Stuff to Freshen Up On

Humanistic Theory

- view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth - People continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals. = self-actualization

Observer bias

- when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations - usually explains when results of a study could not be replicated by another group of scientists

Twitch

A single quick, jerky muscular contraction from a single nerve impulse followed by relaxation Only affects one motor unit innervated by that one nerve

Selection bias

a type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate - ex. people with strong feelings may be more likely to respond to a survey

Taste Aversion

a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation

mediating variable

a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables

atrial naturetic hormone

opposite of aldosterone, released in response to high blood volume and decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, as well as increasing the GFR and inhibiting aldosterone release

Berkson's fallacy

sampling bias that results from selecting both the observed and control population from a hospital setting

Applied Research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems ex. why people with OCD aren't taking their meds

Social Conflist Theory

sees society as an arena of inequity that generates conflict and change

Self-Efficacy

self-assessment on an individual's ability to person a specific task or set of tasks

Health Psychology

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health ex. how stressors influence health and well-being a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

umami

the taste sensation produced by glutamate; identifies the presence of amino acids in foods

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

differential association theory

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to - individuals engage in criminal acts because they're exposed to this type of behavior

A prion is best described as an infectious: A.prokaryote. B.transposon. C.protein. D.virus.

- The answer to this question is C because a prion is an abnormally folded protein that induces a normally folded version of the protein to also adopt the abnormal structure, which is often deleterious transposons: genetic element that moves from one location to another in a genome

Stimulants

- increase arousal in the NS - release and inhibition of reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin - increase heart rate and blood pressure - creates effects of anxiety, delusions of grandeur, euphoria, hypervigilance, and decreased appetite

Schizoid personality disorder

- indifferent, aloof, withdrawn, and often preoccupied with fantasy and/or excessive daydreaming - a personality disorder characterized by a persistent avoidance of social relationships (due to indifference) and little expression of emotion

What about the cells that are not on the leading edge of the neural fold?

- they're the non-neural crest cells - form the Neural Tube, which will form the Central Nervous system.

Allosteric effector

-binds non-covalently at regulatory site -changes shape of enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site -positive effector increases enzyme activity -negative effector inhibits the enzyme no necessary for enzyme function

phylogenic tree

A chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by phylogenic systematics. It contains a time component and implies ancestor-descendant relationships.

meso compound

A stereoisomer with an internal plane of symmetry. Meso compounds are optically inactive.

anterior pituitary gland

Endorphins are produced in the anterior pituitary gland, along with other hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and growth hormone (GH).

what is the ground state electron configuration of Co2+?

During the ionization of transition metals, electrons from 4s subshell orbitals are generally removed before those from 3d subshell orbitals.

Energy of a photon

E=hf

Practice Effects

Improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained

Charge Equation for a Capacitor

Q = VC

Conformity (Merton's Strain Theory)

Individuals accept the culturally approved goals and strive to achieve them legitimately

What is the voltage generated by an electrochemical cell at equilibrium?

At equilibrium, the free energy change is zero. Therefore, the REDOX potential is zero as well, from ΔG = -nFE. When considering Equation 2, if Q = Keq, then the -0.06/n log K term cancels the E°. Choice B is the best answer.

When in the process is the mass of cells considered a fetus?

At week 10 after embryogenesis/organogenesis

Moderating vs mediating variables

Moderating variables: attenuate or strengthen a given relationship Mediating variables: provide an important link between an independent variable and dependent variable, or outcome

Glutamate

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, EXCEPT vision. Acts as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter on bipolar cells of the eye in the absence of light.

NMDA receptors

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, one of three major classes of glutamate receptors

Azide

N3-

Relative vs absolute configurations

D and L = relative R and S = Absolute

Ester

RCOOR

Relative vs. Absolute Poverty

Relative poverty = below poverty standards of a given society Absolute poverty = inability to meet basic needs of life (water, shelter)

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Which physiological process prevents cross-species fertilization among hominids?

Species-specific receptors on the egg bind species-specific ligands on the sperm

Titration curve explained

Titration of a weak acid or base results in a pKa generation. at the half equivalence point, pH = pKa and the amount of acid is equal to the amount of conjugate base (HA = A- in the following equation: HA + H2O --> H3O+ + A-) At the equivalence point, the moles of H+ = moles of OH- (ex. equation: HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O)

Childhood memories - memory type

episodic

Appendix

extension of the colon - holds E. coli

Polyandry

female having exclusive relationships with several males

Granulosa cells

follicular cells closely associated with the developing female oocyte (egg). They function to convert thecal androgens to estradiol prior to ovulation. After ovulation, they give rise to the corpus luteum and begin producing high levels of progesterone.

Pressure

force of collisions per unit area perpendicular force acting over a certain amount of area P=F/A

gamma radiation

form of ionizing radiation that is potentially mutagenic to humans

Photon emission

higher energy to lower energy

reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (polar mobile phase and non-polar stationary phase)

non-polar molecules will be attracted to the stationary phase in the column and polar molecules will elute first with the mobile phase

confounding variable

one which is not typically of interest to the researcher but affects the relationship between the dependent and independent variables

Specific Gravity

ratio of a mineral's weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water comparison of an object's density with respect to the density of water

protectionism

refers to country rejecting trade with others and being isolative

Anomie

refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness: Rapid changes in society, Low levels of income, High heterogeneity

Content Validity

refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant facets of the phenomenon it is intended to investigate - how well a given assessment actually measures what it claims to measure - whether it has been properly constructed to measure the relevant thing

continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Glycine

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. work in conjunction with GABA

PET Scans

inject patient with radioactive analogue of glucose and measure radioactive eemissions from the body - More active areas will show increased metabolism and increase glucose uptake - detect cancer since cancer uses more glucose

Can you administer potentially harmful drugs to a person for the purposes of research?

Yes, as long as you have obtained IC and the harm does not outweigh the potential benefits of the study

Can you withold a treatment that we know works from someone for the purposes of research

Yes, as long as you have obtained IC and the harm does not outwight the potential benefits of the study

With decreasing temperature,

air is able to hold less H2O

Social Constructionism

asserts that individuals develop understandings and knowlege of the world through interactions with other people, and that mediating force in this interaction is primarily language

Dispositional Attribution

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones

Material Culture

the physical things created by members of a society

TLC solvent

usually nonpolar (ex. hexane) so nonpolar compounds will travel the farthest and have the highest Rf

Amids + water

will readily hydrolyze

30-60-90 triangle

x, x√3, 2x

Counterbalancing

- A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject - used to control the order in which stimuli are presented. By swapping the order the stimuli are presented it, the confounding variable of something being presented earlier or later is controlled for.

Cultural Assimulation

- Absorption of a culturally distinct group into a dominant or prevailing culture

Ritualism (Merton's Strain Theory)

- Accepts the conventional means but rejects teh cultural goals - Individuals give up on the goal, but have internalized the legitimate means and follow the rules for their own sake. - ex. someone who will get educated and what not but not for the purpose of getting rich

Strain Theory

- Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Serotonin

- Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep in the brain with low levels associated with depression (CNS) - regulates intestinal movements in GI tract (peripheral NS)

Self-schemata

- Self-concept includes self-schemata. - cognitive generalizations about the self

microtubules

- Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure - cellular structures that originate from centrosomes

Social Reproduction

- Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next - ex. rich parents giving birth to kids who are rich because of their parents and vice versa

lateral geniculate nucleus

- a place in the thalamus that receives impulses from the optic nerve - detects and interprets info from the retina and passes it on to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Acetylcholine as NT

- active in peripheral nervous system - activates muscle contraction at neuromuscular junction - used in all autonomic outputs from brain to authonomic ganglia and in parasympathetic NS for post-ganglionic connections

Opiates

- cause a sense of euphoria - decreased reaction to pain binding to opioid receptors in the NS - prolonged use can cause brain to stop producing endorphins

Demographic transition

- change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates - as the country transitions from developing or pre-industrial economy to an industrialized economy

Counterculture

- cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society - When laws of a dominant soicety are violated you get a counterculture

Symbolic Racism

- when people do not support overtly racist practices such as segregation but believe racism is not a structural or institutional issue - believe racism is wrong but do not see racism as a significant institutional problem in society since the 60s - when someone says they are not racist, but they oppose legislation that would bring about equal rights

The Ka of a newly-developed acid is evaluated and noted to be unmeasurably high. What would be the expected pH of a 10M solution of this acid? A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. >1

-log[10M] = -1

Convergence Theory

-roots in functionalist perspective -assumes that societies have certain requirements that must be met if they are to survive and operate effectively

at STP, 1 mol of gas occupies how many L

1 mol - 22.4 L

Kubler-Ross Model of Death and Dying

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance

Roles of Calcium

1. communication amoung neurons 2. muscle contractions (smooth and skeletal) 3. blood clotting 4. Bone Tissue Formation 5. exocytosis?

Manual Blood Pressure

1. inflate cuff until no blood flow is heard anymore 2. slowly release air from cuff 3. First time blood flow is heard = systolic 4. End of hearing blood flow = diastolic

Work done by a spring

1/2kx^2

density of water

1000 kg/m^3

IR spectra for C=O

1700 cm-1

What is the energy of an electromagnetic wave with energy E if the wavelength is changed from 800 nm to 400 nm?

2E

IR spectra for -OH

3000

Bottleneck Effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

Which of the structures listed below is found in the blood-brain barrier? A. Tight junctions B. Synapses C. Dendrites D. More than one of the above

A is correct. The blood-brain barrier is primarily composed of endothelial cells with tight junctions (shown below) that prevent the movement of most solutes. Astrocytes also contribute to the function of the blood-brain barrier; however, these glial cells do not have dendrites or synapses, which are characteristic of neurons and their interconnections, respectively. B, C, D: Synapses and dendrites are characteristic of neurons and are therefore not present in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.

Ubiquitin

A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes

aldol condensation

A reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone acts as both the electrophile and nucleophile, resulting in the formation of a carbon-carbon bond in a new molecule called an aldol.

A dramatic change in which variable is most likely to improve health outcomes in countries where mortality rate is high and life expectancy is low? A. Average Income B. Healthcare Access C. Medical Technology D. Physicians per capita

A. Multiple studies have reported that increased income has the greatest impact on health outcomes of devloping countries. B is not correct since there are places with universal health care that still have negative health outcomes. you can have access, but if you cannot pay for it, that is not going to be helpful

Biologists introduced 35S into bacteriophage proteins and inoculated cultured bacteria with the labeled phages. From what bacterial centrifugation fraction will the radiolabel be detected? A. Viral coat proteins from the extracellular fraction B. Bacterial proteins from the bacterial cytosol fraction C. Viral coat proteins from the intracellular fraction D. Bacterial proteins from both the intracellular and extracellular fractions

A. sulfur is in protein, not in DNA, so it will only be found extracellularly since viruses have a protein coat and only inject DNA into the host, not protein

Beer-Lambert Law

A=ebc e= constant b= path length c= concentration suggests that path length, molar absorptivity, and concentration are all directly proportional to the absorbance

Source monitoring error

An error that occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.

atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotics that do not have significant side effects common to older antipsychotics (neuroleptics) Atypical antipsychotics are used to treat schizophrenia. These are the newer generation drugs. They have less side effects, including a reduced effect on negative symptoms, but they are not always effective.

An object is placed on a scale and its weight is recorded. How would the recorded weight of the object change as the atmospheric pressure was increased? A. The recorded weight would increase because the air density increases as pressure increases. B. The recorded weight would increase because air density decreases as pressure increases. C. The recorded weight would decrease because the air density increases as pressure increases. D. The recorded weight would decrease because the air density decreases as pressure increases.

As pressure increases on a gas, its density increases accordingly. The increased density provides greater buoyant force on the object. Thus the object's apparent weight would decrease as its buoyant force increases.

Attribution theory vs fundatmental attribution error

Attribution theory relates to an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them; fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another's actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.

If a group of individuals diagnosed with personality disorder were found to believe that their socially destructive actions should have yielded neutral or positive social results with those around them, it would best support which personality theory? A. Humanistic perspective B. Social cognitive perspective C. Behaviorist perspective D. Biological perspective

B is correct. The correct answer must explain the behavior of the subjects in terms of their expectations of others. The social cognitive perspective is based upon expectations of others. A: The humanistic perspective is centered on the use of free will and how to best apply it, which would not apply in this case. C: The behaviorist perspective is related to external stimuli experienced by the person. Since this question stem focuses on the predicted experiences of others, this does not apply here. D: The biological perspective is based on biological inheritance, which is irrelevant to this scenario.

Elena's mom tells her to pay close attention to the new students at school, because first impressions are the most important aspect of determining who your friends should be. What is her mom relying on to make judgments about Elena's potential friends? A. Physical appearance B. Primacy effect C. Recency effect D. Personal constructs

B.

Which property of a substance is best used to estimate its relative vapor pressure? A.Melting point B.Boiling point C.Molecular weight D.Dipole moment

B. Boiling Point

Which of the following correctly lists the electron configuration for chromium? A [Ar]4s23d4 B [Ar]4s13d5 C [Kr]4s23d4 D [Kr]4s13d5

B. The electron configuration for chromium is an exception that is often tested on the MCAT. Namely, the 4s orbital and the 3d orbitals are both half filled, thus there is only a single electron in 4s and 5 electrons in 3d (rather than 2 in 4s and 4 in 3d). Thus (B) is the correct answer.

Capacitace equation

C = ɛ0A/d

One mole of which lipid will produce the most ATP upon complete oxidative metabolism? A. Glycophospholipids B. Sphingolipids C. Triacylglycerides D. Steroids

C. Triacylglycerides have three fatty acids while all others have 2 or fewer equivalents of fatty acid per mole. Fatty acids produce the most ATP/carbon of any lipid

Capacitor when battery is connected vs. when disconnected

Connected: V is constant Disconnected: Q is constant

crystallized intelligence vs. fluid intelligence

Crystallized: our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age Fluid: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Culture Lag

Culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems

Which of the following has the highest boiling point? A. 0.5 M NaCl B. 1.0 M Glucose C. 0.5 M Glucose D. 1.0 M NaCl

D. since higher concentration will result in a higher boiling point and NaCl will dissociate into ions

Inflation of the lungs in mammals is accomplished by: A.diffusion of gases. B.active transport of gases. C.positive pressure pumping action. D.negative pressure pumping action.

D.negative pressure pumping action.

operant extinction

Disappearance of a behavior through removal of reinforcers (ex. if a dog learns to sit down in order to receive a treat, and treats are no longer given, the "sit down" behavior will eventually disappear)

efferent vs afferent neurons

Efferent: motor neurons that transmit impulses AWAY from CNS Afferent: sensory neurons that transfer impulses TOWARDS the CNS

euchromatin vs heterochromatin

Euchromatin is loosely condensed, relative to heterochromatin

Bouyont Force

Fb=pfluid*Vsubmerged object*g

Folkways, Laws, Mores, Taboos

Folkways = norms that guide simple, everyday behavior; violating them typically does not have serious consequences Laws: punishable Mores and Taboos = unwritten rules in society about what is considered right and wrong about important issues and are typically very broadly accepted within a given society (ex. incest)

Demographic transition stages

Go over stages pictures

When asked about a binding interaction, what will allow such an interaction

H-bonds

CO2+H2O

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Difference between alpha particle and helium atom

Helium atom also has 2 electrons which alpha particles do not have

Which of the following do NOT have proteins with a nuclear localization signal? I. E. coli II. Homo sapiens III. Fungi IV. Archaea

I, IV because they do not have nuclei

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

internal vs external validity

Internal: extent to which we can say that the change in outcome variable (dependent) is due to intervention External: extent to which findings can be generalized to real world

Dissociation Constant

Kd, Concentration of free ligand needed to produce a state in which half of receptors are occupied. - lower dissociation constant means highest ligand affinity

Lewis Acid vs Lewis Base vs Bronsted-Lowry Acid vs. Bronsted-Lowry Base

LA accepts electron pairs, LB donates electron pairs BL acid = proton donor, BL base = proton acceptor

Asociality

Lack of motivation or desire to engage in social activity

A biochemical reaction is coupled with the synthesis of ATP from ADP. What is the delta G of the reaction without the ATP synthesis reaction?

Large, negative delta G since ATP synthesis is a nonspontaneous reaction, it has to be coupled with a large spontaneous reaction

Logarithms

Log of a decimal is negative; log of a large number is positive

what type of cell is multinucleated

Muscle cell

Each pair of electrons from NADH and FADH2 result in the translocation of how many protrons?

NADH = 10 protons FADH2= 6 protons

ATP naming

Naming nomenclature goes alpha, beta, gamma, delta... So the third phosphate group so gamma-phosphate.

necrosis VS apoptosis

Necrosis: bad, damage to nearby cells caused by lysis Apoptosis: good; for normal functioning of cell. Cell shrinkage, caspase activation

If there is a Force being applied, does that mean there is also an acceleration

No, Force applied has to overcome static friction to have an acceleration value (can push a weight but it won't move unless you put in enough force)

If a molecule has electronegative groups, is it automatically polar?

No, if there is symmetry, the dipoles will cancel out making the molecule nonpolar. ex, 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Korsakoff's syndrome

Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), which results in a deficit in the ability to recall recent events. Often due to severe alcoholism.

Big 5 Personality Traits

OCEAN openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Open vs closed vs isolated system

Open: matter and heat exchange Closed: no matter, only heat exchange Isolated: no exchange at all

Spleen

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells - store red blood cells (RBCs) as well as filter RBCs

Total Pressure of a fluid in open container

P = Patm + Pgauge

How do you find Power given Force and velocity

P = W/t W=Fd v=d/t ----> d=vt W=Fvt P=Fvt/t = Fv

Which imaging technique is best suited for localizing brain areas, as described in the studies of neural activity? A.PET B.EEG C.MRI D.CT

PET scan is the only one of those that will localize imaging

ion exchange chromatography

Positive proteins stick to negative beads, only negative proteins go through

Bernoulli Effect

Pressure is lower where flow speed is greater.

aldosterone

Promotes retention of Na+ in exchange for K+ Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

retrograde transport of protein

Protein translation principally occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus for post translational modification, processing, and packaging for proper localization. Retrograde transport would reverse the motion and return the protein to the ER

Ka

Same as Keq

Partial Report Technique

Study by Sterling found that iconic memory has a large capacity after asking participants to recall 3 rows of 4 letters based on a different tone for each line.

Shadowing

Technique where a participant is asked to repeat a word or phrase immediately after its heard

incongruence

The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.

Religiosity

The extent of influence of religion in a person's life' usually this person is more likely to use emotions in decision-making

Prejudice Theory

Theory suggesting people are prejudice due to outgroup competition

Restriction Enzyme Types

Type I: enzymes cleave at sites remote from the recognition site; they require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function. Type II enzymes cleave within or at short specific distances from their recognition sites and often require magnesium. Type III enzymes cleave at sites a short distance from their recognition sites and require ATP (but do not hydrolyze it). S-adenosyl-L-methionine stimulates this reaction, but is not required. Type IV enzymes target modified (e.g. methylated, hydroxymethylated) DNA.

2-mercaptoethanol

Used in SDS-PAGE is a reducing agent breaks disulfide bonds

A substance is dissolved in water, releasing heat. The equilibrium constant of the reaction is measured to be less than 1. What is the sign of standard entropy change for this process?

Using ΔG = -RTlnK, we know that if the K is less than 1, the value for ΔG is positive. For a given reaction, we know ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, so if we know ΔG is positive and ΔH is negative (since it's releasing heat), we know that ΔS must be negative as well.

