?

gluteal muscles

32. which of these cause lateral rotation at the hip?

gluteus maximus

16. which muscle would not cause lateral rotation of thigh at hip?

gluteus medius

9. what muscle causes adduction at the hip?

gracilis (and adductors)

a person falls on the lateral side of his thigh, which of the following bone features are most likely have to fractured?

greater trochanter of the femur

bony origin: coxal bone bony insertion: femur location of muscle: anterior joint moved? action?

hip; flexion

bony origin? bony insertion? location of muscle? joint moved? elbow action? extension

humerus; ulna radius; posterior

Meniscus? what do they do? where? what hape? function?

incomplete disc partially divide joint found: knee joint shape: crescent shape function: absorb shock, allow better fit of articulating structures, distribute weight, distribute fluid inside synovial cavity

stylohyoid? insert? function?

insert: hyoid bone function: elevate hyoid bone

Digastric bellies seperated by? held in position by? which is attached to? function?

intramedial tendon, held in position by fibrous loop fibrous loop attached to hyoid bone function: elevation of hyoid bone, depression of mandible, elevation of larynx

Joints: intrinsic vs extrinsic ?

intrinsic: bind bones together (like glue) extrinsic: stabilize joints/limits range of motion

femoral triangle? formed by? contain? why important?

junction between trunk and lower limb femoral nerves, veins, arteries, and inguinal lymph nodes important: site for femoral artery accessible/site of insertion for catheters/access to blood vessels of heart

which movement is occuring (boy cradling baby/rocking side to side)?

lateral flexion

lateral flexion? rotation? (muscles responsible)

lateral flexion: obliques and quadratus lomborum rotation: obliques and longissimus/iliocostalis

14. which movement is occurring at the hip? (fire hydrants)

lateral rotation/abduction

intrinsic: splenius capitis which layer? function?

layer: superficial function: extend neck/spine

Girdles attach to the __ of the __ skeleton?

limbs of axial skeleton

Movement in syndesmosis?

limited amphyarthrosis

mylohyoid? function? attach what to what?

mandible to hyoid bone function: elevate hyoid bone (for swallowing)

The unhappy triad injury involves injury to the?

medial collateral ligament

this bone feature is an attachment site for muscles/ligaments that cross the elbow joint?

medial epicondyle of humerus

1. what movement is occurring when Kirk slaps himself?

medial/lateral rotation of the shoulder

What joint is considered biaxial? hip shoulder knee metatarso-phalangeal joint interphalangeal joint

metatarso-phalangeal joint

Synchondroses? movement? example? made of?

movement: amphi and sinarthrosis example: 1 rib to manubrium /made of? hyaline cartilage

How does pectoral girdle articulate w axial skeleton? ONLY place axial and appendicular skeleton articulate w each other?

muscles from vertebral columbs and ribs hold scapula in place sternoclavicular joint

protein filaments come together to form ____

myofibrils

Myofibrils? Sarcoplasmic reticulum? when triggered? look like? forms? stores?

myofibrils: contractile elements prominent striations sarcoplasmic reticulum: form sacs called terminal cisterns which store Ca when triggered? release Ca into sarcoplasm look like? encircle myofibrils, web like fluid filled system that wraps around each myofibril forms? terminal cisterns stores? Ca

Your friend falls and lands with all his weight on the medial aspect of his foot just distal to the heel bone and proximal to the metatarsals. Which tarsal is most likely broken?

navicular

How come smooth muscles are not striated?

not in sarcomeres (but still have thick and thin filaments)

which cause rotation of torso?

obliques and iliocostalis and longissumus

what causes lateral flexion of torso?

obliques and quadratus lomborum

which muscles raise eyebrows?

occipital frontalis

when EXTENDED the __ articulates with: olecranon trochlea coronoid process radial head

olecranon fossa of humerus trochlear notch of the ulna X (nothing) capitulum of humerus

THURSDAYS POLL QUESTIONS: the __ compresses the lips (purses)

orbicularis oris and buccinator

flexion/extension at wrists origin and insertion?

origin: humerus or ulna/radius insert: carpals

sternocleidomastoid? insert? origin? function?

origin: sternum and clavicle insert: mastoid process function: flexion

anterior thigh compartment? ilacus and psoas major? origin: insertion: function:

origin: vertebral column or pelvic girdle insertion: femur function: pull up/flexion of femur at hip

flex/extension of elbow? origin and insertion?

origin? humerus insertion? tibial or radius

external intercostal muscles? originate? insert? function?

originate: inferior border of ribs that are superior insert: superior border of ribs that are inferior function? elevate ribs/increase space between ribs

internal intercostal muscles? originate? insert? function?

originate: superior part of inferior rib insert: inferior part of superior rib function: reduce space between ribs and depress ribs

abduction at the shoulder origin and insertion?

pectoral girdle or axial skeleton; humerus

5. which muscle causes protraction of pectoral girdle?

pectoralis minor (serratus anterior)

several groups of myofibrils and endomysium of muscle fibers come together and are surrounded by ___. this forms a ___

perimysium ; fascicle

The synovial joint between the atlas and axis is? pivot ball n socket saddle hinge ellipsoidal

pivot joint

WHERE ARE THESE JOINTS FOUND? pivot hinge saddle planar condyloid ball and socket

pivot: radius head and radial notch hinge: trochlea and trochlear notch saddle: thumb adn trapezium planar: navicular and cuneiform condyloid: radius and spacphoid and lunate ball and socket: femur and acetabulum

