Substance abuse Chapter 8 & 9

In a typical person, intoxication to the point of staggering and greatly impaired sensory perception occurs at about what BAC?

.25 percent

In the U.S., national prohibition of alcohol sales was in effect from

1920-1933

Age 21 became the legal drinking age in all U.S. states in what year?

1988

What is the average lag period for antidepressants to begin to be effective?

2 weeks

Among women classified as problem drinkers, the rate of FAS is about

23- 29 per 1,000 births

Heavy drinkers with Wernicke's disease (vitamin B1 deficiency) also usually exhibit memory deficits and other mental problems associated with

Korsakoff's psychosis

Which of these states has the highest per-capita sales of alcohol?

New Hampshire

In studies relating homicide to alcohol use,

about half of all murderers and about half of all homicide victims had been drinking

The liver enzyme primarily responsible for metabolizing alcohol is

alcohol dehydrogenase.

Tremors, hallucinations, delusions, and seizures are all symptoms associated with

alcohol withdrawal syndrome

"Wailing of cats", "out of tune", "workmen in my head" all refer to

alcohol-related hangover.

Phenothiazines and neuroleptics were terms used to describe the early forms of

antipsychotics.

The antipsychotic drugs that have been marketed in the past ten years, such as Zyprexa (olanzepine), are referred to as

atypical antipsychotics.

Research studies in which half the participants are told they are drinking alcohol and half are not, with half of each group actually receiving alcohol and half not, are using the ___________ design.

balanced placebo

Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of

beer

Over one thousand people die in the U.S. each year from alcohol overdose. It is particularly dangerous to

begin drinking again after vomiting.

What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?

block D2 dopamine receptors

Which of these substances speeds up the absorption of alcohol?

carbonated liquids

When alcohol is formed, other related substances are also formed, called

congeners.

Current theories of the antidepressant action of drugs focus less on the initial biochemical effects of the drugs and more on the

delayed reaction of the neurons to repeated drug exposure

The fastest, and probably the most effective, treatment for severe cases of depression is

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Although the exact mechanisms for alcohol's action in the brain are not completely understood, it is now believed that the most important of its many effects is

enhancing GABA's inhibitory effects

All hangovers are most likely caused by the presence of congeners in the alcoholic beverage.

false

All selective reuptake inhibitors work primarily by blocking serotonin reuptake.

false

Despite changes in alcohol-related laws and rules, rates of binge drinking and driving after drinking among college students have substantially increased in recent years.

false

Hangover-prevention products sold on TV and over the Internet are actually pretty effective if they contain activated charcoal.

false

Modern antidepressants cure depression by treating the known underlying biological cause of the disorder.

false

The MAO inhibitors are considered to be atypical antipsychotics.

false

The alcohol concentration of most wines is about 40 percent.

false

The latest evidence on the effectiveness of antidepressants is that they are only slightly better than placebos.

false

The minimum BAC to be considered driving under the influence in most states is 0.15 percent.

false

The mood disorders include specific phobia.

false

Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of

fermentation

Growth retardation, small head circumference, small eyes, flattened bridge of the nose, and mental retardation are signs of

fetal alcohol syndrome

People taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression must avoid

foods high in tyramine, such as aged cheeses.

In the early part of the 20th century, a cure was found for a syphilitic infection that caused a psychosis called

general paresis

Tricyclics treat depressive symptoms by

increasing monoamine neurotransmitters in the synapse by blocking reuptake.

Each year, more mentally ill persons are _______ than are admitted to state mental hospitals.

jailed

Bipolar I Disorder refers to

manic episodes with possible alternating depression.

The perspective that symptoms of a mental disorder lead to a diagnosis that illuminates both the underlying cause and a cure for the disorder is referred to in the text as the

medical model

Both depressed and manic symptoms appear in the general classification of

mood disorders

Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because

of a desire to reduce the income tax.

One major factor determining individual differences in BAC after drinking alcohol is

proportion of body fat.

Breath samples to determine BAC

provide an accurate indicator of BAC across a wide range.

A major disturbance of intellectual and social functioning in which there is a loss of contact with reality is called

psychosis

Prozac was one of the early

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used to treat schizophrenia, it is now used primarily to treat

severe depression

Many of the new atypical antipsychotics are known to cause

significant weight gain and metabolic changes.

The FDA now requires a printed warning on several selective reuptake inhibitors because they increase the risk of

suicide in children and adolescents.

The introduction of chlorpromazine in the U.S. in 1955 marked the last year in which

the population of mental hospitals increased.

A recent study of the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs found that

three-fourths of the patients stopped taking their medication within 18 months.

A chronic psychotic condition with no known physical cause is likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenia.

true

Alcohol is involved in about one-third of all suicides.

true

Alcohol metabolism is a two-step process. In the first step, alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol into acetaldehyde.

true

Lithium was the first effective mood stabilizer.

true

One indirect consequence of effective drug treatment for serious mental disorders is that more mentally ill people are now in jail or prison than in mental hospitals.

true

One of the symptoms of a major depressive episode is decreased or increased appetite.

true

Scientific evidence supports both parts of Shakespeare's 400-year-old statement concerning alcohol and sex: "It provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance."

true

The first antipsychotic drugs were the phenothiazines, introduced in the 1950s.

true

The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term "proof," which is

twice the percentage of alcohol.