Surface Residues vs Interior Residues

Usually, surface residues are less important to a protein's structure - the core is usually more important there, but surface residues can still be important in function

Validity vs. Reliability

Validity: - does it do what it's supposed to do? does it work? Reliability - the degree to which the tool produces consistent/stable results *Tools can be valid and not reliable (and vice versa) Ex. A test can be reliable but not valid - think of a bathroom scale. If you step on it every day and the weight is the same but wrong, the test has high reliability (consistency) but low validity (accuracy)

Casinos use what reinforcement schedule

Variable-ratio

A glass sphere with specific gravity of 2.5 and V = 10^-3 m^3 is completely submerged in water. What is the apparent weight of the sphere while submerged

Wapp = W - Fb (weight in water because there's a bouyont force going upwards specific gravity = pobj/pwater W = PobjVg = 2500 kg/m^3(10^-3m^3) (10 m/s^2) = 25N Fb = pfluid Vsub g = 1000*10^-3*10 = 10 Wapp = 25-10 = 15N

order of development from fertilization to differentiation of the GI system?

Zygote → morula → blastula → endodermal cells → lining of archenteron → GI system

Type II Error

a false negative, the incorrect acceptance of a null hypothesis - Null is actually false

Ascribed Status

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life you confused this with achieved status which is one you earn

Gender Role

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

Leydig cells

adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicles. In response to stimulation by LH, they produce testosterone and other androgens.

Negative Priming

an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus

Furan

aromatic

Founder Effect

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

continuity equation (fluids)

cross-sectional area decreases, velocity increases increasing velocity decreases pressure (because increasing v increase KE and accoridng to Bernoulli's in a closed system that increase has to be allowed for by a decrease in pressure)

demand characteristics

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected - participants pick up on subtle or overt clues about the purpose of the study, hypothesis, or the expectations of the researchers and modify their behavior to please the experimenters

How to determine hybridization

determine the number of regions of electron density around the atom. A region of electron density is defined as either a bond (single, double, or triple) or a lone pair of electrons. Two regions yield a hybridization of sp (common in cases of triple bonds or central atoms with two double bonds). Having three regions of electron density is associated with sp2 hybridization, and having four regions yields sp3 hybridization.

Which of the three germ layers forms the mouth

ectoderm invagination

Electric Field Line Direction

electric field lines exit from positive and enter negative charges

Is methoxy electron withdrawing or donating?

electron donating because resonance

lewis base

electron pair donor (nucleophile), has electron pairs, could be negatively charged so coordinate well with cations

face validity

extent to which a study appears to assess what it is inteded to assess - that is, more or less, the degree to which it "seems right" to participants and researchers

Phenomological Study

focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives and understanding of a particular situation or event. Often, this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.

Classical conditioning

form of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

How does a barometer work?

gas molecules in the atmosphere collide with the Hg (mercury) in the dish and push down which causes mercury to rise into the tube

imprinted gene

genes expressed in a parent-specific manner

pKa

half equivalence point

Behaviorist Theory

has to do with language being a conditioned behavior

Synovial joints

have a fluid interface between bones, where the fluid is composed of synovial fluid which provides both lubrication and nutrition to the tissue

Acetylation of DNA and Histones

histone acetylation typically promotes transcription by modifying chromatin structure, HDACs would inhibit transcription by condensing chromatin structure

discriminating stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure - symptom of depression

context effects

increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment as the one in which the original learning took place.

Galton's idea of hereditary genius

intelligence is heritable

Spearman's idea of general intelligence

intelligence is not separated. A disorder will impair all aspects of intelligence

Speed of photon

is equal to the speed of light

When calculating capacitance with multiple capacitors,

it is the opposite of resistors so in series you do the flipping and in parallel you just add them all up

consanguineal kinship

kinship by blood

Cultural capital

knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status

hypoxia

lack of oxygen

Mechanical Advantage of an inclined plane

length of slope/height of slope

lytic vs lysogenic cycle

lytic: phage causes lysis and death of host cell, virus in the lytic phase will infect and kill, or lyse, bacteria. lysogenic: Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA

GABA

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain - hyperpolarizes cells to reduce APs

Gender Conditioning

means by which, in part, gender roles are established. This social conditioning stems from societal reinforcements and punishments of gender-related behaviors.

Young's Modulus of Elasticity

measure of the stiffness of an elastic solid material. Equal to stress/strain

Promiscuity

member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex (according to Kaplan but should double check this)

Semantic memory

memory for knowledge about the world like how to tie your show

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

What causes red-green blindness

missing pigment in photoreceptors

What is the relationship between kinetic and static friction force?

mu for static will always be larger Static friction is greater than kinetic friction because there are more forces at work keeping an object stationary than there are forces working to resist an object once it is in motion.

negative pressure pumping action

negative pressure in the lungs relative to the surrounding air pressure is what causes inhalation during breathing.

Feature detectors

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

prosthetic group

non-protein cofactor tightly bound to an enzyme and necessary for function

What is the ionization constant of a weak acid

not 0 but much less than 1

three main components of SES

occupation, income, education

Overgeneralization

occurs when an individual comes to a conclusion based on one episode or bit of evidence.

Attrition bias

occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study

Moderator Variable

one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

Self-esteem

over-aching evaluation of one's self-worth

Histrionic personality disorder

overly dramatic and expressive with a heightened need to be the center of attention

chemiosmosis

passive diffusion of protons down their concentration gradient

Gardner's idea of eight intelligences

people have different types of intelligences

traditional behaviorist approach

people who believe that are environment and our outcomes shape our behavior. If I touch a hot stove and get burned then I learn to not touch a hot stove. - actual outcomes determine behavior, not cognitions regarding potential outcomes

What kind of hormone is insulin?

peptide

Period and group names

period = horizontal row in the periodic table

Prejudice

preconceived notion about a person, group, or thing - specifically target people, groups, or things that the holder of the prejudice encounters - shows that attitudes change with settings and social pressure - For example, if I believe that all people who wear red are loud and annoying, this constitutes a stereotype. If I actually see or hear about a person who is wearing red and form a negative opinion about that person, that is a prejudice.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Gestation

pregnancy

dichotic listening task

presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear.

stereotype

prevalent but oversimplified idea or set of ideas about a certain group - may sometimes be accurate

Freud

psychoanalytic theory

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration in humans?

pyruvate which is reduced in the final step - it is oxygen in aerobic respiration

Thinning (operant conditioning)

reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action

Ecological Validity

refers to how findings from an experimental setting can be generalized to the environmental considerations in the real world

Criterion Validity

refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome

Construct Validity

refers to whether measures actually do assess the variables that they are intended to assess

Sensory Memory

remembering the stimulus and the respective response under implicit memory

aldol reaction

requires a base for the first step with enolate ion intermediate

Experimental Research

research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors

ptyalin

salivary amylase

Angle of incidence

same as the angle of reflection

Epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs specialized cells for secretion and are present in the respiratory tract

Solubility and Temperature

solid solutes: increases temp, energy, collisions, increases the solubility gas solutes: increases temp, energy, ability to escape, decreases the solubility

What increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid?

solubility increases with increased pressure and decreased temperature (similar to the conditions that you place on a can of soda to keep the carbonation)

unconditioned stimulus

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

speed of a gamma ray

speed of light

Gastrulation

stage in embryonic development in which the single-layered blastula becomes the three-layered gastrula, the three germ layers of which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

Is surface tension attractive or repulsive force

surface tension is a force that tends to minimize surface area, not maximize it

Surface tension and its affect on surface area

surface tension is a force that tends to minimize surface area, not maximize it

Symbolic interactionism

symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction ex. smoking: used to be trendy but now is a symbol of ignorance and poor regard

Systole and diastole

systole = contraction of ventricles and ejection of blood Diastole = relaxation of ventricles allowing them to fill with blood

Maladaptiveness

takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person's life or poses a threat to others. aka disability

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Doppler effect

the frequency that the person on the railcar hears before passing the horn is larger than the actual frequency of the sound emitted, while the person hears a frequency lower than the actual frequency after passing the horn

Social Pscyhology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive study of human flourishing

Correlational research

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

Framing Bias

the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them

Attributional bias

the tendency to attribute one's own negative behavior to external causes and one's positive actions to internal states people constantly make attributions regarding the cause of behaviors

Hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it ("I knew it all along")

Functional fixedness

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Stroop effect

the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink

Acetone structure

tone means ketone - ketone in structure gives 120 degree angles

Positive control

treatments that are known to have a certain effect and can therefore be used to assess whether the experimental methodology was sound

Negative control

treatments that are known to have no effect

prescriptive in psychology

what an individual believes should occur,

descriptive in psychology

what one perceives as actually occurring

Self-perception

when we use our own behavior as a guide to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings For example, a woman sees herself make a rude comment towards a co-worker and then concludes, "Wow, I must really not like that person."

Verbal inputs to the left ear

which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the left hemisplere

binary nominal level of measurement

yes/no answer

The standard reduction potentials (E°) of Cl2 and Na+ are 1.36 V and -2.71 V respectively. What is the standard free energy change in the following reaction (F = 96,485 C/mol e-, 1 V = 1 J/C)? Cl2 + 2Na → 2NaCl

ΔG° = -nFE°. By summing the voltages for the oxidation of Na (2.71 V) and the reduction of Cl2 (1.36 V) we arrive at a total voltage change for the reaction of +4.07 V. Since E° is positive, the answer must be negative (eliminate choices A and B). Substitute +4.07 volts into the equation, using an approximate value of F ~ 105: ΔG° = -(2)(105)(4) = -8 × 105 J.

beta minus decay

β-particles are able to penetrate living matter and can strike and change the structure of molecules, including DNA. (DOUBLE CHECK IMAGE)

Heme

Be able to recognize structure

Epinephrine as NT

Stiumlates fight-or-flight response

amber codon

UAG stop codon

Atomic radius trend

decreases from left to right increases from top to bottom

Specific Gravity units

kg/m^3

Gauge pressure

pgh

Vacuum distillation

- By using a vacuum, we lower the atmospheric pressure, so that the liquid can boil at a lower temperature. - When using this method for separation, the compound that has the lower boiling point will boil off first, leaving the second compound behind

Fertilization

- Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell - at two weeks

Instinctual Drift

- The tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response to an object - phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors

Venturi effect

-as the area decreases from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed increases -as the dynamic pressure increases, the absolute pressure decreases at point 2 -with a lower absolute pressure, the column of fluid sticking up from the Venturi tube is lower at point 2 P1 + 0.5pvA^2 = P2 + 0.5pvB^2

Kinsey Scale

0 to 6 scale of sexuality 0 being solely heterosexual 6 being exclusively homosexual

What are physciological examples of zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions?

0: enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which the enzyme is saturated (close to Vmax on Michaelis-Menten Curve) 1: radioactice decay, Sn1 reactions, Beginning of Michaelis-menten curve 2: physical collisions between two reactant molecules like SN2

When is full-term of a baby

37-42 weeks

Which of the following animal pairs best illustrates the outcome of convergent evolution? A.The dolphin and the shark B.The domestic sheep and the mountain goat C.The polar bear and the panda bear D.The light-colored and the dark-colored forms of the peppered moth

A Convergent evolution is Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

resistivity

A material's opposition to the flow of electric current. Inverse of conductivity

mature mRNA

A mature mRNA consists of a 5'-cap (one base pair), the 5' UTR, coding regions, the 3' UTR, and a poly(A) tail.

interval level of measurement

A measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable's values represent fixed measurement units but have no absolute, or fixed, zero point ex. degree of one's belief in the afterlife

Describe these research study designs A. Experimental design B. Retrospective cohort design C. Case control design D. Longitudinal cohort design

A: An experimental design has different groups of individuals who are randomly assigned to different conditions (like different cultural competency models). B: A retrospective cohort design takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences in the past. C: A case control design compares individuals with a disease to individuals without a disease. D: A group (cohort) followed over a period of time

AD

AD is associated with a build-up of Aβ and NFT levels in certain brain regions

Which of the following is not a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary? A Prolactin B ADH C LH D TSH

ADH, or vasopressin, is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to concentrate and reduce the amount of urine production by the body.

primary active transport

Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.

Cross's Nigrescence Model

African-Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness. 1. Pre-encounter: African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled 2. Immersion-Emmersion: Someone in this stage would view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race. 3. Internalization Stage: integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.

Agonist vs. Antagonist

Agonist: medication binds to the same site as an endogenous substance (e.g., neurotransmitter) to produce similar response Antagonist: Medication binds to a receptor and thus, prevents the binding and action of an agonist

Amphipathic vs Amphoteric vs Aliphatic

Amphipathic compounds are those that have both nonpolar and polar properties; isoleucine has both a nonpolar hydrocarbon end as well as a polar acid and amino group. Amphoteric compounds can act as an acid and a base. The amino group of leucine can act as a base while the carboxyl group acts as an acid. Aliphatic compounds are classified as opposite of aromatic; they are generally acyclic hydrocarbon chains. Aliphatic compounds can have various polar groups (for example butyric acid) but are classified by their chains/rings of hydrocarbons.

Opsonization

An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the the microbe by a macrophage process by which antibodies bind to and recognize antigens on the surface of a pathogen. The antibodies then attract macrophages to phagocytose the invader.

aromatic amine

Aniline is the simplest one. An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to one or more aromatic rings

availability vs representative heuristic

Availability: mental shortcut giving precedence to most immediate examples that come to mind Representativeness: mental shortcut based on reasoning that is related to how representative something seems to be of a category (ex. how likely is a woman to be a librarian based on how similar she seems to the idea one has of a typical librarian)

Which of the following would likely decrease an individual's self-efficacy in regard to a particular task? A. Seeing a task performed successfully B. Feeling that past failures were due to other individuals C. Being offered positive encouragement by others D. Learning stress-reduction techniques in regard to the task

B is correct. This is an example of an external locus of control, which might increase an individual's self-esteem, but would be expected to have a negative effect on self-efficacy. A, C, D: Ways to increase self-efficacy include social modeling, social persuasion, and modifying psychological responses, as well as mastery of tasks. These choices are all examples of one of these methods.

The formation of α-d-glucopyranose from β-d-glucopyranose is called: glycosidation. mutarotation. enantiomerization. racemization.

B is the correct answer. Mutarotation is the interconversion between anomers of a compound. Enantiomerization and racemization, choices (C) and (D), mean the same thing as each other: the formation of a mirror-image or optically inverted form of a compound. Glycosidation, choice (A), is the addition of a sugar to another compound.

Signal transduction describes the process of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands binding to cell-surface receptors which trigger events inside the cell. Which of the following best describes an event NOT typically associated with signal transduction started by extracellular signals? A. The binding of epinephrine to adrenergic receptors B. Protein phosphorylation C. A steroid hormone binding to its receptor D. Activation of secondary messenger molecules

Besides Choice C, all other choices involve an aspect of signal transduction started via extracellular signalling (such as epinephrine). Nuclear receptors are intracellular receptors which typically have steroid hormones (e.g. testosterone) as their ligands. Steroid receptors are a subsection of nuclear receptors and are located primarily within the cytosol. As such, Choice C stands out from the others based on the fact it will very likely involve passage through the nuclear membrane and into the nucleus to accomplish its goal (e.g. gene transcription, protein production).

Secondary structure of a silkworm

Beta-pleated sheet

Specific real area bias

Bias introduced by conducting the study in a specific area that does not include a representative sampling of the population being studied.

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

What could cause Country A to have a higher mortality rate but also be higher in all other measures of quality of life compared to Country B? A. Country A has a higher immigrant population than Country B. B. Country A has a higher fertility rate than Country B. C. Country A has a higher median age than Country B. D. Country A has a higher infant mortality rate than Country B.

C is correct. Having a higher median age suggests that people are more likely to die from age-related causes, leading to a higher mortality rate. However, affluent countries tend to have higher median ages than less affluent countries. A: A higher immigrant population is not related to either factor. B: Higher fertility rates tend to be associated with lower quality-of-life indicators. D: Higher infant mortality is associated with lower quality-of-life indicators.

After the newborn is brought home, a father agrees to change at least 2 diapers a day. What kind of support is the father providing? A. Companionship support B. Emotional support C. Instrumental support D. Informational support

C is correct. Instrumental support refers to the various types of tangible help that others may provide to an individual (e.g. help with childcare/housekeeping, provision of transportation, or giving of money). A: Companionship support is the type of support that gives someone a sense of social belonging. This can be seen as the presence of companions to engage in shared social activities. B: Emotional support refers to the actions that people take that make us feel loved and cared for. This support includes things that bolster our sense of self-worth (e.g., talking over a problem or providing encouragement or positive feedback); such support frequently takes the form of non-tangible types of assistance. D: Informational support is sometimes included within the category of instrumental support and refers to the help that others may offer through the provision of information.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the theory that multimodal communication is more efficient than verbal communication? A. Verbal communication activates only portions of the brain that mediate processing of auditory information. B. Multimodal communication is often used in motivational speaking. C. Emotional information may be conveyed through tone in verbal communication. D. Deaf or hard of hearing individuals often use sign language to communicate with each other.

C is correct. The passage states in Paragraph 1 that "Verbal communication is believed to have the capacity to convey only conceptual information." The experiment described in the passage is predicated on the notion that multimodal communication provides additional emotional components of information that verbal communication cannot. If emotional information can also be conveyed through tone in verbal communication, then this undermines the findings of the study and the theory supporting the findings. A: This strengthens the theory proposed, as the passage suggests that verbal communication only activates select processing channels. B: This also supports the theory proposed - a motivational speaker would want to use the most effective communication style possible. D: This does not weaken the theory, as deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals often do not have the capacity to communicate verbally. Otherwise, they might elect to choose verbal over non-verbal communication.

Which of the following recombinant processes depends on the F factor plasmid? A.Transformation B.Transduction C.Conjugation D.Translocation

C. Conjugation

A bacterium has a faulty lac operon in which there is a structural defect in the operator. In this bacterium: A. there is a mutation in a segment of DNA that binds a promoter. B. a missense mutation is found in the gene that codes for the repressor. C. there is a structural problem with a segment of DNA that binds a repressor. D. there will be no proteins available capable of digesting lactose.

C. Operator is the part that binds the repressor

acrocentric chromosome

Chromosome in which the centromere is near one end, producing a long arm at one end and a knob, or satellite, at the other end.

Calcium and motor action potential

Ca++ is released into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause a mechanical response in the muscle

Electron Transport Chain

Complex I = NADH dehydrogenase II = succinate dehydrogenase III = cytochrome bc or c IV = cytochrome c oxidase.

Adrenal cortex vs. adrenal medula

Cortex: Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Medulla: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Assume that a drug administered to women had the side effect of greatly decreasing the amount of estrogen released by the follicle. Which of the following would occur? A. Increased FSH Secretion B. More Frequent Ovarian Cycle C. Decreased Testotosterone D. Stopping of menstrual cycle

D is correct because decreased estrogen would inhibit anterior pituitary from releasing LH and FSH. This would prevent follicle development and ovulation, leading to the arrest of the menstrual cycle A: FSH would decrease B: ovarian cycle arrested C: testosterone is converted into estrogen so decreasing estrogen would lead to higher testosterone

Which of the following particles is expected to have the LEAST mass? A. An alpha particle B. A beta particle C. A positron D. A gamma particle

D is correct. A gamma particle is a photon of electromagnetic energy, which does not have mass. A: An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, having a mass of 4 amu. B: A beta particle is the nuclear equivalent of an electron, which has a mass of approximately 1/1800 of a proton. C: A positron is the antiparticle of an electron and has its same mass.

Which of the following solvents would lead to the fastest SN1 reaction? A. n-hexane B. Benzene C. Tetrachloromethane D. Propanol

D is correct. SN1 reactions proceed faster in protic solvents. SN2 reactions prefer polar aprotic solvents. The only protic solvent here is choice D. A, B, C: These are all nonpolar solvents. Note that another name for C is carbon tetrachloride.

