sust353 test 2
What strategy, developed in the US, was exported around the world to intensify agriculture? (p202)
Indictive World Plan pioneered by the Rockefeller brothers, but its not a good thing because of increased fossil fuels, fertilizers and pesticides, and water. unemployment may result
3. Compare and contrast industrial farming systems with agro-ecology farming systems like Polyface farms. Be sure to give specific examples from the course in your answer.
Industrial • Annual species • Monoculture • Fossil energy • Global market • Specialized • Mechanical • Imported fertility The rise of industrial agriculture also destroyed the small farm • As corn production increased, price of corn declined. Only way for farmer to maintain livelihood was to produce more corn. • Needed less people to grow just corn and soybeans. Small farms disappeared, Depopulated farming communities. "Growing corn is just riding tractors and spraying". • Cheap corn made it profitable to fatten cows and chicken with corn, hence the farmers couldn't sell their livestock. Invention of 'hybrid' seeds- crops selected for certain traits; pollinated in the lab. which shown in food inc could be patented and made harder for farmers to buy non-gmo seeds. Genetically Modified Organisms: PRO: The Industry case "The Malthus card": 1) Drought tolerance 2) Reduce need for herbicides 3) Reduce soil erosion 4) Insect resistance 5) Monsanto videos...save the world from hunger CON: The critics' case 1) Ecosystem dangers (round up ready cotton) kills some critical insects or some insects become resistant 2) Loss of biodiversity 3) Health risks 4)The profit motive...patents on crop varieties. The US food system in the 1920s • US farms were diverse: cattle, chickens, corn, wheat, hay, oats, potatoes. • They were more resilient • We spent 22% of our income on food in 1949 The US food system today • Most just raise single commodities - e.g. corn and soybeans Monocropping and the "green revolution": Environmental and Social Problems • Contamination of groundwater • Release of greenhouse gasses • Loss of crop diversity • Eutrophication of lakes, streams, coastal marine ecosystems • Employment opportunities decreases in rural areas and variety of local diets reduced. • Benefits larger richer farmers...impoverished many. • We have exported the green revolution to much the rest of the world ***ex-round up ready cotton that is resistant to agricultural herbicides..however a certain pig weed became resistant to round up and wouldn't take it • The industries' answer: They will provide new crops resistant to other chemicals. • Others say: "End the race" and use agro- ecological methods - Example: Rye planting and cover cropping rather than chemicals industrial farms, as shown in food inc, do not have the resilience to shock for oil price fluctuations bc their highly specific technology and practices are so reliant on it. we weren't always reliant on nonrenewable - 1947 Fixing of synthetic nitrogen allowed farming to be based on fossil fuel rather than the sun. the avg meal travels 1500 miles from the farm to the supermarket Problems: Industrial agriculture is polluting & wasteful Enormous amounts of chemical and fossil fuel inputs, contribute to environmental degradation. Runoff, increase in nitrogen. >1 calorie fossil fuels used to produce 1 calorie food, before synthetic fertilizers, 2 calories of food for 1 calorie of energy invested. WET MILLING (Pollan, p88): each calorie produced = 10 calories of fossil fuels burned VS. Polyface Pastoral • Perennial species • Polyculture • Solar energy • Local market • Diversified • Biological • Local fertility Agroecology=work with nature, not against it. Some techniques: - Crop Rotations - Polycultures - Agroforestry Systems - Cover Crops - Animal integration Some evidence that plants grown this way are more nourishing than those grown in fertilized soils, but no conclusive evidence. • They taste better!! • Plants are less prone to disease and insects • Can be equally productive or more productive than industrialized farming no patenting We'll need to eat less meat - Eat locally grown foods (localvorism) - Give more control to the farmers - Create government policies that promote it - Results in healthier people and healthier farm lands ex polyface farm video it is the farm of many faces and species. grass based farm. 500 birds free range and lay eggs in an egg-mobile that is moved everyday. and they move the cows everyday to mimic the way herbivore move and mow within nature. they use the birds to go to already grazed fields to clean up cow pies and fertilize with their own manure. pigs also sanitize. the big picture: capture nutrients produced by animals and feed the soil that more effectively captures solar energy in the form of grass. he says this can't be done industrial, its hand on and artisanal. the myth is that industrial farms attempt to seem like an agro-ecology farm that knows the chickens they kill and serves farm to table food. the reality is that it's a bunch of highly specialized techniques of mono cropping and agro land use functions that operate in confined animal feed lots to mass produce nutrient deficient food.
