study.com Chp. 4 The Civil War and Reconstruction

Because both sides had distinct advantages. Both the North and South had different formidable advantages that made the fight even and the war lasted longer than expected. Southern troops were not hiding, Northerners were not hesitant to kill, and Congress was relatively productive.

Why did the Civil War last so much longer than initially expected?

To cutoff income to the South from cotton exports The blockade certainly cut off their income stream from cotton exports. The Confederacy didn't need to import much food for survival because of their agricultural economy. They did not manufacture exports, and they were not getting significant troop reinforcements from Europe.

Why did the North use its Naval advantage to institute a blockade of Southern ports?

They needed to protect their newly sovereign territory by removing Union troops President Jefferson Davis demanded the immediate surrender of all federal troops stationed in Southern territory. In response, Union Major Robert Anderson garrisoned himself inside of Ft. Sumter. In order to protect sovereign Southern territory, the South fired upon Ft. Sumter firing the first shots.

Why did the South fire the first shots that started the Civil War?

Poor military leadership made tactical blunders leading to many casualties Lee might have been successful if he'd had a skilled leader like Stonewall Jackson. But he didn't, and a less competent general ordered what is infamously known as Pickett's Charge.

Why did the South lose the Battle of Gettysburg?

Because the South lost an important commander, Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot in the arm by one of his own men in the darkness of May 2. The arm was amputated successfully, but Jackson died of pneumonia a week later. So even though it was a loss for the Union, Jackson's death made the Battle of Chancellorsville a turning point in the war.

Why was Chancellorsville considered an important turning point in the Civil War?

Because the South took heavy casualties and never again attempted to invade the North After three days of fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union finally forced Lee's retreat on July 3. Because he suffered heavy casualties, including a third of his officers, and because he never again tried to invade the North, many historians consider the Battle of Gettysburg to be the turning point of the Civil War.

Why was Gettysburg considered the decisive turning point in the Civil War?

It would split the Confederacy in two by isolating Texas and New Mexico The Vicksburg campaign took months to complete, but its success opened the length of the Mississippi River and isolated Texas and the New Mexico territory from the rest of the Confederacy.

Why was taking control of the entire Mississippi River such an important goal for the North?

Because Petersburg protected and supplied the capital Petersburg, which protected and supplied the capital, had been under siege by Union General Ulysses S. Grant since June of 1864.

Why was the fall of Petersburg significant for Richmond?

It was a way where they could continue dominating society and keep African Americans repressed. Through sharecropping, the wealthy whites to continue dominating society and keep African Americans repressed well beyond the Civil War.

Why were wealthy landowners interested in sharecropping?

Maintaining a racialized system of subservient labor in the South Policies like these were meant to maintain slavery in all but name. They were designed to keep black families impoverished, working in service and labor industries, and without access to social or economic equal status.

Apprenticeship laws, sharecropping, and vagrancy laws all had what common goal during Reconstruction?

segregation Plessy v. Ferguson allowed 'separate but equal,' also known as segregation, to become law in the United States.

As a result of Plessy v Ferguson, _____ became law in the United States.

No he didn't. He didn't understand the complexity of the situation and then just let Lincoln inherit the problem. Buchanan was insensitive to the complexity of the slavery issue. Eventually, he just let the clock run on his presidency and let Lincoln deal with the problem of slavery.

Complete this dialogue about President Buchanan: President Buchanan did everything he could to avoid the Civil War.

To appease southerners after California was admitted as a free state and D.C. abolished the slave trade The Fugitive Slave Act was a measure that was solely intended to appease disgruntled southerners following the admission of California as a free state, the reorganizing of the Utah and New Mexico territories based on popular sovereignty, and the ban on the slave trade in Washington D.C.

For what reason was the Fugitive Slave Act adopted?

The Declaration of Independence

From what document did Lincoln borrow the phrase 'all men are created equal?'

Taney believed that the President did not have the Constitutional authority to issue the proclamation, while Lincoln based his opinion on the preservation of the Union. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger Taney, advised the president that he had no such Constitutional authority. Lincoln disagreed; he believed the Constitution clearly empowered the nation's leaders to defend and preserve the Union, and he felt that setting the South's slaves free would help accomplish that goal.

How did the opinion of Abraham Lincoln on the Emancipation Proclamation differ from that of Roger Taney?

They were reserved towards the proclamation which is why the Republican Party lost seats in Congress that year. Of course, there were Americans who opposed the measure, both civilian and military. President Lincoln's Republican Party lost seats in that year's Congressional election, and many feared he would be thrown out of office.