Which of the following would be expected behavior in study participants demonstrating the availability heuristic bias? A. Tending to rate their perception of crime and income towards the middle of the survey responses B. Seeing the new venues and easily being able to compare crime before and after opening C. Perceiving a lack of resources as being the reason for increased crime D. Hearing about a particularly violent crime in the newspaper and concluding that there is greater crime overall

D is correct. This answer explains the availability heuristic, in which individuals pay attention to more extreme cases, which they then use to generalize events as occurring at greater rates than they actually are. A: This is rater bias, a tendency for raters to rate in the middle of a scale. B, C: These do not reflect a particular type of bias

A man who practices polyandry would be exhibiting cultural relativism if he made which argument? A. Globally, polyandry may be uncommon, but it is frequent in his particular African tribe. B. The UN ought to pass a resolution acknowledging African polyandry as acceptable. C. Divorce rates in his tribe are lower than they are among Western monogamous societies. D. Polyandry is completely acceptable based on the historical practices of his own tribe

D. Cultural relativism is the concept that an individual's behavior or cultural practices should be judged based on the culture of that particular person. Answers A, B, and C all refer to global, international, or cross cultural perspectives on polyandry and apply them to the African tribe. D judges their behavior based on their own culture

A. Approach-approach conflict B. Avoidant-avoidant conflict C. Approach-avoidant conflict D. Double approach-avoidant conflict

D. Double approach-avoidant conflicts consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics, which seems to represent the jury's dilemma. If they rule the defendant guilty, they would either be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing an innocent (avoidant). If they rule the defendant innocent, they would either be letting a criminal walk away unpunished (avoidant) or freeing an innocent (approach). A: In approach-approach conflicts, two options are both appealing. B: In avoidant-avoidant conflicts, both options are unappealing C: An approach-avoidance conflict is observed when one option has both positive and negative aspects, but there are two options in the question above.

The relative thermodynamic stability of isomeric organic compounds can be inferred from which of the following types of experimental data? A.Boiling points B.UV-visible absorption spectra C.Mass spectroscopic fragmentation patterns D.Heats of combustion

D. Heats of Combustion - The boiling point would tell you about IMF and polarity - Based on the amount of heat produced when the compounds are combusted; less heat, greater stability - thermodynamic stability is about how likely a molecule is to undergo a chemical change- that is, break and/or form new bonds. In a chemical change like combustion, the molecule's formula will change (for example, octane becomes CO2 and H2O when reacted with oxygen). ---> Boiling is a physical change, not a chemical change- the organic molecule's formula doesn't change when boiled, and no CHEMICAL bonds are formed or broken. Only intermolecular forces. If you boil octane, it's still octane.

An individual suffering from a paralyzing fear of clown visits a therapist. The therapist gradually exposes the patient to an image of a clown, then a movie featuring clowns, and finally to an in-person encounter with a clown. Which perspective is most consistent with this therapeutic approach? A. Psychoanalytic B. Humanistic C. Social-Cognitive D. Behaviorist

D. Systemicative densitization is reliant on associative learning supported by the behaviorist perspective A. Freud talks about the role of unconscious and conscious behavior B. Humanistic is Maslow and Rogers talking about the potential for self-fulfillment C. Bandura's social cognitive theory talks about modeling behavior and social learning

Substances X and Y are available to be used for resonance imaging in a patient. X releases beta particles and has a half-life of 3.4 years, while Y releases alpha particles and has a half-life of 2 ms. Which of the substances would be best for use in the imaging, considering that imaging works through the release of particles from the body, which are read by a machine outside the body. A. Substance X B. Substance Y C. Both substances would be equally effective D. Neither substance would be effective

D. X releases beta particles, which is good because beta particles have high penetration and will leave the body. Unfortunately, the half-life is very long, therefore so few particles will escape the body that imaging will be difficult. Y has a short enough half-life, but alpha particles have very low penetration due to their large size, and thus will not escape from the body.

Where X represents the conjugate base, which of the acids listed is expected to have the smallest H-X bond dissociation energy? Acid A, pKa = 4.10 Acid B, pka = 4.75 Acid C, pkb = 9.63 Acid D, pKb = 10.90

D. greater acidity is greater Ka. convert pKb to pKa and then Ka and compare

Context Effects

Describes how the context (ex. location) in which a stimulus occurs can contribute to how people perceive that stimulus The context matters - in the image, the orange dots are actually the same size, but the environment they are placed in changes how we perceive their size.

Standard reduction potentials and electron movement down ETC

Electrons are passed form less positive reduction potential to more positive reduction potential - ex. in ETC, this means each successive complex must have a more positive reduction potential. Oxygen would have the highest standard reduction potential because it is at the end of the chain and last electron acceptor

distress vs eustress vs neustress

Distress is a negative type of stress the builds over time and is bad for your body. Happens when you perceive a situation to be threatening to you in some way and your body becomes primed to respond to the threat. Eustress is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challending, but motivating. Usually enjoyable Neustress = neutral type of stress. happens when you are exposed to something stressful but it does not actively or directly affect you (ex. news of a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be stressful but body does not perceive that stress since you aren't affected by it)

Electric Potential Energy Stored in a Capacitor

E = 1/2 QV = 1/2 CV^2

exocrine vs endocrine glands

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that carry these products to other organs or outside the body Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream

A horizontal force of 100 N is applied to a 50-kg box that is accelerating at 1 m/s2 on a rough, horizontal surface. What is the work done by kinetic friction if the box is moved 4 m?

Fnet = ma = Fapplied - Fk, where Fk is the force of kinetic friction. Use this formula: (50 kg)(1 m/s2) = 100 N - Fk 50 N = 100 N - Fk Fk = 50 N To calculate work, we use W = Fd cos θ. W = (50 N)(4 m)(cos 180º) = -200 Nm = -200 J

How to determine when a test is an effective quantitative tool

For a test to be a good candidate for quantitative measurements (as opposed to a qualitative test where the goal is to determine "X is present" or "X is absent"), the observable response must vary substantially and in a consistent direction. For example, if color intensity tells you how much morphine is present, the test would be most accurate over the range where the plot of intensity vs. [morphine has the greatest slope so you can actually use the intensity to predict the concentration of morphine

An individual is in a car accident during which he has burns over several areas of his body. These burns have affected mainly the epidermal tissues. Which of the following would not be expected in these areas of burn? A. higher propensity for infection B. change in skin color C. increased loss of fluids to the environment D. inability to sweat

For the MCAT, you should know the distinctions between the epidermis and dermis. Sweat glands lie in the deep dermis, thus (D) is the correct answer. The epidermal layer is responsible as a first-line against other organisms (option A), skin color via melanocytes (option B), and prevents excessive fluid loss to the environment (option C).

Diffraction vs Refraction

Has to be a change in media for it to be refraction

NMR Shielding

Hydrogen atoms are shielded when they have electrons. But when placed near electronegative groups, they become deshielded when the group pulls electrons away from it. Shielded: more to the right on NMR. Deshielded: more to the left on NMR

If all three of the molecules shown are mixed together in a single solutions, which species will participate in H bonding? I. CH4 II. CH2O III. CH3OH

II and III =O can be a proton acceptor

Which of the following statements accurately describes a major assumption of the functionalist theory of social stratification? I. Social stratification affects what people believe about themselves and others and influences their daily life, lifestyle choices, and interactions with others. II. Social stratification is unnecessary and results from both lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and people of color. III. Social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to be a part of the most important professions and occupations.

III: Functionalist theories assert that aspects of culture are necessary and need-based. I: This statement describes symbolic interactionism in relation to social stratification. II: This statement describes conflict theory in relation to social stratification. Conflict theory asserts that bias and inequality are underlying aspects,

Symbolic play

In Piaget's stages of development, children from ages 2 to 7 are in the pre-operational stage of development. At that level, children learn to operate symbolically and engage in a lot of symbolic play (e.g. a stick is a sword, a plastic toy is a cake, a doll is a person, etc.).

Two skydivers open parachutes of different sizes and fall at the same constant velocity. One skydiver is three times heavier than the other. What are the relative upward forces acting on the skydivers? A. The upward force acting on both skydivers is the same. B. The upward force acting on the lighter skydiver is three times greater than the upward force acting on the heavier skydiver. C. The upward force acting on the heavier skydiver is three times greater than the upward force on the lighter skydiver. D. This is impossible. The heavier skydiver will fall faster than the lighter one.

In order to achieve a constant velocity, the upward force acting on the skydivers must be equal to their falling force (F = ma, where a = g = 10 m/s2. To fall at the same speed, the net force on both skydivers must be zero. Since the heavier skydiver has a mass three times greater than the lighter skydiver. Given the equation above, the upward force on the heavier skydiver would thus be three times greater. Thus the correct answer is (C).

Alogia

Inability to speak because of a mental deficiency or an episode of dementia.

Retreatism (Merton's Strain Theory)

Individuals reject both goals and legitimate means and drop out of society.

Mixed-type inhibition

Inhibitor can bind to either enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex, so Km can go up or down, depends on inhibitor Vmax will go down always because it's allosteric

noncompetitive inhibitor

Km is unaltered, Vmax decreases

slope of lineweaver-burk plot

Km/Vmax

Explain the ionization energy trend

Left to right ionization energy increases since the number of protons increases which increases the attraction between the nucleus and electrons. Therefore, energy required to remove an electron from an atom is higher for elements on the right than on the left of the same period due to greater effective nuclear charge.

Microfilaments vs Microtubules

Microfilaments are just actin/myosin

Can methionine form disulfide bonds?

No - it containes sulfur but cannot form disulfide bonds

Secondary structure and proline

Not particularly associated with either alpha helix or beta sheets proline is often found between turns of B-shee and reside of a helix

Both proteins and amino acids can be catabolized by humans. This involves which of the following? A. Proteolysis of proteins, via peptide bond condensation. B. The action of proteases and peptidases, each of which can catalyze a wide range of degradation reactions. C. Deamination of amino acids in the liver and kidneys, to form α-keto acids and ammonia. D. Conversion of ammonia to uric acid in the liver, then excretion via the kidneys.

Once liberated from peptide chains, amino acids are deaminated in the liver and kidneys, and then converted to α-keto acids and ammonia (choice C is correct). Condensation reactions produce water and hydrolysis reactions use water. Peptide bond formation is a condensation reaction, while breaking a peptide bond involves hydrolysis (eliminate choice A). Proteases and peptidases degrade proteins, but do so in a highly specific way (eliminate choice B). The carbon backbone (or α-keto acid) is recycled into other metabolic pathways, and ammonia is converted to urea (not uric acid) in the liver then excreted by the kidney. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, not amino acids (eliminate choice D).

The average osmotic pressure of ocean water is 28 atm corresponding to a concentration of 0.50 M solutes (approximated as NaCl). What is the approximate concentration of solutes (also approximated as NaCl) present in blood with an osmotic pressure of 7 atm? A.0.12 M B.0.25 M C.2.0 M D.3.5 M

Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to solute concentration. Since the osmotic pressure of blood is one-fourth that of ocean water, the solute concentration is also one-fourth that of ocean water, or 0.25 × 0.50 M = 0.12 M.

osteoblasts vs osteoclasts

Osteoblasts, which form bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb it,

Eysenck's Theory

Personality is determined by a large extent to one's genes -Theory proposes that extraversion, neuroticism, and or superego/psychotocism traits are from biological basis

Which of the following is NOT a type of proofreading found in humans? I. Photoreactivation II. Base pair excision III. Homologous recombination

Photoreactivation is a prokaryotic process (still used in some eukaryotes) to reverse damage done by UV light; humans use a separate process. Base excision repair is seen in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Homologous recombination is only seen in eukaryotes, which possess chromosomes. Homologous recombination is found to repair DNA damage in eukaryotes and is especially useful in repairing double-strand breaks.

primary active transport vs secondary active transport

Primary: Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP (Na+/K+ pump) Secondary: Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

proactive vs retroactive interference

Proactive: old info messes up the ability to learn new Retroactive: new info makes it difficult to retrieve older info PORN (proactive remembers the old; retroactive remembers the new)

Convergent Evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Word Association Testing

Projective test in which the interviewer says a word and the respondent must mention the first thing that comes to mind

proximal vs distal stimulus

Proximal stimulus is the actual stimulus that triggers sensory receptors. This is usually a form of energy, such as lightwaves hitting the retina. The lightwaves are the proximal stimulus. A distal stimulus is the object that provides the stimulus. For example, when looking at a phone, the phones itself is the distal stimulus. ex. shoe on the floor (proximal= image of retina, sensory neurons) (distal= shoe itself)

Resistivity Equation

R = ρL/A R, resistance / Ω ρ, resistivity / Ωm L, length / m A, cross section area / m^2

Ether

R-O-R

Sulfoxide

R-S(=O)-R'

Thioether

R-S-R

Thiol

R-SH

6 months ago, on his 21st birthday Bill was in a motorcycle accident that caused severe retrograde amnesia. Once Bill's memories begin to return to him, which of the following is he most likely to be able to recall first? A. What he was doing the week before his accident B. What he was doing the week after his accident C. What he was doing on his 20th birthday D. What he was doing last week

Retrograde amnesia refers to forgetting memories that occurred prior to the injury or insult. Therefore, Bill is unlikely to have problems forming new memories, thus eliminating answers (B) and (D) as possible correct choices. When memories begin to return, the most remote (longest ago) memories return first. Between remaining choices (A) and (C), (C) is the most remote, referring to a year prior to his accident compared to just one week prior to his accident.

SN1 vs SN2

SN1: LG leaves behind carbocation which is then attacked by nucleophiles, works on sterically hindered molecules SN2: single step, nucleophile displaces LG, doesn't work if steric hinderance "The nucleophile and the 5 Ss": Nucleophile: SN2 requires a strong nucleophile while nucleophile strength doesn't affect SN1. 1) Substrate: SN2 rxns don't occur with sterically hindered substrate. SN2 requires a methyl, 1°, or 2° substrate while SN1 requires a 2° or 3° substrate. 2) Solvent: a highly polar solvent increases the rxn rate of SN1 by stabilizing the carbocation, but slows down SN2 rxns by stabilizing the nucleophile. 3) Speed: the speed of an SN2 rxn depends upon [substrate] and [nucleophile], while the speed of an SN1 depends only on [substrate]. 4) Stereochemistry: SN2 inverts stereochemistry about a chiral center, while SN 1 creates a racemic mixture (evne mix of R&S) 5) Skeleton: SN1 may be accompanied by carbon skeleton rearrangement, but SN2 never rearranges the carbon skeleton.

Which of the following organelles most resembles the Golgi apparatus when an intact eukaryotic cell is viewed under the electron microscope? Nucleolus Mitochondrion Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER - Both organelles appear to be membranes with many folds.

Second Shift

Social conflict theory concept women's responsibility for housework and child care- everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes

Which of the following is considered the deepest stage of sleep in the sleep cycle? A Stage 1 B Stage 2 C Stage 3 D REM

Stage 3 sleep is the deepest form of sleep where the sleeper is very unresponsive to the environment. Thus (C) is the correct answer. REM sleep is between awakening and stage 1, thus is a relatively non-deep stage of sleep.

(CH3CH2)3N is a weak nucleophile primarily because it is A. weakly basic B. sterically hindered C. electron-dense D. alkylated

Steric hindrance has an impact on the nucleophilicity of a reagent; the more sterically hindered it is, the weaker of a nucleophile it will be because it has difficulty reaching the electrophile. Alkalinity can have an impact on the nucleophilicity, but it is the electron-density that causes this, not the alkalinity itself. The compound will be relatively electron-dense, but a greater electron density would increase its nucleophilicity; the amine we have here is a weak nucleophile. Alkylation alone will not necessitate a weak nucleophile because the size of the alkyl groups is important. Therefore (B) is the correct answer.

Acid strength and pKa

Strong acid = low pKa value

Cofactors, Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups

Substances that bind to enzyme active sites to provide greater catalytic diversity -Chemically modified during catalysis -Cofactors e.g. metal ions bind reversible to apoenzymes to form holoenzymes -Prosthetic groups are extremely tightly bound e.g. heme; TYPE OF COFACTOR -Coenzymes- TYPE OF COFACTOR formed from vitamins and often contain adenine for anchoring, some bound and released as cosubstrates e.g. NAD+, FAD

Complex II of ETC

Succinate dehydrogenase. Accepts two electrons electrons from succinate via an FAD group. Q --> QH2

Affect of temperature on density

Temperature changes the volume of a substance, because when particles heat up they take up more space - warmer substance= less dense, - cool substance= more dense

Operational Span Testing

Test to see the general capacity of working memory tasks, patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (is 4/2 -1 = 1?) then read a word after such as SNOW, after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation. -Predicts verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subject is solving a math problem. Argues that it implies a general pool of resources that is used in every type of working memory situation

Which of the following structures of the heart is responsible for slowing electrical conduction? A SA node B AV node C atrial cardiomyocytes D ventricular cardiomyocytes

The AV node is responsible for constructing a delay in the electric conduction from the atria to the ventricles, thus allowing for a synchronized atrial contraction followed by a synchronized ventricular contraction. Thus (B) is the correct answer. SA Node = pacemaker

A sparingly soluble metal hydroxide, M(OH)2 has a molar solubility of S mol/L at 25°C. Its Ksp value is?

The Ksp for a substance, AaBb, equals [A]a[B]b. The Ksp for M(OH)2 = [M][OH-]2. If the solubility of M(OH)2 is S mol/L, then [M] = S mol/L and [OH-] = 2S mol/L. The Ksp = S(2S)2 = S(4S2) = 4S3.

researcher designed an experiment to test the interaction between bodily response and emotion. Subjects in Group 1 were asked to take a math exam without studying. Subjects in Group 2 were told to draw straws, and the person who drew the shortest straw would win a car. Subjects in both groups reported their physical and emotional experiences before and after the tasks. Both groups reported physiological anxiety before their tasks, but Group 1 experienced it negatively, while Group 2 felt positive anxiety. Which theory of emotion is being tested? A. James-Lange theory B. Universal emotions theory C. Schachter-Singer theory D. Cannon-Bard theory

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion states that similar bodily responses may be interpreted as different emotions depending on the particular scenario in which the response is stimulated. Both situations elicited anxiety, but the particular quality of the emotion and the interpretation of the emotion were dependent on the specific situation (choice C is correct). The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions are not directly caused by perception, but by bodily responses to stimuli, and does not account for context (choice A is wrong). The universal emotions theory posits that certain emotions (sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust) are universal for all people across all cultures, assuming normal development has occurred. This theory does not explain why two groups would experience the same emotion, but label it differently (choice B is wrong). The Cannon-Bard theory also does not account for context (choice D is wrong).

Which finding best supports the linguistic relativity hypothesis? A.All languages have a word for "up" and a word for "down." B.Humans are better at learning words for primary colors than for secondary colors. C.Some languages do not have words for "right" and "left." D.Humans are better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name.

The answer to this question is D. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that human cognition is affected by language.

How would a structural functionalist interpret the efficacy of yoga as part of a smoking cessation therapy? A.Yoga provides an alternate understanding of healthful practices that enables the individual to better understand his or her personal needs and motives. B.Yoga provides an inexpensive therapy option for those lacking the financial resources necessary for more expensive medical interventions. C.The utility of yoga as an effective smoking cessation therapy stems from the transformation of the individual's self-concept as a nonsmoker. D.The utility of yoga as an effective smoking cessation therapy is an unintended, though beneficial, outcome of a yoga practice.

The answer to this question is D because it describes a latent, or unintended, function. Becuase the expected function of yoga is not specifically smoking cessation, its utility as a cessation therapy is a latent function of the social activity. The sociological paradigm of functionalism makes a distinction between manifest, or intended, and latent, or unintended, functions of social activities. From the functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability. The other response options with the question are better linked to the conflict or symbolic interactionist perspectives in sociology.

The half-life of a radioactive material is: A.half the time it takes for all of the radioactive nuclei to decay into radioactive nuclei. B.half the time it takes for all of the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei. C.the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into radioactive nuclei. D.the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei.

The answer to this question is D because the half-life of a radioactive material is defined as the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei, which may or may not also be radioactive.

A glass rod is rubbed with a silk scarf producing a charge of +3.2 × 10-9 C on the rod. (Recall that the magnitude of the proton and electron charges is 1.6 × 10-19 C.) The glass rod has: A.5.1 × 1011 protons added to it. B.5.1 × 1011 electrons removed from it. C.2.0 × 1010 protons added to it. D.2.0 × 1010 electrons removed from it.