Clavicle articulating with manubrium is an example of what joint?

planar

6. A muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg could?

plantar flex

11. what movement is required to stand on your toes?

plantar flexion at the ankle

Sarcolemma? function?

plasma membrane of muscle fibers propagates action potential

Capitis muscles? anterior or posterior? function?

posterior extend/pull neck back

Head of fibula articulates with the? proximal distal? posterior anterior?

posterior proximal part of the tibia

Myosin? what does it look like/do? present where?

present in 3 muscle tissues looks: 2 golf clubs twisted head has: 2 binding sites actin and ATP binding site (generate energy)

what causes pageant wave?

pronation/supination of forearm

3. what movement is occurring when Rhonda punches?

protraction of the pectoral girdle

22. what muscles involved in flexion of the thigh at the hip?

psosas major and iliacus

19. which muscle causes extension of the knee?

quadriceps femoris

What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of?

quadriceps femoris

what muscles abduct wrist

radialis muscles

a patient cannot abduct the wrist which two bones are most likely affected and what kind of joint do they form?

radius, scaphoid ellipsoidal/condylar

radius articulates with what carpal bones? ulna?

radius: lunate and scaphoid ulna: triquetrum

muscles that abduct the wrist has an origin on the __ and an insertion on the __

radius; carpals and metacarpals

which muscles flex the torso?

rectus abdominis psoas major

torso motions/flexion and extension: torso muscles responsible for flexion?

rectus abdominus and psoas major

20. what muscle causes flexion at the hip?

rectus femoris

troponin and tropomyosin are what kind of proteins?

regulatory

what do rhomboids do?

retract scapula

4. bony origin; bony insertion? (protraction of pectoral girdle)

ribs;pectoral girdle

23. what movement is occurring at the hip? (sponge bob twisting hip)

rotation

which movement is occuring? (russian twist)

rotation

This joint is where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb?

sacroiliac joint

muscles for neck flexion?

scalenes (chin down)

Which carpal bones articulate with the forearm?

scaphoid, triquetrum, lunate

what muscle doesn't move the neck?

sternohyoid

2. what muscle causes medial rotation at the shoulder?

subscapularis and pectoralis major (teres major)

what causes supination/pronation of forearm?

supinator and pronator teres

specific classifications? intervertebral disc? radius and ulna/tibia and fibula interosseous membrane? manubrium and first rib?

symphysis syndesmosis synchondrosis

Cartlaginous joint movement? movement?

synarthrosis or amphyarthrosis

3 types of cartilaginous joints?

syncondroses, symphysis, and epiphyseal cartilage

Glenohumeral joint (shoulder): structural classification? functional classification? specific/special classification (specific example of it)?

synovial; diarthrosis; ball and socket

Interphalangeal joints: structural classification? functional classification? specific/special classification (specific example of it)?

synovial; diarthrosis; hinge joint

Atlantoaxial joint: structural classification? functional classification? specific/special classification (specific example of it)?

synovial; diarthrosis; pivot

12. bony origin; bony insertion? (plantar flexion)

tibia/fibula; metatarsals

27. bony origin, bony insertion for eversion at ankle?

tibia/fibula; tarsal

29/30. bony origin; bony insertion for dorsiflexion of ankle?

tibia/fibula; tarsals

13. which muscle does not cause plantar flexion?

tibialis anterior

2 examples of syndemosis?

tibiofibular joint and gomphosis (between teeth and gums)

which proteins hold the thick filaments in place?

titin

Protraction retraction happen on what plane?

transverse

Which carpal bone articulates w the pollex (thumb)?

trapezium

during cross bridge cycle, ca binds to __

troponin

transverse tubules? function? sarcoplasm? where? contains (2)

tubules: extension/invagination of sarcolemma ensures that all parts become excited by action potential sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fibers located btwn myofibrils glycogen (atp synthesis) and myoglobin (atp production)

Actin? looks like? has a?

twisted helix each has a myosin binding site

UNIAXIAL, BIAXIAL, TRIAXIAL: pivot hinge saddle plane condyloid/ellipsoidal ball and socket

uniaxial uniaxial biaxial biaxial (can be triaxial) biaxial triaxial

dystrophin? dieases? whatkindofproteins? titin? function? looks like?

w out distrophin, muscle cells damaged replaced by scar tissue and fat muscular distrophy disease kind:structuralporteins titin: most plentiful protein (after actin and myosin) from z disc to midline anchor filaments to both z disc and m line coil like structure helps sarcomeres return to resting stage

bony origin? radius bony insertion? carpals location of muscle? posterior joint moved? action?

wrist, extension

what muscle causes elevation of corner of mouth and draws it laterally?

zygomaticus or levator labii superioris

10. what muscle used to straighten out toes?

extensor digitorum longs and extensor hallucin longus

dif compartments for legs: posterior: superficial posterior compartment function? deep posterior compartment function? anterior: lateral compartment function? anterior compartment function?

superficial: plantar flexion deep: flexing toes lateral: eversion of foot anterior compartment: dorsiflexion and toe extension