How did the public respond to the Emancipation Proclamation?

To protect the property of Dr. Emerson The Supreme Court ruled that the 5th Amendment guaranteed people the right to their property. In this case, the property was the slave, Dred Scott, who was owned by the late Dr. Emerson.

How was the Fifth Amendment used in the Dred Scott case?

They both kept African Americans from having social equality. Black Codes limited the rights of African Americans. These laws included restrictions against African Americans working in certain businesses, living in certain parts of town, carrying guns and testifying against whites. Jim Crow laws attempted to keep non-whites separated in public spaces.

How were Black Codes and Jim Crow laws similar?

They were harbored and became a useful labor force for the Union army Fugitive slaves were considered contraband by the Union army. They were used in the labor force for wartime production, and eventually developed individual fighting units that became useful toward the end of the war.

How were runaway slaves treated during the Civil War with the Fugitive Slave Act still in place?

Neither capital was under imminent threat until General Lee ordered the evacuation of Richmond. During the Civil War, the two government capitals - Washington, D.C., and Richmond, VA - were barely 100 miles apart. But despite attempts and missed opportunities on both sides, neither army posed any serious threat to the other's capital. That is, until Union forces won a decisive victory near Petersburg on April 1, 1865.

How were the two capitals during the Civil War (Washington, D.C., and Richmond, VA) similar?

A middle-aged African American male from Richmond Cynics like to suggest that the Emancipation Proclamation was meaningless propaganda that never freed a single slave, and that Union leadership was racist and had ulterior motives. These cynics are both correct and incorrect. Most notably, the Proclamation did not free any slaves in the loyal border states or in areas of the South already under Union control, such as New Orleans.

Identify which of the following is a profile affected by the Emancipation Proclamation: A young African American male from New Orleans A young African American male from New York A middle-aged African American male from Boston A middle-aged African American male from Richmond

The amendment did not intend for whites and African Americans to be equal in society The Supreme Court disagreed with Plessy's lawyer. Supreme Court Justice Henry Brown said that even though the 14th Amendment may have intended to make African Americans and white people 'equal before the law,' it did not necessarily intend for the two races to be 'equal in society.'

In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Louisiana did not violate the 14th Amendment because:

The war had become about abolishing slavery.

In the Gettysburg Address, what does the phrase 'a new birth of freedom' mean?

1832; 1865

In what year was the New England Anti-Slavery Society established AND in what year was slavery made illegal in the United States, respectively?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legal discrimination based on race and gender did not officially end in the United States until the passage of:

Because it gave her child citizenship. The 14th amendment grants citizenship to anyone born in the US.

Marianne immigrated to the United States from Europe in search of better opportunities for herself and her future family. While in the process of applying for US citizenship, Marianne gives birth to a child. Why was the 14th Amendment important to Marianne?

The northern states breached the Constitution by not returning fugitive slaves. They pointed out that the Constitution protected slavery. The Northern states had breached their contract by refusing to assist in the return of fugitive slaves, so the Southern states were released from their obligation to the Union.

South Carolina formally seceded from the Union because:

Jim Crow laws Black Codes enshrined policies of racial segregation and limited African American access to the polls. They set the political and ideological foundation for Jim Crow laws and institutionalized racial segregation.

The Black Codes of Reconstruction were the ideological forbearers of what?

Compromise of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Act was an inclusion in what larger piece of legislation?

President Buchanan's attempt to resupply the fort On January 5, 1861, President Buchanan dispatched the merchant ship Star of the West to reinforce Fort Sumter with food and 250 troops. Though the ship was unarmed, the move was viewed as a federal violation of state sovereignty.

What conflict sparked the Battle of Fort Sumter?

Food Major Anderson's troops were about to either starve or surrender. So, on April 6, 1861, Lincoln announced that he was going to send food to Fort Sumter - no men, no weapons. This put the ball in Davis's court.

What did President Lincoln attempt to send to Fort Sumter?

Southern states made it increasingly difficult for masters to free their slaves.

What happened to Southern interest in abolishing slavery after Nat Turner's insurrection in 1831?

The Supreme Court ruled that 'separate but equal' was illegal only in public schools Brown v. Board of Education ruled that 'separate but equal' did not apply to public schools and that public schools had to educate both white and African American children. In other words, 'separate but equal', was illegal in public schools.

What impact did the Brown v. Board of Education ruling have on Plessy v. Ferguson?