The answer to this question is D because the number of charges in excess can be computed as +3.2 × 10 -9 C/1.6 × 10 -19 C = +2.0 × 10 10. This means that the rod has an excess of positive charge, created by removing a number of +2.0 × 10 10 electrons from the material, as it is not possible to add protons in a manner described in this question.

A researcher is interested in how anxiety disorders affect escape learning. Which procedure is most appropriate for assessing the dependent variable in this study? A.Having the participants fill out a validated questionnaire that screens for anxiety disorders B.Having a trained practitioner assess the participants for anxiety disorders C.Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to avoid a response that results in an electric shock when the electric shock is signaled with a tone D.Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to be conditioned to perform a response that results in the termination of an electric shock

The answer to this question is D. The purpose of the study was to determine how anxiety disorders affect escape learning, and this option is the only one that refers to an empirical observation of escape behavior.

Research has shown that when individuals study material right before going to sleep, they perform better on a recall measure upon awakening compared to individuals who study and then watch a movie before going to sleep. Which memory construct provides the most likely explanation for these results? A.Misinformation B.Primacy C.Spreading activation D.Interference

The answer to this question is D. When people study new material, any new information introduced between the initial learning (i.e., encoding) and retrieval, such as viewing a movie, will interfere with memory consolidation.

Work and force

The force doing work ON an object must be a force on the object

Four organic compounds: 2-butanone, n-pentane, propanoic acid, and n-butanol, present as a mixture, are separated by column chromatography using silica gel with benzene as the eluent. What is the expected order of elution of these four organic compounds from first to last? A.n-Pentane → 2-butanone → n-butanol → propanoic acid B.n-Pentane → n-butanol → 2-butanone → propanoic acid C.Propanoic acid → n-butanol → 2-butanone → n-pentane D.Propanoic acid → 2-butanone → n-butanol → n-pentane

The four compounds have comparable molecular weights, so the order of elution will depend on the polarity of the molecule. Since silica gel serves as the stationary phase for the experiment, increasing the polarity of the eluting molecule will increase its affinity for the stationary phase and increase the elution time (decreased Rf).

When is week 0 of gestation defined as?

The last menstrual period (LMP)

Cytomegalovirus is a type of herpes virus which easily infects people. The majority of people infected are unaware of the infection, and the virus integrates into the host genome and almost always lies dormant for the lifespan of the any infected patient. This information suggests which of the following regarding the population effects of cytomegalovirus? A. Immunocompromised patients will be unable to clear the viral infection while healthy people will be able to remove the virus from their bodies. B. The virus cannot spread by person-to-person contact and must be contracted directly from the viral reservoir. C. Infection with the virus creates and immune response that is capable of clearing other herpes viruses like herpes simplex 1 and 2. D. The percentage of people infected with cytomegalovirus should be greater for the elderly than for children.

The prompt suggests ease of infection with the virus and the great difficulty the host has with clearing the infection. This means that younger children, few of whom have been exposed to the virus, should have a lower rate of infection than elderly people who have been around longer and have had more time to contract the virus. Thus (D) is the most probable answer. The prompt indicates that the virus integrates into the host genome; it is unlikely that even healthy individuals can clear the virus from their bodies as such viruses typically infect a patient for life. The prompt also gives no information about the immune response against related viruses, nor does the prompt tell us anything about how the virus is spread. Hence we cannot conclude (A), (B), or (C) based on the given information.

heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. H = genetic variability/total trait variability [or in other words the environmental differences]

correspondence inference theory

The theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether (1) the behavior was intended, (2) the behavior's consequences were foreseeable, (3) the behavior was freely chosen, and (4) the behavior occurred despite countervailing forces.

Assuming that the breathing rate is 10 breaths/min, the tidal volume is 800 mL/breath, and the nonalveolar respiratory system volume (dead space) is 150 mL, what is the net volume of fresh air that enters the alveoli each minute? 650 mL 785 mL 6,500 mL 7,850 mL

The tidal volume is the amount of air that moves into the lungs during each inspiration. Some of this air does not reach the alveoli so it is not available for gas exchange with the circulatory system. The volume of such gas in the air passageways, (trachea, bronchi and bronchioles) is called the respiratory dead space. Subtracting the dead space of 150 mL from the tidal volume of 800 mL gives 650 mL, the quantity of air that enters the alveoli on each inspiration. Over ten breaths then, 6,500 mL will flow into the alveoli for gas exchange, choice C.

S. aureus is a ubiquitous microorganism found on human skin that can cause infection. Strains of the bacterium can be resistant to various common antibiotics including methicillin, making the infections particularly difficult to treat. This suggests that I. antibiotic-resistant bacteria are more virulent than non-resistant bacteria II. immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to infection by both antibiotic-resistant and non-resistant strains of S. aureus III. an individual infected with non-resistant strains will not benefit from treatment with antibiotics A. II only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

Virulence refers to the severity of a disease caused by a parasite (whereas pathogenicity refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease). Although antibiotic-resistant bacteria are more difficult to treat with antibiotics, their ability to cause disease and the severity of the disease they can cause does not change with antibiotic resistance. Think of pathogenicity and virulence as the offense of the bacteria; antibiotic resistance is purely defensive and will not affect virulence or pathogenicity. This makes (I) incorrect. (II) is correct because immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to both antibiotic-resistant and non-resistant strains, however, resistant strains will be more dangerous because the infection will be more difficult to treat. (III) is incorrect because if an individual is infected with non-resistant strains of bacteria, the person should benefit from treatment with antibiotics.

Object weights 50N but only weighs 30N when fully submerged in a liquid with SG 0.8. What is the SG of the object?

Weight = mg = 50 N Wapp = 30 N = W-Fb Fb = 20 N (50-30N) Wobj/Fb = [pobj)(Vobj)g] / [(pfluid)(Vsub)g] Vobj = Vsub so that cancels out. g cancels out Wobj/Fb = pobj/pfluid = 50/20 pobj = (50/20)*pfluid

Beta-sheet aggregation

When beta sheets form, they have exposed hydrophobic groups so hydrophobic groups will stick to each other and stack

Type I Error

a false positive, the incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis - null is actually true

Egalitarian Family

a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally

Long vs short term memory

anything longer than a few minutes after encoding is long-term memory

belief perserverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Pygmalion effect

closely related to the self-fulfilling prophecy; the two terms are even considered synonymous in some circles; it is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction. It occurs in the workplace when a manager raises his or her expectations for the performance of workers, and this actually results in an increase in worker performance.

Titin

component of muscle

General Strain Theory

individuals who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions, which lead to negative behaviors

Schizophrenia neurotransmitters

increased dopamine

Reliability

likelihood results could be replicated

formal positive sanctions

official rewards for socially desirable behavior or action ex. helping others in time of crisis and getting a reward/medal

Collagen

primary component in connective tissue, such as that found in the tendons, cartilage, and blood vessels.

distress

prolonged stress or unusual levels of stress

The larger the Ka, the _____________________ the acid.

stronger

Social Exchange Theory

view society as a series of interactions that are based on estimates of rewards and punishments - posits that interactions are determined by the rewards or punishments that we receive from others - ex. if a relationship becomes "more trouble than he/she is worth" person may decide to end the relationship

Functionalism

views societ as interconnected parts that carry out a specific role that enables them to cooperate to maintain social equilibrium for society as a whole

Self-Identity vs Self-Efficacy vs Self-Esteem

Self-concept (aka Sel-Identity) is an individual's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes. collection of beliefs about oneself that includes academic performance, gender roles, sexuality, and racial identity. Self-efficacy is the belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation. Self-esteem, often analogized to self-image, is the attitude which influences moods and exerts a powerful effect on an individual's personal and social behaviors. self-esteem is his or her sense of personal worth.

What assumption is the ideal gas law based off of?

That molecules have no volume

Absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules always results in what process? A.Bond breaking B.Excitation of bound electrons C.Vibration of atoms in polar bonds D.Ejection of bound electrons

The absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules always results in electronic excitation. Bond breaking can subsequently result, as can ionization or bond vibration, but none of these processes are guaranteed to result from the absorption of ultraviolet light

Two friends accept internships with a city council member even though they do not agree with many of the council member's policies. Which is most likely to happen if they are in a state of dissonance? The students will: adapt their attitudes to be more in line with the council member. quit the internships after a period of time. continue in the internships but retain their original beliefs. do as little work as possible so as not to advance the council member's agenda.

The answer to this question is A because research on cognitive dissonance has found that people tend to change their attitudes to match their behaviors, rather than change their behavior.

In order to balance on one foot, many people need to have their eyes open. This is an example of: A.motion parallax. B.sensory interaction. C.vestibular sense. D.perceptual maladaptation.

The answer to this question is B because sensory interaction is the idea that one sensory modality (e.g., vision) may influence another (e.g., balance).

In [Cu(NH3)4]2+, the subscript 4 indicates which of the following? A.The oxidation number of Cu only B.The coordination number of Cu2+ only C.Both the oxidation number of Cu and the coordination number of Cu2+ D.Neither the oxidation number of Cu nor the coordination number of Cu2+

The answer to this question is B. Because ammonia is neutral, the number 4 reflects only the number of ammonia molecules that bind to the central Cu2+ cation and does not indicate anything about its oxidation number.

Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence? A.Stimulants B.Hallucinogens C.Alcohol D.Sedatives

The answer to this question is B. Hallucinogens have low risk of dependence, whereas the other substances listed as possible answers carry a moderate to high risk of physical or psychological dependence (the question does not require making a distinction between either).

Dendrotoxin from the mamba snake blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in somatic motor neurons that regulate skeletal muscle contraction. In what way would initial exposure to dendrotoxin affect the ability of a somatic motor neuron to propagate an electrical signal in response to a stimulus? A.It would inhibit the initiation of an action potential. B.It would shorten the refractory period. C.It would prolong the action potential. D.It would prevent depolarization.

The answer to this question is C because if potassium ion channels are blocked, the membrane would fail to repolarize, extending the length of the action potential and simulating excessive muscle contractions.

Which primer is most suitable for PCR? A. 5-ATTACGTTAACATGAAG-3 B. 5-ATATCGTTAACAAATTG-3 C. 5-GCTATAAAGATTGCAAA-3 D. 5-GCATAGAAGCATTCCGC-3

The answer to this question is D because suitable primers have a high GC content and have G or C base pairs at the 5 and 3 ends.

Which of the following energy conversions best describes what takes place in a battery-powered resistive circuit when the current is flowing? A.Electric to thermal to chemical B.Chemical to thermal to electric C.Electric to chemical to thermal D.Chemical to electric to thermal

The answer to this question is D because the chemical energy of the battery elements is used as electrical energy to set the charge carriers in motion through the resistor, where they experience drag from the crystal lattice of the resistive conductor and dissipate their energy as heat from the resistor.

When two amino acids are joined via a peptide bond, what is the mass of the byproduct of this reaction? (Note: Assume that the amino acids were not modified by protecting groups.) A.17 amu B.18 amu C.32 amu D.44 amu

The byproduct of this reaction is water. Water has an amu of 18. the formation of a peptide bond is accompanied by the formation of water as a by-product, and the mass of water is 18 amu. water is released as a by-product of peptide bond formation from the OH of the carboxyl group and the NH of the amino group

Laminar flow

The term laminar flow is used to describe scenarios in which a flowing fluid is composed of parallel layers that may be moving at different velocities.

Development of zygote

"More blasting gas, I'm nervous," which outlines the process of morula to blastula to gastrula to neurulation.

shorter half life means

- more doses more often - release more radiation in a given period of time because it undergoes decay quicker

What is the rule for SD of normalized data?

68-95-99.7 Rule

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

SI Unit of pressure

Pascal (Pa) You know P=F/A so Pa=Nm^2

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

Ratio of the output force exerted by a machine to the input force applied to the machine.

Developmental Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span the study of continuity and change across the life span

Gender Schema

a cognitive theory of how individuals acquire and understand elements of gender and sex-linked characteristics from their surrounding culture and how those characteristics are transmitted inter-generationally.

self-concept

a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

Meta-Analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. Usually the studies are smaller studies that are combined so the data is statistically stronger than those of the individual studies

Social desirability bias

a type of bias related to how people respond to research questions

Reconstructive bias

a type of bias related to memory: we may not remember as accurately when under high amounts of stress

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. both meioses's only produce haploid cells

Reward POwer

ability to motivate action by promising rewards

informal sanction

action by peer or group of peers meant to make behavior more normative - usually involves shaming or ridicule if negative (ex. media) - usually involves reward if positive

Parallel Play

action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other - usually in preschool aged children

Oxidation Reduction based on atoms

add O - Oxidation add H - Reduction

If a psychologist were to claim that the ideomotor effect is unconscious, Freudian psychologists could argue this effect resides in which components of the psychic apparatus? I. The id II. The ego III. The superego

all three have some part in the unconscious

Conjugated system

alternating single and double bounds one or more resonance structures ever C is sp2 hybridized absorb UV light -special case of resonance that occurs when three or more adjacent p-orbitals are aligned with each other, forming not just a π bond, but a π system. Electrons can delocalize throughout that π system

Structures part of the limbic system

amygdala hippocampus limbic cortex septal area hypothalamus.

Alcohol

binds and activates GABA receptors (aka GABA Agonist) - depressant

efferent neurons

carry signals to skeletal muscle

Pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery

contrary to what people think, PA is deoxygenated and PV is oxygenated

Pulmonary surfactant

decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli, allowing them to remain inflated when the lung is compressed during respiration (rest of lung will compress)

Cultural Shock

disorientation when you move to a new culture

pKa > 7

does not mean the group is basic ex. cysteine: pKa is 8.33, but thiol is able to act as an acid

Embryogenesis Timeline

lasts up to week 10 - after fertilization

Implicity memory

memory you don't have to consciously remember like muscle memory

ratio level of measurement

one in which there are a range of quantitative responses ordered at equally-spaced intervals, and with it being possible to score 0

Coenzyme

organic cofactor

Calcitonin

released when high Ca++ and encourages osteoblasts to build up bone using that excess Ca++

Adrenal Medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine for sympathetic NS

acetylation of histones

stimulates transcription

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

common ion effect

the lowering of the solubility (increase in precipitate) of an ionic compound as a result of the addition of a common ion ex. Adding AgNO3 to solution with PO43- ions in it causes Ag3PO4 precipitate

Gambler's fallacy

the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa - For exampole, someone who bets on red on a roulette wheel because the last 5 spins have all landed on black

Social Control Theory

theory that explains deviance as the result of the weakening of social bonds

Hyperventilation

ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs, CO2 is lost, O2 is increased, increased pH

Heat capacity and sweat

water has high heat capacity - higher heat capacity means that when evaporatng, sweat takes a lot of the heat with it

organic acid

weak acid, contain C-H bond

Psychophysical Discrimination Testing

(method of limits) - asses perception of stimuli in relation to true physical properties (difference thresholds) experiments seek to determine whether the subject can detect a stimulus, identify it, differentiate between it and another stimulus, or describe the magnitude or nature of this difference varying a physical stimulus slightly and observing the effect on a subject's experience or behavior in order to better understand perceptual processing. (ex change the size slightly between two objects until subject notices a difference)

endosomes

- Another name for vesicles, especially in terms of endocytosis - Internalization of viral particles through endocytosis is mediated by

Symbolic Interactionism

- Approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols - Seeks to explain how people view the world - the meaning of symbols are not inherent: they're assigned by humans

Depressants

- Cause relaxation by reducing NS activity - works by stimulating the production of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter associated with reduced anxiety) and dopmine (promotes euphoria)

Neural Crest Cells

- Cells at the leading edge of the neural fold - will migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues, including dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), and calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid.

Innovation (Merton's Strain Theory)

- Culturally approved goal but using unconventional means to achieve the goal - ex. Individuals accept the money success goal but use illegitimate means to achieve it.

An individual who previously worked as a salaried corporate attorney loses his or her job. Subsequently, the individual now works as an hourly wage employee at a retail store. This individual has experienced which type of social mobility? A. Intragenerational B. Intergenerational C. Horizontal D. Vertical

- D because the individual has experienced downward, or vertical, social mobility after moving from a salaried professional position to an hourly position

Brain Waves

- Delta waves are the slow, high amplitude brain waves associated with the deep sleep that characterizes stages 3 and 4 - Theta waves characterize the lighter sleep associated with stages 1 and 2, and also occur during REM sleep - Beta and alpha waves are associated with waking states and with REM sleep

external motivation vs extrinsic motivation

- Extrinsic motivation is the broader term. so it does encompass external motivation - external motivation only relates to social pressure

MRI, fMRI, CT, PET

- MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses strong magnetic fields to determine anatomical structures. It's basically an NMR for people. - fMRIs (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are used to detect blood flow via the difference in magnetic resonance of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood. It measures metabolic activity (more oxygenated = more metabolic activity), as opposed to MRI, which only looks at anatomical structures. - CT (CAT) scans (Computer Tomography) use X-rays to delineate internal structures. They emit X-rays and have a detector observing the resulting rays. Sometimes, radiocontrasts are used to further help identify structures. It's basically an X-ray that takes pictures at a bunch of angles to form a 3-d image. The images serve the same purpose as an MRI, except the images are lower quality. The advantages to CT over MRI is that CTs are faster and easier for the patient, and there is no worry of metal inserts in the patient that would be adversely affected by the MRI. - PET (Positron Emission Tomography) uses radionuclides that emit gamma rays. Gamma ray detectors elucidate the location of activity. This is often used to detect metabolic activity in the body, such as the presence of cancer. The nuclide is introduced via a biologically active molecule, such as glucose, and the location of the high metabolic activity can be imaged with a PET-CT scan. PET scans don't help with the anatomical structure, they only provide a kind of 'heatmap' of the activity.

neuromuscular junction (NMJ) steps

- Muscles receive the signal to contract at the neuromuscular junction. 1.) An action potential propagates down a motor (efferent) neuron. 2.) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is then released into the neuromuscular junction. 3.) Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the cell membrane, which is known as the sarcolemma in muscle cells, and 4.) the sarcolemma then depolarizes in response. This results in an action potential, and 5.) when the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ is released into the sarcoplasm (the term used for the cytoplasm in muscle cells). 6. Once in the sarcoplasm, Ca2+ can bind to troponin, which allows contraction to take place.

Functions of a Macrophage

- Phagocytosis - Tumoricidal activity - Lymphocyte Regulation - Inflammation and Fever - Tissue Remodelling - Cytokine Production/Release - Antigen Presentation - Microbicidal Activity

Erythrocytes

- RBC - lose their membrane-bound organelles, including their mitochondria and nucleus. As such, they only engage in anaerobic metabolism and have a limited lifespan of only about 100 days --> more space for oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules - lack of internal organelles contributes to their characteristic biconcave shape, which helps them travel more efficiently through capillaries and maximizes their surface area, which assists in gas exchange

eluting strength

- TLC - depends on how strongly a compound adsorbs onto the adsorbent. Since typical adsorbents are highly polar, eluting strength increases with increasing solvent polarity

Affect Heuristic

- The tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively - process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked

Interpret this graph:

- The y-axis tells you about the fraction of folded DNA. - pK is the pH when 50% of the DNA is folded - Cooperativity is measured as the slope of the unfolding transition

intermediate filaments vs microtubules

- Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments - give cells and skin their structure Microtubules are used in mitosis for movement, made of tubulin

Doppler Effect Equation

- V(observer/detector) term is considered positive if the observer is moving toward the source, - V(source) is considered positive if the source is moving away from the observer.

Boiling Point (and effect of salt)

- Vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure - kinetic E increases - Salt increases the boiling point - adding salt reduces the vapor pressure of the liquid. Specifically, as the solute concentration is increased, the rate at which water molecules can break through the liquid surface decreases.

Disinhibition

- associated with binge drinking - often leads to risk taking - removing your inhibitions (alcohol is a depressant and you will do things you do not usually do)

What is 50% survival and what does it mean

- at 24 weeks, fetus has 50% chance of surviving outside of the womb

Ligases

- catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water

antisocial personality disorder

- deceitful attitude and show no remorse when abusing others - A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Marijuana

- depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen - actice component = THS which increase production of GABA and dopamine, increase appetite, dry mouth, fatigue, eye redness, lowered BP and increased heart rate

Merton's Strain Theory

- deviance occurs when culturally approved goals cannot be achieved by culturally approved means - argued that not everyone has the means to acheive goals in a legitmate way. The extent and type of an indvidual's deviance is related to this access

Hallucinogens

- distort perception - enhance sensory experiences - cause introspection - increase heart rate and blood pressure - increase body temperature - dilate pupils

Conflict Theory

- emphasizes the role of coercion and power in society in producing social order - sees society as fragmented into groups competeing for social and economic resources

High doses of cocaine cause schizophrenic-like symptoms. Which neurotransmitter systme is most likley involved in the physiological effects of cocaine use

- excess levels of dopamine are linked to schizophrenia

Cognitive Response to Stress

- hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - CRH stimulates pituitary to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol

Nitrogen gas

- inert gas (full valence electron shell) - we find it in our atmosphere yet, it doesn't really react in our bodies or serve a purpose for humans: this makes it relatively safe for us to have in our environment

referent power

- influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits - uses group membership as a motivational tool

What makes a study valid

- meets aspects of the scientific method - randomization - high response rate

Reduction of withdrawal symptoms by administering methadone: + or -, reinforcement or punishment?

- negative reinforcement of methadone use would increase methadone use - withdrawal symptoms are an aversive stimulus

Neurolation

- occurs when the ectoderm on top of the notochord starts to furrow and fold.

Gender Identity

- one's sense of being male or female - personal experience of one's own gender

agents of socialization

- parts of society that are important for socialization (the process of learning the norms and values in a society) - ex. popular culture, schools, family, and religion

activation-synthesis hypothesis

- premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods - dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep

Vapor Pressure

- pressure of the vapor phase that exists (to some degree) immediately above the surface of any liquid - higher VP means larger number of solvent particles were able to escape the liquid and enter the gas phase

colligative properties

- properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity (1) vapor pressure reduction (2) boiling point elevation (3) freezing point reduction (4) osmotic pressure

Basic research

- pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base or answer theoretical questions

Achemede's Principle

- relates to static fluids - how a bouyant force is created by displacing a static fluid

Negative punishment

- removes a pleasant factor that was previously present to discourage a behavior from being repeated.

What makes a study reliable

- results can be replicated - longitudinal follow-up shoes this

Velocity and Pressure in a narrow region versus wide region - same vessel

- same vessel means same height - velocity through narrowed region increases because continuity equation (Q=Av) - Pressure must decrease in narrowed region since P= pgh + 0.5pv^2 = constant

Avoidant personality disorder

- socially withdrawn due to hypersensitivity to rejection - A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Endorphins

- supress pain and produce euphoria

Transition State Analogs

- synthesized compounds that mimic the form of the transition state of an enzyme reaction - antagonist: inhibiting this enzyme through its binding

Embryogenesis

- the formation and development of an embryo - morula, blatula, gastrula

Labeling theory

- the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions - ex repeated messages in school that students are expected to uphold prosocial values will reduce the occurrents of criminal behavior

Social identity theory

- the idea that ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership - individuals desire to see members of their own group in a positive light

What body organ cannot use acetoacetic acid for fuel

- the liver cannot use ketone bodies as feul since it does not have the enzymes required to convert them to ATP - ketone bodies are produced in the liber when blood glucose is low

Sensory interaction

- the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Cultural Transmission

- the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Catecholamines

- tyrosine derivatives - hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response - epinephrine and norepinephrine

CT scans

- use x-rays taken at many different angles to generate an image to use for diagnosis - not useful for imaging processes in progress like fMRIs

Norepinephrine as NT

- used in post ganglionic connections in sympathetic NS (autonomic) - increases arousal, alertness and focuses attention

Dopamine

- used in reward and motor pathway - associated with PD (loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia migra

cholesterol and membrane fluidity

-at low temperatures, cholesterol interferes with the crystal structure of the cell membrane and occupies space between phospholipid molecules → increases fluidity -at high temperatures, it restricts excessive movement of phospholipids → decreases fluidity (At moderate to high temps, cholesterol increases the rigidity of cell membranes by attracting adjacent phopholipid tails)

Poiseuille's Law

-calculates rate of flow through a pipe of confined space (laminar flow) Q= (πr^4 ∆P)/8ηL η: viscosity of the fluid Q: flow rate (volume flowing per time) ΔP: pressure gradient r: radius of tube L: length of tube

Complex names

-complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) -complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) -complex III (cytochrome c) -complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)

Ideal fluid

1. Incompressible (uniform density) 2. Negligible Viscosity 3. Flow is streamline (individual streamlines do NOT cross) 4.Steady flow rate (irrotational flow, not turbulent - velocity is not changing at different parts of the fluid)

Transtheoretical Model of Change

1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation/Determination 4. Action RELAPSE 5. Maintenance

A circuit is constructed with a 12-V battery and four identical resistors, each with a resistance of 16 Ω, hooked up in parallel. What is the total power dissipated by the circuit?

1/Rtot = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 1/Rtot = 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 1/Rtot = 4/16 = 1/4 Rtot = 4 Ω Next, we must solve for power: P = V2/R = (12)2/4 = 144/4 = 36 W

What expression gives the probability that a mother and father will have 4 children, two girls and two boys, in any birth order

6(0.5)^4 have to take into account birth order. 6 different ways 2 girls and two boys could be had, each with a 0.5^4 probability

According to Mead, which behavior is an expression of the Me component of the Self? A. An individual studying for an exam instead of going to a party B. An individual skipping work because they want to go to a concert C. An individual ignoring the emotional needs of a significant other D. An individual dressing inappropriately for a job interview

A because studying for an exam instead of going to a party represents the socialized and conforming aspect of self, described by Mead as the ME component of Self. Responses B, C, and D reflect aspects of Mead's I, the spontaneous, less socialized component of the Self.

humanistic psychology

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will. an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

Approximately how many moles of Al3+ are reduced when 0.1 faraday of charge passes through a cell during the production of Al?

A faraday is equal to one mole of electric charge. Because each aluminum ion gains 3 electrons, 0.1 faraday of charge will reduce 0.1/3 moles of aluminum, or 0.033 moles of aluminum

One program leader has quit smoking very recently and still craves cigarettes frequently. She handles her urges by volunteering to help others in her community quit. Which defense mechanism from psychodynamic theory could best fit her behavior? A. Sublimation B. Reaction formation C. Intellectualization D. Rationalization

A is correct. According to psychodynamic theory, sublimation occurs when a person channels unacceptable urges, like a craving to smoke, into something more acceptable, like helping others to quit. B: Reaction formation occurs when you express the opposite of your true motivations or desires. For example, if the leader really wanted the participants to keep smoking, she would emphatically discuss how they should quit. C: Intellectualization is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise. If the program leader was using intellectualization, she might focus on statistics about relapse and quitting instead of thinking about why she's craving cigarettes. D: Rationalization happens when a person uses false but logical reasons to explain a feeling or desire. For example, the leader might say that she's only craving cigarettes because everyone else is talking about quitting, when, in reality, her cravings started before she began leading the program.

Stimulation of the iris dilator muscle is a result of activation of: A. sympathetic motor neurons. B. parasympathetic motor neurons. C. the fifth cranial nerve. D. sympathetic sensory neurons.

A is correct. Dilation of the pupils is a classic fight-or-flight response. The fight-or-flight response is part of the sympathetic nervous system. B: Parasympathetic activation causes the pupils to contract, not dilate. C: The fifth cranial nerve plays a role in facial sensation and chewing, not in pupil dilation. Note that in-depth knowledge of the functions of each cranial nerve is not required for the MCAT. D: Contraction of muscles, like the iris dilator muscle, is the result of motor (not sensory) neuron activity. Sensory neurons carry electrical signals related to sensory information to the central nervous system.

A group of parents meet to discuss vaccine mandates and potential refusal. One of the parents brings along a scientific article that she read, which states that there is no correlation between vaccines and autism. When she presents the information to the group, everyone quickly agrees that the article is a conspiracy from drug companies and not valid evidence. The parent decides not to speak up again and throws the article in the trash. What phenomenon was present in this group? A. Groupthink B. Group polarization C. Deindividuation D. Social loafing

A is correct. Groupthink is a phenomenon that takes place when group members are pressured to make decisions. These groups are insulated from outside opinions and make choices irrationally, without truly considering available evidence. B: Group polarization is a tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than group members initially intended. C: Deindividuation is the loss of personal awareness and sense of responsibility when in a group. D: Social loafing happens when people in a group work less hard than they would individually.

Which type of social influence do medical students experience when they engage in behavior that they privately feel is unacceptable and unethical, but that is considered normative in medical school? A. Conformity B. Obedience C. Self-fulfilling prophecy D. Informational social influence

A is correct. In the example given, the student privately disagrees with the behavior but publicly goes along with the behavior of a normative social group (in this case, other medical students and/or residents and attendings). This is a classic example of conformity. B: Obedience takes place when a person has the authority to directly compel someone to engage in a certain behavior. The scenario in the question does not describe direct requests or indicate that the behavior being described is strictly speaking mandatory, so this answer is not supported. C: In this context, a self-fulfilling prophecy might occur if a student enters medical school assuming that medical students (and/or physicians) must behave in certain negative ways, and then winds up shaping his or her behavior based on that assumption. The question stem does not provide us with any information about the students' pre-existing expectations of behavior in medical school, so this answer choice is not supported. D: Informational social influence refers to a situation where a medical student would conform by turning to others in their group for information about what is correct. There is not evidence that this happened here, so choice D is incorrect.

A student has just begun medical school and is seeing a patient with two third-year students. When the attending physician asks for the student's opinion on the diagnosis, the student states that he agrees with what the older students already said. Which of the following best describes the most likely reason for his response? A. Informative pressure B. Normative pressure C. Conformity pressure D. Groupthink

A is correct. Informative pressure is a subtype of conformity pressure. It occurs when an individual conforms his or her behavior to match that of the rest of a group out of the belief that the group is better informed and knows more than the individual. The medical student most likely believes that because he has only been in medical school a few weeks, the third-year students know more than he does. B: Normative pressure is a subtype of conformity pressure in which the individual knows that the others are incorrect, but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group. Since this pressure does not arise out of a belief that others know more, it is less likely than choice A based on this situation. C: The situation described is a type of conformity pressure, but option A is more specific. The question asks which of the following "best describes" the scenario. D: Groupthink refers to decision-making becoming more irrational or dysfunctional as a group increases in size. This does not accurately describe the situation above.

Both narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and BPD are classified as Cluster B personality disorders in the DSM-5. Carl Rogers would argue from the humanistic perspective that NPD results from incongruence between: A. self-concept and reality. B. self-concept and self-image. C. self-esteem and self-concept. D. ideal self and reality.

A is correct. Narcissistic personality disorder occurs when patients have an inflated sense of their own importance and a deep craving for admiration. The inflated sense of importance implies that patients have a disconnect with reality, so the correct answer must be either choice A or D. Narcissistic personality disorder deals more with who patients think they already are (their self-concept), not who they want to be (their ideal self). B, C: Self-image and self-esteem are components of self-concept. There is no disconnect between these components in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder. D: NPD does not primarily deal with the ideal self.

Unlike the cells from which human organs are composed, the cell of a unicellular organism such as algae: A. has a genome where nearly all material codes for protein. B. typically utilizes mitosis for cellular division. C. can perform catabolic reactions to gain energy from macromolecules. D. contains membrane-bound organelles to execute cell functions.

A is correct. Nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for proteins or RNA. In contrast, the genomes of both prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes largely lack introns. In these organisms, most genetic material does code for protein products. B, C, D: These are all characteristics of human cells. The question asked for a trait that is unique to unicellular organisms.

If the coding strand for a certain gene begins with 5' AGC CTT CGG CTG ACT GGC TGG, which of the following is a possible primer that researchers could use for reverse transcription PCR amplification? A. 5' AGC CTT CGG CTG ACT GGC TGG 3' B. 5' TCG GAA GCC GAC TGA CCG ACC 3' C. 5' AGC CUU CGG CUG ACU GGC UGG 3' D. 5' CCA GCC AGU CAG CCG AAG GCU 3'

A is correct. PCR uses DNA primers, so we can eliminate C and D because they contain uracil (U) and are therefore RNA. When a question that asks you to figure out a sequence, it's often a good idea to work methodically and write down each step. We usually don't have to transcribe the entire sequence; just the first few base pairs should be enough to identify the correct answer. Pay close attention to polarity (5' vs 3' ends). First, we need to recognize that the sequence given is the coding (sense) strand, not the template (antisense) strand. That means the mRNA that would be produced has the same sequence as the coding strand, except for the thymines which become uracils. So your mRNA will look like 5' AGC CUU etc. Now this mRNA is going to be reverse-transcribed into cDNA for use in PCR, so your cDNA will be 3' TCG GAA etc. Remember, the primer will be complementary to this sequence: so it's (surprise!) going to be 5' AGC CTT...

When 2 moles of hydrofluoric acid are added to 100 mL of water, the resulting solution has a pH equal to 4. What is the percent dissociation of HF? A. 0.0005% B. 0.05% C. 0.5% D. 5%

A is correct. Remember that HF is a weak acid, meaning that it does not fully dissociate in water. In many weak acid problems, you must use an ICE table and the Ka of the acid to calculate the pH of an acidic solution. However, this question gives us pH outright. Remember, pH = -log[H+], so [H+] = 10-pH. Here, [H+] = 10-4 M. Now, we must understand what is meant by "percent dissociation." The percent dissociation of HF is simply the percent of the original acid concentration that has dissociated into H+ and F- ions. This value is equal to [H+]/[HF] x 100%. Original [HF] = 2 moles / 0.100 L = 20 M [H+]/[HF] = (10-4 M H+) / (20 M HF) = 5 x 10-6 % dissociation = 5 x 10-6 x 100% = 5 x 10-4 % dissociation = 5 x 10-4% = 0.0005%

Zoologists discover a new species of lizard with a low degree of sexual dimorphism. Which of the following behaviors would the researchers most expect to find exhibited by members of this species? A. Repetitive mating between monogamous pairs of lizards B. Helping by juvenile relatives of lizards with young offspring C. More complex courtship rituals than other, similar species D. Males building large, ornate nests to attract females

A is correct. Sexual dimorphism refers to the degree to which males and females resemble each other. A species with low sexual dimorphism contains males and females that look mostly identical. High sexual dimorphism signals intense competition for mates, while animals from species with low sexual dimorphism typically form pair bonds and mate for life. B: Alloparenting, or caretaking of offspring by individuals other than the biological parents, is not related to dimorphism. C, D: These are traits that one would expect from a species with intense mate competition.

Shopper A, a customer at Store 3, rudely screams at a staff member. He then receives a discount plus a free item from the manager while checking out. Shopper B witnesses the event. When it is her turn to check out, she behaves rudely and screams at the staff member too. Which theory best describes how she learned this behavior? A. Social cognitive theory B. Classical conditioning theory C. Operant conditioning theory D. Cognitive dissonance theory

A is correct. Social cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too. B: Classical conditioning involves pairing two stimuli to produce a specific response. C: Operant conditioning uses reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease likelihood of an individual's behavior. In this case, the first rude shopper was reinforced for acting like a jerk, so he is more likely to behave that way in the future, but the second shopper hasn't had any consequences to increase or decrease her rude behavior. D: Dissonance theory refers to a conflict between beliefs and actions that leads to changes in behavior.

It has been shown that pheromones induce the body to secrete sex hormones more readily. All of the following are expected effects of sex hormones EXCEPT: A. testosterone causes the Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm. B. estrogen causes the endometrial lining to thicken. C. estrogen inhibits bone resorption. D. testosterone causes the development of secondary sex characteristics in boys.

A is correct. Sperm is produced by the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, not the Leydig cells. B: This is true; estrogen and progesterone together cause the endometrium to thicken. Estrogen produced from the developing follicles stimulate endometrial growth, and progesterone is responsible for converting the estrogen-primed endometrium into a receptive state. C: Estrogen does inhibit bone resorption; in fact, this is the reason why post-menopausal women experience significant declines in bone density. D: This is also an accurate statement; testosterone causes secondary sex characteristics to develop during puberty in boys.

When a patient is on the operating table for heart surgery, surgeons need to clamp major nearby blood vessels before cutting them because, according to Bernoulli's equation, a volume of pressurized blood opened to the atmosphere: A. will convert its pressure to kinetic energy, rapidly exiting the body and causing shock. B. will convert its pressure to potential energy, pooling at the high places of the body and causing a potential brain aneurysm or stroke. C. will match outside pressure by decreasing fluid speed, starving the body of oxygen. D. is at risk of over-oxidizing, dangerously increasing pressure.

A is correct. When the surgeons cut into the artery, blood will obviously shoot out of the body as a result of blood pressure. That pressure is converted to kinetic energy, causing the blood to move rapidly as it exits the body. B: The patient is on the operating table, so his or her body is horizontal. As such, the pressure will not be converted to potential energy, but rather to kinetic energy. C: Opening the blood vessels to the atmosphere produces a sudden decrease in pressure, since the exposed blood is now open to the air and subject only to atmospheric pressure. To balance out this decrease in pressure, the blood must experience an energy increase somewhere else. Specifically, it will increase its kinetic energy and will increase, rather than decrease, fluid speed. D: Oxidation has nothing to do with Bernoulli's equation.

Which of the following reagents could be used to complete the final step of retinol synthesis shown in Figure 2? (aldehyde to alcohol) A. LiAlH4 B. O3 C. H2 with Pd D. KMnO4

A.. LiAlH4 - right answer, rxn is a reduction (gain bonds to H, loss of bonds to O) B. O3 - anything with O will oxidize not reduce C. H2 with Pd - This will do a reduction, but will make double bonds into single bonds (alkanes) D. KMnO4 - anything with O will oxidize no reduce

Cross Nigrescence Model

African Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness. The first state=pre-encounter which is when African Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as more desirable -Immersian-Emersian stage-distrust towards Caucasians and prefer to be treated by someone of their own race -internalization stage-person has integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices

Which of the following viruses does NOT have an immediately infective genome? A. An enveloped (+)RNA virus B. A naked (+)RNA phage C. A retrovirus D. A (-)RNA virus

All (+)RNA viruses have infective genomes because the genome acts like mRNA and can be immediately translated to produce viral proteins (choices A and B can be eliminated). A retrovirus is a type of (+)RNA virus that undergoes the lysogenic cycle (choice C can be eliminated). In contrast, (-)RNA viral genomes are not immediately infective. The (-)RNA must be converted to (+)RNA by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (this enzyme must be carried by the virus and encoded in the viral genome) to generate mRNA that can be translated to make viral proteins. If the genome (and only the genome) of a (-)RNA virus enters a cell or is combined with active host cell extracts, nothing will happen. If RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is added, the genome will then be infective and viral progeny will form (choice D is not immediately infective and is the correct answer choice).

Which type of radiation is most likely to collide with molecules in epithelial cells?

Alpha emissions are the largest of the four types of radiation; they are helium nucleii without electrons surrounding them. Due to their sheer size, they are most likely to interact with surface molecules, whereas smaller types of radiation (particularly gamma) are much more likely to pass through epithelia.

Stimulus motives are: A. needs that are learned, such as the need for power or for achievement. B. innate but not necessary for survival. C. not innate but necessary for survival. D. innate and necessary for survival.

B is correct. A stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival. A: Stimulus motives are not learned. C, D: Stimulus motives are not necessary for survival. For example, imagine a cat who lives inside an apartment. One of the cat's stimulus motives is the desire to explore his environment (for example, walk around the apartment, jump inside cupboards or cabinets, etc.). This is not necessary for survival — the cat could easily survive simply by sitting in one place and moving only to acquire food or water. Instead, this motive can be thought of as primarily for the cat's stimulation or entertainment.