Lincoln's call for volunteers to defend U.S. positions in the South President Lincoln maintained that he was quelling a rebellion when he called for 75,000 troops from the remaining states to defend or retake all U.S. military posts in the South. The response was mixed. Ohio alone could have supplied the requested number of volunteers. But, four southern states - Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee - decided to secede rather than send soldiers to help Lincoln fight against their own land and people.

What prompted the last four states to secede and join the Confederacy?

The money made by hiring out prisoners encouraged states to convict more and more people of unfair laws. The struggling state governments had nearly no overhead expenses when the convicts were leased, and the prisoners generated an enormous income stream.

What was a problem with convict leasing?

To maintain white social and political control Redeemers were white Southerners who worked to reclaim the social and political control that they had exercised for over a century.

What was the main aim of Redeemers?

To suppress the voting rights of African Americans While the KKK feared any form of African-American political, economic, or social equality, they saw voting rights as the biggest threat to white supremacy.

What was the main objective of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction?

The Confederacy won the battle and took control of the fort. On April 14, 1861, Major Robert Anderson surrendered the garrison. Anderson took the fortress's tattered flag with him; the Confederate flag was raised. Fort Sumter had fallen to the Confederacy. The American Civil War had begun.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Fort Sumter?

To enforce civil rights and protect them against the KKK The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 gave the Justice Department the power to hunt down and prosecute the Ku Klux Klan, as well as others who were working to prevent African Americans from accessing their civil rights.

What was the purpose of the Enforcement Acts?

To dedicate a new national cemetery

What was the reason Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address?

Expanded the Underground Railroad Pursued nullification on the Fugitive Slave Act Promoted Uncle Tom's Cabin

What were reactionary measures taken by abolitionists/northerners against the Fugitive Slave Act?

1865-1877 Reconstruction took place in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War.

When did Reconstruction take place?

2 minutes

When he gave the Gettysburg Address, approximately how long did Lincoln speak?

1863

When was the Gettysburg Address given?

Lyndon B. Johnson The Civil Rights Act of 1964, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, made segregation and discrimination illegal.

Which U.S. President signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

The correct order of events was: election of President Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, the Crittenden Compromise proposal, and finally, the crisis at Fort Sumter.

Which correctly shows the events in the order in which they occurred?

Liberia

Which country was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of antislavery societies?

Southern Democrats Southern Democrats were angry the North had won the Civil War and enacted 'Jim Crow' legislation.

Which group was largely responsible for the passage of 'Jim Crow' legislation in the aftermath of the Civil War?

Congress should not have enacted it. Congress did not enact it, it was a proclamation made by Lincoln.

Which is NOT a common criticism of the Emancipation Proclamation? Congress should not have enacted it. The motives behind it were not all pure. The Union didn't have the power to enforce it. Lincoln didn't have the authority to issue it.

Four slave states remained in the Union. Maryland and three other slave states (Missouri, Delaware and Kentucky) - often called the 'Border States' - never left the United States of America (also called the Union for the duration of the war).

Which is a true statement regarding secession in the American Civil War?

The 14th Amendment The Fourteenth Amendment has also been applied to gender discrimination and is currently in the spotlight because of the immigration debate. Some Americans feel that the Amendment needs to be revised so that citizenship is not granted automatically.

Which of the Reconstruction Amendments remains controversial to this day, with constant calls for its revisal?

A system of laws designed to discriminate against African Americans Jim Crow laws were a system of laws meant to discriminate against African Americans, spread across the U.S. For decades, any type of public facility could be legally separated into 'whites only' and 'blacks only.'

Which of the following BEST defines Jim Crow? A system of laws designed to promote equality for all Americans The name of Homer Plessy's lawyer A system of laws designed to discriminate against African Americans A white civil rights activist who advocated equality for African Americans

Frederick Douglass

Which of the following became the most famous black man in America during the 1830s and 1840s as he fought to abolish slavery?

After the fall of Richmond, the capital was moved to Charleston. President Davis and his cabinet burned documents and prepared to move the capital to Danville, VA.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Confederate retreat from Richmond? The confederates burned the armory, bridges, storehouses of tobacco and other locations. The city was in flames in the aftermath of the Confederate retreat. After the fall of Richmond, the capital was moved to Charleston. Families looted stores of provisions that greedy merchants had hoarded.

The Civil Rights Movement took place during the 1920s and 1930s. The Civil Rights Movement took place during the 1950s and 1960s.

Which of the following is NOT true? The Civil Rights Movement took place during the 1920s and 1930s. 'Jim Crow' was a term meaning 'negro.' The term 'Jim Crow' is believed to have originated with a 1828 song and dance titled 'Jump Jim Crow.' Many 'Jim Crow' laws related to voting.