According to French and Raven's bases of power model, when compared to a high motivation high knowledge individual, someone with low motivation and low knowledge is more likely to be influenced by a person with: A. expert power. B. referent power. C. legitimate power. D. coercive power

B is correct. According to the bases of power model, an individual with referent power exerts control by appealing to others' desire to belong to a group. This type of control is most likely to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable or feeling included and not knowledge or logic or evidence. Thus, a low-motivation, low-knowledge individual would most likely be motivated by this type of persuasion. A: An expert tends to motivate through using his knowledge of subject matter, which would likely appeal to high-motivation and high-knowledge people. C: Those with legitimate power, such as a president, exert power through the legitimacy of their role. There is no indication that this would lead either group to be more persuaded. D: Those with coercive power exert control through force or its threat. It is likely that both high and low groups would be persuaded by this.

Atherosclerosis, a particular type of arteriosclerosis, usually involves either complete blockage or severe restriction of blood flow due to high cholesterol and buildup of plaque in the arteries. In extreme cases, constricted arteries may collapse under pressure from outside the arteries. This can best be explained by: A. an increase in blood viscosity resulting in an extreme increase in blood flow. B. the necessary increase in fluid velocity through the constricted arterial sections causing a corresponding drop in fluid pressure. C. the necessary decrease in fluid velocity through the constricted arterial sections causing a corresponding increase in fluid pressure. D. the increased work required to push through increasing the potential energy density in constricted sections, causing a corresponding pressure drop.

B is correct. According to the continuity equation, velocity increases as cross-sectional area decreases. Increasing velocity decreases pressure. If the pressure inside the artery drops far enough, it may fall below the pressure outside the artery, causing it to collapse from external pressure. A: Elevated viscosity would not be conducive to "an extreme increase in blood flow." C: According to the continuity equation, as cross-sectional area decreases (as it does in these narrowed arteries), fluid velocity increases. D: An increase in energy density would not correspond to a decrease in pressure.

What is the pH of a 0.10 M aqueous solution of acetylsalicylic acid? A. 1.0 B. 2.3 C. 3.5 D. 4.1

B is correct. Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid, with a pKa of 3.5. Therefore, the pH of this solution must be less than the pKa, because the compound is primarily in its acid form and a pH of 3.5 would mean that the concentration of weak acid and conjugate base were equal (a buffer). Choices C and D can be eliminated. A pH of 1.0 for an acid whose concentration is 0.10 M would require complete dissociation (as in a strong acid), eliminating choice A. Alternatively, the pH can be determined from the equilibrium expression: Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] 10^-3.5 = x2/(0.1-x) Since x will be small, we can approximate 0.1-x ~ 0.1, giving: 10^-3.5 = x2/(0.1) 10^-3.5(0.1) = x 2 10^-4.5 = x2 [10-2.25][10-2.25] = x2 10^-2.25 = x Since x equals the hydrogen ion concentration, taking the -log(10-2.25) = 2.25. A: This would be correct if acetylsalicyclic acid were a strong acid, but it is weak. C, D: These answers are the result of miscalculation.

To compare the percent of people experiencing crime in an area with the percent of people perceiving crime to be a problem, researchers could use what type of analysis? A. A paired samples t-test B. An independent samples t-test C. Linear regression D. A Pearson correlation coefficient

B is correct. An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups. A: This test would be used if the results came from the same participants. C: Linear regression is used to predict scores from independent variables. D: A Pearson correlation coefficient is calculated to compare the association between two variables.

Which of the following correctly lists a pair of analogous structures and a pair of homologous structures, respectively? A. The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird; the wing of a bird and the leg of a bird B. The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird; the arm of a human and the flipper of a walrus C. The arm of a human and the wing of a bat; the wing of a bird and the wing of a bat D. The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat; the wing of a bee and the wing of a bat

B is correct. Analogous structures are those structures that evolved independently to carry out the same function. Thus, the wing of a bee and the wing of a bird are analogous structures. Homologous structures are those that have a similar evolutionary history, arising from the same source, even if they now have different functions. The forelimbs of mammals (human arm, walrus flipper, bat wing) would all be homologous despite their different functions. Thus, this choice correctly indicates a pair of analogous structures and then a pair of homologous structures. A: The first set of structures listed here are analogous, but the second set (which come from the same type of organism) are neither analogous nor homologous. C: These are homologous and analogous structures, respectively. D: Both of these sets of structures are analogous.

Evolutionary psychologists have postulated that depression developed through endowing individuals with certain benefits that outweigh the social and biological repercussions of the condition. This most closely resembles the ideas of: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Charles Darwin. C. B.F. Skinner. D. Carl Rogers.

B is correct. Charles Darwin wrote "On the Origin of Species," which proposes that evolution is predicated on the idea of natural selection. He is the only individual of the four whose work directly involved evolutionary theories. A: While Freud was inspired by Darwin's theories of evolution, Freud's work tends to avoid any evolutionary psychological themes. C: Skinner's work was primarily focused on behaviorism, not evolutionary psychology. D: Rogers' work was primarily focused on humanism, not evolutionary psychology.

The tendency of bystanders to avoid intervening in conflict, even though they would want others to intervene on their behalf, can be best explained by: A. opponent-process theory. B. cognitive dissonance theory. C. drive reduction theory. D. expectancy-value theory.

B is correct. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that people desire consistency between their thoughts, values, and actions, and seeks to explain the justifications people use for actions that do not align with their values and evoke cognitive dissonance. This would apply to instances of bystanders not intervening (an action), even though they would want others to intervene for them (a value). A: Opponent-process theory explains self-destructive behaviors like drug addiction, and would not be relevant in this instance. C: Drive reduction theory examines the actions we take to fulfill (reduce) basic biological drives, like hunger, thirst, or reproduction. D: Expectancy-value theory holds that the amount of motivation required to achieve a goal is affected both by a person's expectation of reaching the goal and how much that person values reaching that goal. So, if someone expects to reach a goal and values reaching that goal highly, she will need less motivation to achieve it, and vice-versa.

Dr. Smith orders a nurse to administer an injectable medication to a patient with significant anxiety. The nurse feels that the medication is not the best choice for this particular patient and knows that the shot will upset her, but administers the medication anyway. What type of social influence did the nurse experience? A. Persuasion B. Compliance C. Conformity D. Herd mentality

B is correct. Compliance is going along with an explicit request, whether or not you agree with it. Dr. Smith explicitly ordered the nurse to administer the medication, and she complied despite the fact that she did not feel it was the correct decision. A: Persuasion is an active attempt to change another person's attitudes, beliefs, or feelings. Dr. Smith did not engage in persuasion. C: Conformity refers to a change in a person's attitudes or behavior in response to pressure from others in a group. D: Herd mentality is not a type of social influence.

If a lung is punctured, what effect will this likely have on breathing? A. The lung will fill in with blood from the surrounding intrapleural space, leaving less room for oxygen. B. The punctured lung will be unable to inflate, affecting inhalation. C. Breathing will be painful, but otherwise unaffected. D. All air will rush out of the lung and inhalation will be impossible.

B is correct. During typical breathing, the diaphragm contracts, flattening it and increasing the volume of the intrapleural space. As a result, the lungs expand and the pressure inside them decreases. The resulting pressure differential between the lungs and the atmosphere causes air to rush in, a process termed inspiration. If the lungs are punctured, air will flow freely between the lung and the intrapleural space, and the lung will not expand (since no pressure differential can be maintained). Expansion of the thoracic cavity should still lead to some air flow into the lung, however, although it will also mix freely with the thoracic cavity's air, making it more difficult to absorb oxygen within the damaged lung while also making it harder to maintain a pressure differential with the other lung. Thus, B is definitely true. A: The surrounding intrapleural space includes a small amount of fluid, but the lungs are not submerged in blood. C: Breathing will certainly be adversely affected in cases of a puncture. D: This is an extreme answer ("all" air). Additionally, air would not rush out of the lung unless the lung were under higher pressure than the surroundings, which is likely untrue.

That there might be differences between this experiment and actual prison conditions represents a critique of which aspect of the study design? A. Construct validity B. Ecological validity C. Researcher bias D. Reliability

B is correct. Ecological validity refers to how findings from an experimental setting can be generalized to the environmental considerations in the real world. A: Construct validity refers to whether measures actually do assess the variables that they are intended to assess. For example, issues with how verbal abuse was defined in this study might pertain to construct validity. C: Researcher bias involves the researchers interjecting their own views into the experiment and biasing it. D: Reliability refers to the likelihood that results could be replicated.

Some eukaryotic cells are covered with small ciliary projections used for absorption, while others contain larger flagella used for propulsion. These cellular structures are composed of: A. microfilaments. B. microtubules. C. intermediate filaments. D. myosin.

B is correct. Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of bundles of microtubules. Note that this differs from prokaryotic flagella, which are formed from the protein flagellin. A: Microfilaments are composed of actin and are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, as well as in muscle. C: Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than actin or microtubular filaments. They are not involved in ciliary or flagellar structure. D: Myosin is present in muscle and aids in the process of contraction.

One explanation for the development of personality uses the biological perspective, which emphasizes the influence of genetics and brain biology in determining an individual's behavioral, emotional, and cognitive patterns. Which of the following psychologists' views are most closely aligned with this perspective? A. Abraham Maslow B. Hans Eysenck C. B.F. Skinner D. Gordon Allport

B is correct. Hans Eysenck is noted for the first empirical study he published on genetics of personality in 1951, which investigated the trait of neuroticism in identical (i.e., monozygotic) and fraternal (i.e., dizygotic twins). A: Abraham Maslow is better known for his involvement with the humanistic perspective of personality, where he formed the hierarchy of needs to describe the physiological and psychological needs humans require to be fulfilled. C: B.F. Skinner is more closely related to the behaviorist perspective of personality, where he studied the ability of operant conditioning to modify personality over time. D: Gordon Allport is known in connection to the trait perspective of personality. He argued that three key types of traits contribute to personality: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.

Fluid pressure changes with depth are assumed to be linear. Which statement best explains why this does not hold true for atmospheric pressure changes? A. At very high temperatures, air behaves less ideally. B. The volume of a mass of air is not constant. C. The majority of molecules in air are nonpolar. D. Air is not of a uniform composition.

B is correct. Hydrostatic pressure for liquids is linear because as depth changes, the density of the liquid remains constant. Gases, however, have densities that change according to the forces applied to them. Gases are compressible, while liquids and solids are not. A: For gases, higher temperatures result in behavior that is more ideal. C: This is true, but does not explain the non-linear behavior. D: The kinetic molecular theory of gases states that gaseous mixtures do not act differently from pure gases, nor would this explain non-linear behavior.

A book rests horizontally on a table. The book experiences a gravitational force of mg due to the earth's gravity. According to Newton's third law: A. the book experiences a normal force of mg pushing up due to the table. B. the earth experiences a gravitational force of mg from the book. C. the table exerts a gravitational force of mg on the earth. D. the earth exerts a normal force up on the table equal to mg plus the weight of the table.

B is correct. Newton's third law can be expressed as: FA on B = −FB on A Here, the force of the earth pulling on the book is equal to and opposite of the book pulling up on the earth. Remember that Newton's third law applies very narrowly to the interactions between two objects. While the table does exert a normal force upwards on the book, that normal force is not what Newton's third law refers to. Notice that in the equation above, the reaction force of A on B is strictly limited to B on A. Interaction focus is book and earth, not table

Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria can sometimes derive energy from the oxidation of sulfur-containing species. Which of the following can NOT be oxidized by anaerobic bacteria? A. H2S (aq) B. SO4^2- (aq) C. S2O3^2- (aq) D. S₈ (s)

B is correct. Of the answer choices, the oxidation number for sulfur would need to be in a reduced form. The highest oxidation state for sulfur is +6, corresponding to the loss of all of its valence electrons. The oxidation number for sulfur (x) in sulfate, SO42-, can be determined by assuming that the oxygen atoms are oxides having a -2 charge and that the sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the overall charge of the ion, giving -2 = x + 4(-2) -2 = x - 8 +6 = x The oxidation number of sulfur in sulfate is +6, and choice B is the best answer. The oxidation number of sulfur in hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thiosulfate (S2O32-) and yellow elemental sulfur (S8) are -2, +2 and 0, respectively, all of which could be oxidized and be a source of energy for anaerobic bacteria. A, C, D: The sulfur atom in these compounds could be oxidized further.

While the blood is buffered primarily through the equilibrium between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, coupled with hemoglobin, the blood may also be buffered through other plasma proteins. Which of the following is true? A. A shift in the pH can alter the tertiary or quaternary structure of the protein, allowing it to buffer the pH by precipitating out of plasma in response to pH shifts. B. The amino acid residues that make up the protein may act as Brønsted acids or bases, reducing shifts in pH. C. Plasma soluble proteins have enzymatic function allowing them to sequester hydronium ions from the blood inside membrane-bound organelles in the podocytes lining the capillaries. D. In the presence of altered pH, any plasma-soluble proteins will undergo either acid- or base-catalyzed cleavage, thus depleting the acid or base causing the disruption to blood pH.

B is correct. The amino acids that make up a protein may include many acidic or basic side chain groups. Those side chains can either release or absorb protons, allowing them to help buffer the blood through action as a Brønsted-Lowry acid or base. A: While changes in pH can denature proteins, this choice is wrong in reference to precipitating out of the plasma. That would create serious biological harm by potentially blocking circulatory vessels. Also, the buffering happens through controlling the pH, not through precipitation as the choice says. C, D: These choices are factually false.

When professors meet with individual students during office hours, they often exhibit communication styles that vary widely based on the person they're talking to. A study found that professors speaking with minority female students were much more likely to use shorter sentences with more instructions, and to ask questions that revealed an assumption of lack of academic skill. These professors were demonstrating: A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. stereotyping. D. egoism.

B is correct. The professors are demonstrating a change in their behavior - speaking and questions - based on race and gender. Such changes are discrimination. A: Prejudice is an attitude, not a behavior. C: Stereotyping is a cognitive action, not a behavior. D: While the professors may be egoists, their actions speak to discrimination.

A researcher from the study works together with others on a daily basis. The individuals he interacts with at this job most likely form what kind of social group with him? A. Primary group B. Secondary group C. Tertiary group D. Quarternary group

B is correct. There are generally two levels of social groups in psychology: primary and secondary. Primary social groups are more stable, often lifelong, relationships. They may be found in families or with childhood friends. Secondary social groups often represent temporary relationships that are unlikely to last, such as neighbors at a temporary home or coworkers at a second job. A: Coworkers at a second job are unlikely to form stable, lifelong relationships. C, D: These do not exist.

Rods are more sensitive than cones in the eyes. This contributes to which of the following phenomena? A. the inability to focus in low light B. the inability to distinguish colors in low light C. macular degeneration in old age D. cataracts in old age

Because rods are sensitive and contribute to black-and-white vision, we are able to see objects in low light. However, cones are less sensitive than rods and therefore we need more light in order to be able to distinguish colors.

In a study about attitudes towards higher education, four subjects are asked to rank the relative importance of higher education. All four participants rank higher education as "very important" or "extremely important" on the survey. Which of the following participants is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance as a part of this response? A. A master electrician who has significant advanced on-the-job training but no degree B. A day laborer whose own education stopped at seventh grade and whose family includes no one who has attended any college C. A high school math teacher who encouraged his own son to skip college and focus on learning a trade to "save all that wasted tuition money" D. A university professor with two doctoral degrees who has actively advocated for significant reform in the country's higher education system

C is correct. Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant feeling a person experiences when holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time. Here, a person who rates college as very important, but then tells his own child that college tuition is "wasted" would likely experience some cognitive dissonance. A, B: These people may have simply never had the opportunity to get a college degree. There's no dissonance in thinking a college degree is important, but being unable to get one. D: This answer choice provides no information about the types of reforms the professor advocates, so we cannot conclude he is holding a belief at odds with the idea that higher education is very important.

Mead's social theory presents the part of the self which is called the "me" as the: A. autonomous sense of self that reacts to the attitudes taken in from society. B. part of the self that generates moral behavior and is critical of the self's thoughts and actions. C. collection of attitudes taken from society. D. organized, realistic part of the self that mediates between base desires and moral impulses.

C is correct. In Mead's theory of the nature of the self, people are divided into the "I" and the "me." The "me" is the collection of attitudes taken from society, whereas the "I" is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the "me." A: This is a description of Mead's idea of the "I." B: This describes a Freudian idea, the super-ego. D: The ego, which (according to Freud) mediates between the id and the super-ego, matches this choice, not the "me."

Drinking ocean water is ultimately fatal to a human because: A. the water has a very low solute concentration relative to the body's cells, resulting in cell swelling and death. B. the kidney must work very hard to excrete the excessive levels of bivalent ions in the ocean water, causing kidney failure. C. the water has a very high solute concentration relative to the body's cells, resulting in cell shrinkage and death. D. ocean water contains toxic levels of environmental pollutants that can damage organs or cause cancer, leading to death.

C is correct. Ocean water contains very high levels of sodium and chloride ions. This creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water out of the body's cells, leading to dehydration. A schematic of a cell in such a hypertonic (solute-rich) environment is shown below. A: Water would flow into the cells if the ocean water had a low solute concentration. B: The ions in the ocean are primarily monovalent (Na+ and Cl-), not bivalent. D: Nothing in the question suggests that the person is specifically drinking from a part of the ocean that is polluted.

The passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus illustrates: A. natural immunity. B. cell-mediated immunity. C. passive immunity. D. nonspecific immunity.

C is correct. Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another. A: Natural immunity is immunity that is present in the individual at birth, prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen, and that includes intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement. B: Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. D: The innate (non-specific) immune system includes anatomical barriers, secretory molecules, and cellular components. Among the mechanical anatomical barriers are the skin and internal epithelial layers, the movement of the intestines, and the oscillation of bronchopulmonary cilia.

At one university, faculty members who behave unethically are required to have a meeting with the dean. After their meeting, their unprofessional behavior decreases. What process does this describe? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Negative punishment

C is correct. Positive refers to adding a stimulus, and punishment refers to a consequence that decreases a behavior. A meeting with the dean was added, and this decreased the behavior (unprofessional behavior), so this is positive punishment. A: Positive reinforcement refers to adding a stimulus to increase a behavior. B: Negative reinforcement refers to removing a stimulus to increase a behavior. D: Negative punishment refers to removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Pentane is a straight-chain hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C5H12. How many additional structural isomers can be constructed using this molecular formula? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

C is correct. Since the molecular formula follows the CnH2n+2 formula, we can only build alkanes. This makes the job of finding isomers much easier. We can make a tertiary carbon, 2-methylbutane. We can make a quaternary carbon, 2,2-dimethylpropane. And that's it.

Which of the following are reasons for the development of intersectionality from feminism? I. Feminism did not address how combinations of cultural identities influence individuals. II. Intersectionality articulates a number of specific types of identities. III. Feminism is not focused on the influence of systems on individuals' experience. A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III

C is correct. Statements I and II are true. Intersectionality is concerned with the intersection of different identities and how this unique combination influences people. Logically, this would naturally arise in response to feminism not accounting for the effects of the combination of multiple cultural identities. III: This is false; feminism is very focused on the influence of systems on individuals and vice versa. A: RN II is also correct. B: RN I is also correct. D: RN III is incorrect.

he azimuthal quantum number corresponds with which of the following? A. The potential energy of the electron B. Approximate radial size of an electron cloud C. Approximate geometric shape of the orbital D. Number of valence electrons orbiting a nucleus

C is correct. The azimuthal quantum number for an atomic orbital determines its orbital angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital. A, B: This value is quantified by the principal quantum number, n. D: This value is not quantified by any quantum number. The number of valence electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be obtained by examining the complete spectroscopic notation of the electron or the location of the atom on the periodic table.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood-brain barrier? A. Protection of the brain from bodily hormones B. Maintenance of a stable chemical equilibrium for the brain C. Protection of the brain from carbon dioxide poisoning D. Allowing of more glucose to enter the brain than any other tissue

C is correct. The passage states that the blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful agents that are large or polar. Carbon dioxide (shown below) is both small and nonpolar, making it highly lipid-soluble. Thus, it will freely pass through the BBB. A: Hormones are large and will not be able to enter the brain. This is a protective function of the BBB B: This is the stated principal purpose of the BBB. D: Glucose is virtually the sole fuel for the human brain, except during prolonged starvation. The brain lacks fuel stores and requires a continuous supply of glucose. It consumes about 120 g daily, accounting for some 60% of the utilization of glucose by the whole body in the resting state. The abundance of high-affinity GLUT-1 transporters allows the brain to absorb more glucose than any other tissue.

If all of the subjects of the study did so on a voluntary basis, what type of organization would that be? A. A mimetic organization B. A coercive organization C. A normative organization D. A utilitarian organization

C is correct. The three general types of organizations are coercive, normative, and utilitarian. Because these subjects are volunteering, they are participating in a normative organization. A: Mimetic organizations are ones that just attempt to copy another organization. That doesn't apply to this situation. B: Coercive organizations are organizations in which members are forced to join. Prison is a classic example. D: Utilitarian organizations are organizations where members are compensated for their involvement. Employees of a particular company share membership in a utilitarian organization.

Viruses are directly involved in which of the following processes in bacteria? A. Transformation B. Conjugation C. Transduction D. Binary fission

C is correct. Transduction is a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) transmit genomic material. A: Transformation involves direct uptake of genetic material from the environment and is not mediated by viruses. B: Conjugation is a horizontal gene transfer process in bacteria in which plasmid DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another through a pilus. Viruses are not involved. D: Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce asexually.

A large steel water storage tank with a diameter of 20 m is filled with water and is open to the atmosphere (1 atm = 101 kPa) at the top of the tank. If a small hole rusts through the side of the tank, 5.0 m below the surface of the water and 20.0 m above the ground, assuming wind resistance and friction between the water and steel are not significant factors, how far from the base of the tank will the water hit the ground? A. 5.0 m B. 10.0 m C. 20.0 m D. 30.0 m

C is correct. We first need to determine the velocity of the water that comes out of the hole, using Bernoulli's equation. P1 + ρgy1 + 1/2 ρv12 = P2 + ρgy2 + 1/2 ρv2^2 The atmospheric pressure exerted on the surface of the water at the top of the tank and at the hole are essentially the same. Additionally, since the opening at the top of the tank is so large compared to the hole on the side, the velocity of water at the top of the tank will be essentially zero. We can also set y1 as zero, simplifying the equation to: 0 = ρgy2 + 1/2 ρv22 -gy2 = 1/2 v22 Inserting the value for gravitational acceleration (g = -10 m/s2), and the level of the hole below the surface (y2 = 5.0 m) into the equation, we get: (10 m/s2)(5.0 m) = 1/2 v2 50 = 0.5 v2 102 = v2 10 m/s = v This velocity will be in the horizontal direction, and we will assume that the water acts like a projectile. Now, we need to determine the time that it will take the water to fall to the ground. We can assume that the initial vertical velocity of the water is zero and the displacement of the water is -20 m, because the hole is 20.0 m above the ground. The kinematic equation is: d = vit + 1/2 gt2 -20 = 0 + 1/2 (-10) t2 -20 = -5 t2 4 = t2 2 s = t Finally, we can determine the range, or displacement in the horizontal direction. Since the acceleration in the horizontal direction is zero, the equation becomes d = vit d = (10 m/s)(2 s) d = 20 m

Which statement best applies conditioning principles to explain the progression from alcohol experimentation in adolescence to alcohol dependence in adulthood? A.Early alcohol use begins with stimulus discrimination, while later use is maintained by stimulus generalization. B.Early alcohol use is initiated by modeling, while later use is modified by shaping. C.Early alcohol use begins with positive reinforcement, while later use is maintained by negative reinforcement. D.Early alcohol use is an unconditioned response, while later use is a conditioned response.

C. First positively reinforced by peers. Then once addicted, negative reinforcement because removal of negative feelings of withdrawal

The pH of a 1 L phosphate buffer solution was measured as 7.6, but the experimental procedure calls for a pH 7.2 buffer. Which method will adjust the solution to the proper pH? (Note: The pKa values for phosphoric acid are 2.2, 7.2, and 12.3.) A.Add enough 1 M Na2HPO3 to increase the phosphate anion concentration ten-fold. B.Add 1 M NaOH to neutralize a portion of the hydronium ions found in the solution. C.Alter the ratio of monosodium/disodium phosphate added to favor the monosodium species. D.Add 100 mL distilled, deionized water to dilute the basicity of the buffer.

C. Alter the ration of monosodium/disodium phosphate added to favor the monosodium species because in order to lower the pH of a buffer, the proportion of acidic buffer component must be increased. Adding strong base, diluting with water, or adding a different salt will NOT lower the pH for MCAT purposes, diluting a solution does NOTHING to the pH because you are diluting A- and the HA the same amount. The ratio does not change in the HH equation. the monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) has an additional H+ compared to the disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), which has one less H+ since there are two Na+. This makes the monosodium the acid for this problem. Monosodium phosphate is the acid in this case and will decrease the pH if more is added

A drive-reduction and cognitive theorist would argue that depression is most strongly correlated with a deficiency in which component of fulfillment? A. Socialization B. Stigma C. Arousal D. Self-efficacy

C. Arousal Drive-reduction theories suggest that depression stems from a reduction in the motivating forces of arousal. A cognitive theorist would argue that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors.

Another possible method of separating 2-methylundecanal and 2-methylundecanoic acid could be based on: A. their differences in the rotation of plane-polarized light. B. a mass spectrometry analysis. C. an extraction based on their differing solubilities. D. the very different scent profiles of each molecule.

C. an extraction based on their differing solubilities. All the others are analysis methods and not separation methods

What is the empirical formula of the conjugate acid of the anion in strontium acetate, Sr(CH3COO)2

C2H3O2- is the anion. Conjugate base is C2H4O2 which is CH2O

Capacitance Equation

C=e0A/D A= area of plates d= distance between plates

Electronegative atoms and carbocations

Carbocations are positively charged. If there is an electronegative atom, that will be destabilizing because it will pull electrons away, making the cation more positively charged

A psychosis arising from an advanced stage of syphilis, in which the disease attacks brain cells, is called: A. Korsakoff's syndrome. B. delirium tremens. C. schizotypal personality disorder. D. general paresis.

D is correct. General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by late-stage syphilis. A: Korsakoff's syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Its onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse or severe malnutrition, or both. B: Delirium tremens is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. C: Schizotypal personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.

A group of six likely voters are gathered in a conference room. All six people have voted for conservative political candidates in the past. They are asked to discuss three possible candidates: Candidate A who is a liberal, Candidate B who is a "middle of the road" conservative, and Candidate C who is very strongly conservative. At the end of the discussion, the six voters are asked to "cast a ballot" for their choice. Which candidate would likely receive the most votes? A. An even split with no plurality B. Candidate A C. Candidate B D. Candidate C

D is correct. Group polarization suggests that when people who agree with each other get together to discuss an issue, the group tends to push the views of each member to be more extreme. Thus a group of conservative voters discussing the candidates would likely push them to favor the most conservative candidate. A, B, C: Group polarization predicts that the most extreme view will be favored after a discussion among like-minded people.

Mr. Smith believes his son John smokes marijuana because he looks very similar to "typical stoners" that Mr. Smith has seen. John sometimes smells a little funny and has been dressing differently because he has started practicing yoga - he has to wear loose clothes at the studio and he smells because his teacher burns incense in class. What cognitive heuristic did Mr. Smith use when judging John? A. Adjustment heuristic B. Anchoring heuristic C. Availability heuristic D. Representativeness heuristic

D is correct. Mr. Smith believed his son's look (and smell) was similar to a category of people (typical teens who smoke marijuana) and inferred that he had all of the attributes of a person who smokes. A, B: Anchoring and adjustment heuristics are the same thing - they mean that we tie impressions to earlier perceptions of people. In this example, Mr. Smith would make a judgment about John's behavior based on what he already knew about him. C: The availability heuristic states that whatever comes to mind first is what we believe to be common and prevalent. This isn't the best option here.

Which of the following is true concerning oligodendrocytes? They: A. work in concert with Schwann cells to myelinate peripheral nerves. B. myelinate motor nerves but not sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. C. myelinate sensory afferent nerves but not motor afferent nerves. D. serve to increase nerve conduction velocity in the central nervous system.

D is correct. Oligodendrocytes myelinate nerves in the central nervous system, which increases nerve conduction velocity. A, B: Only Schwann cells myelinate in the peripheral nervous system. C: Motor nerves are efferent. This choice has to be wrong because it gets the nomenclature wrong, calling motor nerves afferent.

An outspoken skeptic and opponent of automatic writing attends multiple séances where a medium appears to successfully contact someone who has recently died. If the skeptic's views shift over time to view the practice as harmless entertainment, this evolution is best described by: A. subjective norms. B. a locus of control. C. cognitive dissonance. D. reciprocal determinism.

D is correct. Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment. In this scenario, the skeptic does not believe in the supernatural power of a medium, but attends multiple séances where they may see evidence that could soften their views. It appears this behavior of attending séances, in conjunction with the social environment of others who attend the séances, caused the skeptic's views on supernatural phenomena to shift. A: Subjective norms refer to the perceived social pressure to engage or to not engage in a behavior. The question does not indicate that there is any undue pressure on the skeptic to participate in the séance. B: This describes the extent to which an individual believes he/she is in control of events that affect him/her. The skeptic may not believe that the medium has control over supernatural phenomena, but this does not explain the evolution of the skeptic's views. C: Cognitive dissonance is found when an individual has inconsistent beliefs or attitudes, especially when making behavioral decisions and during changes in attitude. For example, conflicts from inconsistencies may cause discomfort, leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors the individual holds in order to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. From the question stem evidence, it does not appear that the skeptic has changed their mind on the validity of séances, only that they now believe séances are harmless.

Which of the following statements, if true, LEAST accords with social construction theory? A. The inclusion of many social-networking features in the typical smart phone is a result of the value systems of those who designed it. B. An art film containing several scenes depicting explicit sexual activity is marginalized because no "good" member of a society is willing to view it. C. World War II is seen by most Americans over the age of 50 as "the last good war" in which the US was unequivocally on the side of justice. D. The high value of the automobile in enabling personal autonomy is universal across widely disparate societies.

D is correct. Social construction theory views human activity as consisting of human creations made through countless individual human choices and through interactions, primarily mediated through language. The theory does not hold that things exist in a universal sense outside of their historical context. Here, choice D would be LEAST consistent with social constructionism because it suggests that the value of the automobile is a universal. A, B, C: These are all more consistent with social construction theory as they represent cases in which technology, art, and history are all understood in a way that is constructed by a particular culture or subculture.

What is the molar solubility of ferrous (II) hydroxide in water at 25°C? Ksp = 3.2E-14

Fe(OH)2 dissociates into three ions (one Fe2+ and 2 OH-). Given this 2:1 ratio, Ksp = [Fe2+][OH-]2 = [x][2x]2 = 4x3, where x represents the molar solubility. Next, we must divide Ksp by 4, then take its cube root to solve for x. Dividing 3.2 by 4 is more difficult than dividing 32 by 4, so we can manipulate scientific notation and rewrite Ksp in an easier format. Ksp = 4x3 = 3.2 x 10-14 = 32 x 10-15 8 x 10-15 = x3 2 x 10-5 = x

Which steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle require binding and/or hydrolysis of ATP? I. Dissociation of myosin head from actin filament II. Attachment of myosin head to actin filament III. Conformational change that moves actin and myosin filaments IV. relative to one another V. Binding of troponin to actin filament VI. Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum VII. Reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasm

I, III, and VI only Dissociation of the myosin head from the actin filament requires the binding of ATP (I). Attachment of the myosin head to the actin filament requires calcium and a troponin/tropomyosin shift (II). The conformational changes that move actin and myosin relative to one another require that ATP be hydrolyzed, for these changes occur upon release of the products of hydrolysis (ADP and Pi) by the myosin head (III). Binding of troponin to actin does not require the hydrolysis of ATP (IV). Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum also does not require ATP hydrolysis. This release occurs when calcium ions move via voltage-gated ion channels down their concentration gradient (V). The reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs via an ATP-hydrolyzing pump that moves calcium against its concentration gradient (VI).

Which of the following are advantages of measuring relative poverty rather than absolute poverty? I. Relative poverty is easier to measure than absolute poverty. II. Measuring relative poverty smooths out differences in data caused by historical events, such as recessions and natural disasters. III. Relative poverty is more likely to correspond to the fundamental needs of families.

I: Absolute poverty is simply an income cutoff; therefore, it is easier to measure than relative poverty, which requires the researchers to calculate the income distribution for each year of the study. II and III are correct. In a situation in which mean income is negatively impacted, such as a recession, measures of absolute poverty would report that there are more people below the poverty line than is typical. With a relative approach, the poverty line shifts with the income distribution, so a recession year can still be fairly compared in a time series with all other years (eliminate choices A and B). Absolute poverty is an arbitrary measure. As a result, it doesn't necessarily correspond to changes in the cost of living. In fact, the U.S. federal poverty line is much lower relative to present income today than it was 50 years ago.

A first-year resident is preparing a case presentation when he realizes that he forgot to ask the patient about her medication history. He asks other hospital staff members what to do. A group of third-year residents advise him to contact the patient and add the information, but his close friends (who are also first-year residents) tell him to guess since no one will know the difference. If the resident's behavior conforms to the concept of social proof, he will: I. guess or make up the patient's medication history and add it to the presentation. II. contact the patient again and add her medication history to the presentation. III. not add the medication history to the presentation.

II is correct. Social proof, also known as informational social influence, is a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. Informational social influence occurs most often when the situation is ambiguous. We have choices, but do not know which to select; there is a crisis and we have no time to think or experiment, as a decision is required now; others are experts. If we accept the authority of others, they must know better than us. If the first-year resident conforms because of informational social influences, he most likely does so because he assumes that the third-year residents know what they are doing, considers them experts, and thinks that he can trust that their opinion is correct. I: If the resident follows the advice of his close friends, he will probably be conforming because of normative social influences. There is no reason to think that his friends are experts in this situation. III: If the resident conforms to social proof, he must make a change in his behavior based on the advice from third-year residents.

A newly emerged virus is found to infect human glomerular cells. Infected cells from an infected kidney are examined in a laboratory. The cells are spun down and the cytosolic fraction of the cells are measured for viral content. There are no traceable viral proteins nor genomic information found in this fraction. Which of the following can hold true about this virus? A. The virus underwent autolysis and vanished from the cell B. The virus has integrated with the host genome C. The virus was destroyed through the release of antibiotic from the innate immune system D. The virus is undergoing the lytic cycle

If no virus is found in the infected cell, it is possible that the viral genomic data has made its way into the chromosome of the cell. Therefore, the cell is undergoing a lysogenic life cycle and is laying low until transcription of viral protein and copying of the viral genetic information is initiated. Thus (B) is the correct answer. (A) is not a physiological process; (C) is false because the innate immune system does not release antibiotics. (D) is incorrect because the virus is undergoing the lysogenic cycle.

In prokaryotes, genes can exist as operons that are transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA, containing multiple genes in a single transcript. In eukaryotes, transcripts exist only as monocistronic mRNA containing a single gene. What fundamental genetic difference is responsible for this distinction?

In eukaryotes, each gene has its own TSS

In the Bohr model of the atom, radiation is emitted whenever electrons

In the Bohr model of an atom, energy is emitted only when an electron falls from a higher to a lower energy level.

Chiral

Means it is attached to 4 different substituent groups

Classify each of the following as Verbal or Nonverbal Communication A pat on the shoulder to indicate a comment was made in jest

Nonverbal

Classify each of the following as Verbal or Nonverbal Communication A rising note of inflection at the end of a sentence to indicate a question

Nonverbal

Classify each of the following as Verbal or Nonverbal Communication Continuous eye contact, indicating interest and attention on the part of the listener

Nonverbal

A tall tube is evacuated, and its stopcock closed. The open end of the tube is immersed into a container of water (density 103 kg/m3) that is open to the atmosphere (pressure 105 N/m2). When the stopcock is opened, how far up the tube will the water rise?

P=F/A --> F=PA water will rise to a height such that the weight (mass multiplied by gravitational acceleration) of the water column equals the atmospheric pressure multiplied by the tube cross-sectional area A. density = m/V. V of a cylinder = Ah p=m/Ah ----> m=pAh Force is Fg = mg mg=PA pAhg=PA phg=P h=P/pg = 10^5/(10^3*10) = 10 m

Anterior pitutiary vs. posterior pitutitary

Posterior: ADH (vasopressin), Oxytocin Anterior: ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, prolactin Anterior pituitary produces its own hormones while posterior pituitary stores hormones which are originally produced in the hypothalamus.

KMnO4

Potassium permanganate is a very strong oxidizing agent. It will oxidize - primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids - secondary alcohols to ketones - form diols from alkenes - oxidatively cleave carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

In cellular respiration, which step causes the difference in ATP yield occur between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and by how many ATP? A. The difference occurs in glycolysis and is 2 ATP. B. The difference occurs in the electron transport chain and is 2 ATP. C. The difference occurs in glycolysis and is 4 ATP. D. The difference occurs in the electron transport chain and is 4 ATP.

Recognize the opportunity to handle this question as a 2x2 elimination. The difference in ATP yield between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is 2, with prokaryotes producing 32 ATP and eukaryotes producing 30 ATP (choices C and D are wrong). In prokaryotes, the 2 NADH produced in glycolysis have direct access to the cell membrane where the electron transport chain occurs. However in eukaryotes, the electrons from glycolytic NADH must be transported into the mitochondria before they can enter the electron transport chain; furthermore they do not begin their interaction with the ETC until its second protein (coenzyme Q, choice A is wrong and choice B is correct). Glycolysis has the same output in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Sister chromatids

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II

Jim Crow Racism

Segregation, OVERT discrimination, the belief in biological inferiority, institutional racism

Self-serving bias vs fundamental attribution error

Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute good outcomes with internal factors (for example, hard work), and ascribe bad outcomes to external factors (boss not giving a raise). Fundamental attribution error describes the tendency for individuals to overemphasize internal characteristics, such as personality, in attempting to explain someone's behavior at the expense of situational factors. This is not an example of fundamental attribution error.

Ten moles of the monoprotic, weakly acidic medication aspirin were added to water to make one liter of solution. If the pH of the resulting solution was 5.9, what is the approximate Kb for the non-diffusible form of aspirin?

Since we are given pH in the question stem, we will not be able to find Kb immediately. Instead, we need to calculate Ka and solve for Kb from that value. The Ka for the dissociation of a generic acid HA can be written as Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA], where all concentrations are measured at equilibrium. In the solution of aspirin described, the initial concentration of drug is 10 M. Since only a small amount of this weak acid will dissociate, this value is a good approximation for our final equilibrium [HA]. Next, we must find the proton concentration. Remember, [H+] = 10-pH. Here, the pH of the solution is 5.9, so [H+] = 10-5.9 M ~ 10-6 M. Since each HA molecule dissociates into equal parts [H+] and [A-], our value for [A-] must be 10-6 M as well. Returning to the Ka expression, Ka = [(10-6 M )(10-6 M)] / (10 - 10-6 M). Remember, we can estimate that [HA] = 10 M, even though its true final value is 10 M - 10-6 M! [(10-6 M )( 10-6 M)] / (10 M) = 10-12 M / 10 M = 10-13 M In water at 25°C, Ka•Kb = 10-14. Given this, Kb = 10-14/Ka = 10 -14/10-13 = 10-1 = 0.1.

Single vs double crossover

Single-crossover events affect only the ends of chromosome arms, while double-crossover events can affect segments in the middle of chromosome arms. A double-crossover event is one in which chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes cross over in two different places along the arm. This results in a section in the middle of each chromosome being exchanged. Both single and double only occur in MEIOSIS and only affect one arm of each chromosome. Occurs in prophase I

Synaptic Pruning vs Long-term Potentiation

Synaptic Pruning is usally reserved for the large-scale pruning of synapses during infancy and childhood. Long-Term Potentiation is used in order to retrieve a stroed memory from days or weeks previous

A scientist uses an ultrasound device mounted to a vehicle to measure fluid flow underground. The device makes use of the Doppler effect to track fluid movement in the water table. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to produce a readable Doppler shift? I. The fluid is flowing at a velocity twice that of the sound-emitting device, in the same direction as the device is moving. II. The fluid is flowing at the same velocity and in the same direction as the sound-emitting device is moving. III. The fluid is not moving at all.