The assassination of Lincoln was part of a conspiracy to assassinate the president, vice president and secretary of state simultaneously. President Lincoln died the following morning, April 15, 1865, but the secretary of state recovered and the vice president's assassin lost his nerve and never even attacked.

Which of the following is correct regarding the assassination of Lincoln?

The 13th Amendment The 13th amendment officially made slavery illegal in the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in rebellious states but not those in the Union, and the end of the Civil War paved the way for the ratification of the 13th amendment.

Which of the following officially ended slavery in the United States?

The correct order of events was: Buchanan became president (March 4, 1857), Dred Scott decision announced (March 6, 1857), Lincoln became president (March 4, 1861), the Civil War began (April 12, 1861)

Which of the following places the events in correct chronological order?

Few soldiers from the US Army chose to join the local militias and side with the Confederacy. While some loyal soldiers retreated, many others joined the state militia where they were located, including about a quarter of the U.S. Army, which was stationed in Texas.

Which of the following statements about the formation of the Confederacy is FALSE? The first state to secede was South Carolina. The secessionists met in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1861, to form the Confederate States of America. Senator Jefferson Davis was chosen as their president. Few soldiers from the US Army chose to join the local militias and side with the Confederacy.

They aimed to restore the social order of the 'Old South.' They functioned as a paramilitary group. They stopped people from voting for Republicans.

Which of the following was TRUE about the Ku Klux Klan after the Civil War?

all are correct

Which of the following were aspects of the Fugitive Slave Act? Drafted arrest warrants for fugitive slaves Created a federal commission The rights of fugitive slaves were suspended

Grimke sisters

Which sisters helped increase the role of women in the abolitionist movement?

The Supreme Court said that slavery was legal unless states outlawed it. The Dred Scott decision made it so that slavery was legal unless states specifically outlawed it. Territories could not make laws on slavery until they became states.

Which statement correctly describes the Dred Scott decision?

Abolishing slavery in the United States. Many people believe that it abolished slavery in the United States, but that's not true.

Which was NOT a goal of the Emancipation Proclamation? Reducing the Confederacy's manpower. Abolishing slavery in the United States. Increasing troop numbers in the Union. Giving a moral purpose to the war effort

More railroad connections There were half as many developed roadways and train tracks in the South.

Which was NOT one of the South's advantages during the Civil War?

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Which was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883?

At Gettysburg, General Lee retreated, and the deadliest event of the war was finally over. More than 57,000 American men were dead, wounded or missing, including nearly a third of General Lee's Southern officers.

Which was the deadliest event in the Civil War?

Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee was a Confederate General, James Buchanan was President right before the Civil War, and John Fremont was an explorer and politician. Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederacy in 1861.

Who was the President of the Confederate States of America in 1861?

These amendments were aimed at fixing a broken, post-Civil War nation. The Reconstruction Amendments were named after the time period that followed the Civil War and were focused on lessening the divide between the slaves and the rest of the American population.

Why are the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments referred to as the Reconstruction Amendments?

To obtain his freedom Dred Scott sued the Missouri territory to obtain his freedom. He claimed residence in Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was outlawed.

Why did Dred Scott file a lawsuit?

Because he wanted to reach his supply train there and continue the fight But Lee held out hope that the last 9,000 men under his command could keep up the fight until the slaves joined them, especially if he could reach his supply train at Appomattox Courthouse.

Why did General Lee initially go towards the Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865?

The Democrats were not unified and split their votes among different candidates. The Democrats disagreed over how to deal with slavery and so split their votes among different candidates.

Why did Republicans have an advantage in the 1860 presidential election?

Through things such as literacy tests and poll taxes. The 15th amendment gave all men the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous servitude; however, literacy tests and poll taxes were used to work around the 15th amendment because majority of slaves were uneducated and therefore could not read or write.

Samuel was a slave who worked for a cotton farmer on a plantation in southern Alabama before the Civil War. Samuel was granted freedom, citizenship, and the right to vote during Reconstruction. How could his 15th Amendment rights be worked around?

It would restore the Missouri Compromise line and protect slavery in the South. The Crittenden Compromise was a last-minute effort to save the Union by restoring the Missouri Compromise line and protecting slavery in the South, but Republicans refused to pass it.

Senator John Crittenden believed his 'Crittenden Compromise' would keep the Union together because:

White landowners Sharecropping was a system in which landowners rented out plots of land to black families at exorbitant rates. It kept these families subservient to and dependent on a white landowner.

Sharecropping put black families at the mercy of who?