The Doppler effect is used to analyze moving objects or fluids. A Doppler shift will be registered only if the fluid is moving relative to the source of the sound (the device). More specifically, at least some component of the fluid's velocity must exist in the same directional plane as the wave's velocity (otherwise, the device will register the fluid as not moving at all), and this component must be different from the velocity of the sound source. Roman numeral I is correct, since it shows the fluid traveling with a different velocity than the sound source, in the same directional plane. II: This option is tempting, since the fluid is moving! However, if both the moving object/fluid and the sound source are traveling at the same velocity, no Doppler shift will be produced. For example, if you were traveling at 30 m/s near an ambulance also moving at 30 m/s, and the ambulance turned on its siren, you would not perceive a Doppler shift. III: The Doppler effect is used to analyze moving objects.

What is the best experimental method to analyze the effect of tdh2 gene deletion on the rate of histone acetylation? Comparing histone acetylation in wild-type and Δtdh2 cells by: A.Western blot B.Southern blot C.Northern blot D.RT-PCR

The answer to this question is A because posttranslational modification of proteins such as histone acetylation is analyzed by Western blotting. acetylation is a posttranscriptional not DNA modification. tecnically histones are proteins the DNA is wrapped around

If the concentration of amino acid transport protein is increased, the transport affinity Kt of L-alanine will: A. level off rapidly. B. decrease. C. not change. D. quickly reach the maximum value.

The answer to this question is C because transport affinity for a given substrate (in this case, alanine) is a property of the amino acid transport protein itself, and thus, Kt will not change as a result of there being more transport protein. In other words, the Kt value is not dependent on the concentration of the amino acid transport protein.

A person is sitting on a chair as shown. Why must the person either lean forward or slide their feet under the chair in order to stand up? A.To increase the force required to stand up B.To use the friction with the ground C.To reduce the energy required to stand up D.To keep the body in equilibrium while rising

The answer to this question is D because as the person is attempting to stand, the only support comes from the feet on the ground. The person is in equilibrium only when the center of mass is directly above their feet. Otherwise, if the person did not lean forward or slide the feet under the chair, the person would fall backward due to the large torque created by the combination of the weight of the body (applied at the person's center of mass) and the distance along the horizontal between the center of mass and the support point.

Which of the following best describes the bonds between Cu2+ and the nitrogen atoms of the ammonia molecules in [Cu(NH3)4]2+? A.Ionic B.Covalent C.Coordinate ionic D.Coordinate covalent

The answer to this question is D because the Lewis acid-base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor is known as a coordinate covalent bond.

What is the ratio of the minimum sound intensities heard by a 64-year-old male and a 74-year-old female? A.20 B.40 C.50 D.100

The answer to this question is D because the relative intensities of the two sound waves are 20 dB and 40 dB, respectively. The difference is 20 dB, meaning that the decimal log of the ratio of their intensities is 2, which means that the ratio of their intensities is 100. the decibel scale is a logarithmic scale of intensity; dB = 10log(I/Io), where Io is the lowest-intensity sound that we can here. Therefore, every unit of 10 you go up in the decibel scale corresponds to a power of 10 difference in intensity. If sound 1 is 10 decibels louder than sound 2, it is 10 (10^1) times as intense. If sound 1 is 20 decibels louder than sound 2, it is 100 (10^2) times as intense. If sound 1 is 30 decibels louder than sound 2, it is 1000 (10^3) times as intense.

Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence? A.Analytical B.Creative C.Interpersonal D.Emotional

The answer to this question is D. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage one's emotions. Emotionally intelligent people are self-aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards, rather than being overtaken by immediate impulses. None of the other answer choices is related to delaying gratification.

Which of the following atoms will be expected to have the smallest second ionization energy? A.Na B.C C.O D.Ca

The answer to this question is D. Metals have lower ionization energies than non-metals as long as the ionization event involves a valence electron. Since Na is an alkali metal, it has only one valence electron and has a large second ionization energy. Ca is an alkaline earth metal and has two valence electrons. It will therefore have the smallest second ionization energy of the four atoms listed, which include Na and two non-metals.

Which scenario is NOT an accurate representation of the McDonaldization of society? A. A customer cleaning their table and disposing of waste after eating at a restaurant B. A doctor seeing a patient at his or her residence rather than at a medical facility C. A supermarket chain using self-scan machines at check-outs, in place of employees D. A chain of coffee shops offering the same menu and décor across the United States

The answer to this question is option B because it does not represent the elements of McDonaldization which include efficiency (option A), calculability, uniformity (option D), and technological control (option C).

Complementary colors and absorption

The color wheel shows the relationship between colors of absorbed light and colors of light that we see. If a color is absorbed by a sample then we see the complementary color. The complementary color is the color on the opposite side of the wheel. For example, if white light is shined on a sample and red light is absorbed then the sample is perceived as green by humans.

Abnormal functioning of which brain region(s) plays a role in the development of depression? I. Frontal lobe II. Limbic system structures III. Hypothalamus

The frontal lobe is involved in humans' ability to project future consequences of current actions. Limbic system structures regulate emotion and memory, and the hypothalamus coordinates many hormones, some of which are involved in mood regulation. Therefore, abnormal functioning in any (or all) of the three could produce symptoms similar to depression.

A child is sliding a toy block (with mass = m) down a ramp. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the ramp is 0.25. When the block is halfway down the ramp, the child pushes down on the block perpendicular to the plane, halting it. What is the minimum force the child must apply to keep the block from starting to slide down the ramp?

The gravitational force pulling the block down the ramp is mg sin θ. (This is the typical value for the gravitational force that acts on an object to drag it down an incline.) To stop the block from sliding down the ramp, we must have an equal and opposite frictional force. Since these forces are equal and opposite, we can set them equal to each other as follows: Ff = mg sin θ Now, remember that frictional force is equal to the product of the appropriate coefficient of friction and the normal force: Ff = μFN Ff = 0.25 x FN = mg sin θ The block itself has a mass m and thus generates a normal force of FN = mg cos θ. Again, this is the standard value for the normal force on an object positioned on an inclined plane. From this information alone, we may be tempted to pick C, which is the difference between the gravitational force and the frictional force. If the child were pushing the block upwards along the plane in a parallel fashion, this choice would be correct. However, the child is actually pushing down on the car, perpendicular to the plane. Thus, the force exerted by the child (Fa) will add to the force created by the mass of the car itself and alter the value for the normal force. Our total FN = mg cos θ + Fa. Substituting, we get: Ff = 0.25 x (mg cos θ + Fa) = mg sin θ mg cos θ + Fa = (mg sin θ) / 0.25 Thus, the force with which the child must push down on the car is Fa = [(mg sin θ) / 0.25] - mg cos θ.

Patients with excess fat are more likely to require larger therapeutic doses of which vitamin?

The lipid-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The water-soluble vitamins are B and C. Greater amounts of subcutaneous fat sequester more of the lipid-soluble vitamins and lower their release into the circulation. Thus, excess fat increases the initial dose of vitamin required to achieve a particular effect.

How do you know what will absorb the longest wavelength of visible light?

The longer the extended conjugated double bond system, the longer the wavelength of visible light that will be absorbed. Image has 10

Ba2+(aq) is an ion that is very toxic to mammals when taken internally. Which of the following compounds, mixed in water, would be the safest if accidentally swallowed? BaSO4, Ksp = 1.1 × 10-10 BaCO3, Ksp = 8.1 × 10-9 BaSO3, Ksp = 8.0 × 10-7 BaF2, Ksp = 1.7 × 10-6

The lower the value of Ksp is, the lower the concentrations of the cation and anion in an aqueous solution and the lower the solubility of the compound in water. If mixed with water and accidentally swallowed, the Ba salt with the lowest value of Ksp would be the safest. Thus, A is the best answer.

A ray of white light moves through the air and strikes the surface of water in a beaker. The index of refraction of the water is 1.33 and the angle of incidence is 30º. All of the following are true EXCEPT: I. the angle of reflection is 30º. II. the angle of refraction is 30º. III. total internal reflection will result, depending on the critical angle.

The question ends up being much easier than we expect, since we know that I is true; the angle of incidence always equals the angle of reflection. Since statement I is true, we can eliminate any choice that includes it. This immediately lets us narrow it down to choice C, and we're done! II: This is false, as light entering a more dense medium will bend towards the normal. With an angle of incidence of 30º, the angle of refraction must be less than 30º. III: This is false because total internal reflection can only result when a ray of light begins in a higher-index material and reaches a boundary with a lower-index one (e.g. starting in water and moving towards air). Here, the light ray started in air (n = 1) and moved into water (n ∼ 1.3), making total internal reflection impossible.

While attending an information session for a self-help program, participants are invited to listen to testimonials from past attendees whose lives benefited immensely from the program. This is an example of which type of bias? A hindsight bias B fundamental attribution error C anchoring D survivorship bias

The survivorship bias involves looking primarily at those "successful" individuals while ignoring "unsuccessful" ones. For example, people who did not like the self-help program would not come to give testimonials; if 99% of people did not like the program, then it is clearly unlikely to be effective. However, only those who enjoyed the program would attend, and would thus make it seem as though most people do enjoy the program. Hindsight bias does not apply because the prospective participants are not looking back at any prior experience. Anchoring does not apply because there is no singular piece of information mentioned which is being relied upon too strongly. Fundamental attribution error does not apply as there is no clear information about external vs. internal influences.

Isomerases

Transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric forms

The frequency used in U/S imaging must be greater than which minimum threshold? A. 1 kHz. B. 10 kHz. C. 20 kHz. D. 40 MHz.

Ultrasounds have high frequncies Ultrasound is defined as sound with a frequency above the human range of hearing ("ultra" = "above"). To answer this question, then, we need to know what the human range of hearing is. This range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz, so anything greater than 20 kHz qualifies as ultrasound.

Classify each of the following as Verbal or Nonverbal Communication The written use of an individual's name to draw their attention

Verbal

Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication

Verbal: semantics (word choice + meaning), syntax, and morphology Nonverbal: body language (proximity of communication, touch), eye contact, non-linguistic vocalization (including tone, intonation and rate of speech)

Participant Observation

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

Surfactant

a substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved

Social proof

a tendency to conform to what we believe respected others think and do

Anchoring Bias

a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information ex. the anchor = original price for an item and judgement be on the sale price of the item

Mead's Theory

according to Mead: the "I" is the less socialized self, whereas the "Me" is the MORE socialized self. You can't confuse socialized with "being social". A socialized self is someone that UNDERSTANDS and ACTS based on social norms.

Lyases

add groups to or remove groups from double-bonded substrates without the use of water (ex. decarboxylases)

component of attitudes

affective component (emotion) behavioral component (action) cognitive component (thought)

House money effect

after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk, since the new money is not treated as one's own

kinship of affinity

aka affinal kinship is one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood, such as the other choices. Couple merging their children after marriage

tetrahedral stereocenter

bonded to 4 different substituents

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

impurities effect on melting point

both lower AND broaden range

ADH vs Aldosterone

both will increase reabsorption of water in kidneys collecting ducts. aldosterone--> increase active reabsorption of Na+ in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. where Na+ goes, water will follow. So water will passively be reabsorbed also. ADH--> Increases water permeability in collecting ducts. Both hormones will increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Conformers

can freely convert between forms with no bond breaking (such as the chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane)

Anterograde

can't form new memories AFTER an accident

Retrograde

can't remember things before amnesia

Relationship of cancer over time

cancer progresses slowly at first, accumulating mutations over time. relationship is sigmoidal

Hydrolases

catalyze cleavage with the addition of water (hydrolysis) ex. amylases, proteases/peptidases, lipases, phosphatases

Transferases

catalyze transfer of chemical group from one molecule to another (ex. kinase and phophorylases)

Chromaffin cells

catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla. Remember, the catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Increasing emotional arousal

causes a restriction of the focus of attention

nominal level of measurement

characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only, and the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high); qualitative data ex. type of religion one identifies with

Geometric isomers

cis vs trans

ordinal level of measurement

classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist

nucleosidase

cleaves off a nucleoside

Diaphragm

contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity allowing inspiration relaxation allows expiration

ETC and electron passing

electrons are passed from species with less positive reduction potential to those with more positive reduction potential

Autobiographical info - memory type

episodic

theory of cognitive appraisal

explains the mental processes which influence the stressors stress is a two-way process; it involves the production of stressors by the environment as well as the response of an individual subjected to these stressors. Cognitive appraisal occurs when a person considers the threat posed by and the resources needed to minimize the stressors affecting them.

fundamental frequency equations

f = nv/2L when tube closed on both sides or open on both sides f- nv/4L when open on one side and closed on the other

Which of the following properties of a 2.3 MHz ultrasound wave remains unchanged as it passes into human tissues? A.Frequency B.Wave speed C.Amplitude D.Wavelength

frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates

fMRI

functional MRI, trades spatial resolution for temporal resolution and allows scientist to map active parts of the brain analyzes the differences between HbO2 and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations

Chitin

fungi cell walls are made of this

de-inactivated voltage-gated ion channel

have inactivation gate and activation gate. this refers to number 6 in diagram

Aneuploidy

having more or fewer than the normal number of chromosomes

Somatostatin

hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin

Doppler Effect

how the observed frequency of a sound emitted from an object can change if the object and/or the observer is in motion (moving objects or fluids)

Which of the following molecules does NOT have an atom with sp2-type hybridization? A. Carbon dioxide B. Carbonate C. Formaldehyde D. Methanol

if there's a double bond, the C is sp2 hybridized - whether it is linear or not methanol is all single bonds so it does not have an atom with sp2 type hybridization

affect of impurities on melting point

impurities lower and broaden the melting point

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels A mnemonic students use to remember which hormone puts calcium into bone and which gets rid of it is: Calcitonin-in,parathyroid-rid.

Ionic Radius Trend

increases down a group, decreases across a period

GLUT4 tranporters

insulin-regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac).

biopsychosocial approach

integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Cross-sectional Study

investigate a population at a single point in time, looking for predicitve relationships among variables - show correlation, but not causation

Discrimination

involves action - the irrational, often negative treatment of a person or group as a result of prejudice

Allosteric inhibtion

involves binding of an inhibitor to a site other than the substrate binding site

According to the data in Figure 1, what is the probability that a male Robertsonian translocation carrier who mates with a normal female will produce a viable offspring?

kinda from left to right: Going from left to right, we have a normal gamete, a balanced translocation (all genetic info is present; this gamete would give rise to another ROB carrier), trisomy 21, monosomy 14 (because the gamete would only receive a copy of chromosome 21, not chromosome 14, from this parent), monosomy 21 (because the gamete would only receive a copy of chromosome 14, not chromosome 21, from this parent), and trisomy 14. There are no viable autosomal monosomies, and the only viable autosomal trisomies you should know are trisomy 21, 18, and 13 (though trisomy 8, 9, and 22 can also survive to term). Therefore, of the 6 gametes produced by the man, 3 of them contain genetic information that would produce a viable offspring (two normal, one with Down syndrome). 3/6 = 1/2.

Avolition

lack of interest in goal-directed behavior

Binet's idea of mental age

looks at how a specific child, at a specific age--usually today, now--performs intellectually, compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age, measured in years.

How can you use the Michaeles-Menten Kinetics to explain binding affinity

mM values can be used to represent a measure of the binding affinity of an enzyme for a particular substrate. The expression for KM is the same as a dissociation constant under conditions where product formation is the rate-limiting step.

Polygyny

male having exclusive relationships with several females

EEG

measures electrical impulses in the brain by covering the scalp with small sensors - researcher can present subject with various stimuli and record which areas of the brain demonstrate increased electrical activity OR can inject a tracer and see which areas of the brain have more blood flow = more active = increase tracer molecules

antisocial personality disorder

mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal.

Sertoli cells

nourish the developing sperm cells. These cells are located in the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules and are activated by FSH.

Specific Activity

number of enzyme units per milligram of total protein

formal negative sanctions

offical punishment for an action or behavior that is undesirable - ex. customer who was violent with others may be banned from a store for life

availability heuristic

overvaluing of information that is readily available.

Beta Oxidation

oxidation of acyl-CoA molecules and yields NADH, FADH2, as well as acetyl-CoA as products.

primary vs secondary vs tertiary kinship

primary kinship involves a direct relationship, such as that between a brother and sister or between a father and daughter. Secondary kinship exists between an individual and "the primary kin of that person's primary kin." For example, the relationship between a grandson and his paternal grandmother would typically be secondary kinship, since the grandson is primary kin with his own father, who is primary kin with his mother (the grandmother). Finally, tertiary kin is one step further removed, and can refer to primary kin of one's primary kin's primary kin (three levels!) or to the secondary kin of one's primary kin, such as one's husband's grandmother.

Procedural bias

refers to how information is obtained and may occur when researchers put some sort of pressure on subjects to provide responses. By offering monetary compensation of any amount to subjects, researchers used incentive to obtain results

Calcitonin hormne

released when Ca++ is high A mnemonic students use to remember which hormone puts calcium into bone and which gets rid of it is: Calcitonin-in,parathyroid-rid.

What makes the peptide bond stable

resonance

pathway sperm travels from the testes to ejaculation

seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> penis.

prinsoner's dilemma

standard example of game theory that shows why two completely "rational" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so

Belief bias

tendency that people have to judge things based not upon sound logic, but upon already held beliefs

Automation bias

tendency to excessively depend on automated systems, which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions

Egocentric bias

tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is

self-verification

tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one's self-concept

The normal path of sperm movement from the male testis to the point of fertilization in the female is :

testis, epididmyis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes

adaptive radiation

the divergence of one species into multiple species over time, which can occur when subgroups of the original species are separated or isolated in different environments so that these subgroups evolve independently of one another. An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

residential segregation

the dividing of a population based upon housing and neighborhoods. Residential segregation can be either purposeful or unintentional. Common reasons for residential segregation are income, class, race, ethnicity, or individual preference.

External validity

the generalizability of the findings beyond the circumstances of the present study

Place Theory

the idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different locations on the basilar membrane in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

glass escalator

the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

linguistic determinism hypothesis

the proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world; the view taken by Sapir and Whorf

Odds ration

the ration of the odds of an event treatment group to the odds of an event in the control group. An odds ratio of 1 indicates no difference between groups an odds ratio of 0.75 means that in one group the outcome is 25% less likely. An odds ratio of 1.33 means that in one group the outcome is 33% more likely.

Self-Serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Period of wave

the time it takes one wavelength to pass a given point

Overextension

the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate - applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, "doggie" for a cow).

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Neuroleptics

typical antipsychotic drugs, traditionally dopamine receptor blockers, used to treat schizophrenia positive symptoms but can worsen negative symptoms due to cognitive dulling side effect

A divorced parent speaks negatively about her former husband in front of her child. This makes the child uncomfortable and the child learns that if she praises the mother, the negative speaking ends. What type of reinforcement/punishment is this

undesirable stimulus = negative speaking in response to behavior by the child = praising mom. Removal encourages child's behavior so it is negative reinforcement

Ureter vs. urethra

ureter drains urine from kidney to bladder whereas urethra drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

MRI

use magnetic fields and radio waves to image parts of the brain while avoiding the dangers of bombarding the body with ionizing radiation like X-rays

Fischer projection bond configurations

vertical bonds are into the page while the horizontal bonds are out of the page

Game Theory

views social interaction as a game in which there will be winners, losers, and proper ways to "play" in order ot achieve "victory"

Ethnocentrism

world view in which one's culture and traditions are seens as inherently superior to those of other people - propagated from one generation to the next through a variety of cultural channels, the first and most important of which is the family

Can pKa be altered by the environment

yes, local environment can change the pKa. pKa's are usually averages