Until recently many concerns about sustainability focused primarily on population rather than consumption. Why?
Population growth and decline is much easier to quantify • While consumption is difficult to define and measure. • Different discipline, different definition malthus-control pop growth especially in the poor regions. but the developing world says:it's not the poors fault, they use few resources, the fault lies in the wealthy countries who over consume
4. Why do most of us in the industrialized world consume more than we need? And how has the rise in consumer culture led to the 'individualization of responsibility'?
- Increased levels of consumption related to rise of 'consumer culture' • Consumer culture: When the purchase, ownership, and use of commodities, and what they signify, all become the center of social life. • Needs, wants, and desires are merged. • The tangible object of consumption becomes less important than its culturally coded meaning."i buy because i can" Affluent society? • Paradox in our society, we consider ourselves affluent, but we live in scarcity. We always need more, more money! A culture of consumption creates scarcity by creating unlimited wants. in hunter societies, they achieve affluence by wanting little • Consumerism defines who we are and our economy. (planned obscelence fuels our consumerism) -The rise in consumer culture is inextricably linked to the rise in a market-dominated society -Bodley: over-consumption is culturally constructed. we are influenced to consume more by the commercial/corporate world that constructs and shapes our society and culture.the scale of consumption and accumulation increased because people felt compelled to intensity their productive labor, to innovate, take risks, and to take advantage of new economic opportunities to expand trade, markets, money and overseas exploration and conquest. • Markets shape social relations in certain ways (they detach production from consumption, we rarely think about true cost pricing when consuming) quote from class- "When you get enough things, and everyone else around you has about the same things, and no media bombard you with images that make you think you are not sexy enough - well, then enough really is enough" - Peoples & Bailey (2012). Humanity. ex-the story of stuff-consumer nation because of what media tells us (perceived obsolescence thin heels to thick heals) TCP, negative externalities like bodley discussed) ex-I Am documentary - the truth is you're in the woods and find shelter, warmth and are happy the lie is that not much more than that (ur basic needs) will make you happier The BBQ example is part of larger trend in industrialized countries like the US. Ever increasing levels of consumption/ Trends over recent decades: More variety and Bigger is the increasing size of houses or soda really progress? a result of this consumption (indirect-factories making our clothes or directly-polluting freeways, bigger houses using more air conditioners) is increased co2 emissions Trends indicate that recent increases in consumption are important drivers behind increases in resource use. malthus-control pop growth especially in the poor regions. but the developing world says:it's not the poors fault, they use few resources, the fault lies in the wealthy countries who over consume. how this leads to the individualization of responsibility- since you consume so much you need to change your ways and conserve. do your part bc by acting alone we can solve enviro issues. buy less reuse more, recycle, take short showers. green consumption=social action impacts-it makes the problem seem bigger and harder to solve and it shifts the responsibility from big corporations and the elites who influence this consumption to keep the market running and create a bigger portion of the problem. its a nasty cycle. ex-gov jerry brown called back a 20% reduction on household water usage when 80% of water is used for agriculture-why not change that? Structural/organizational factors more important
Why do Americans produce so much CO2?
More air conditioners, parking, bigger houses, recreational/off-highway use
Who were the Urus? (p121)
an ethnic group separate from the incas, poorer than the others, who fished hunted and gathered plants in lake titticaca. rather than paying tribute to the incas, they provided labor and dried fish to the lords of the local ethnic groups.
consumer culture
When the purchase, ownership, and use of commodities, and what they signify, all become the center of social life.
How did the introduction of fishing licenses challenge the customary system of fishing rights? (p159)
a fisherman who received a fishing license might cross the boundary between villages and claim that the license gave him the right to do so.
What three aspects of Orlove's research plan were most important to him? (p70)
a list of the price of the fish, a complete consensus of fisherman and a detailed record of the fish that the fisherman caught.
Describe the 'catch survey' method used by Orlove. (p75)
a researcher takes a sample of the total number of fishing economic units and trains the members of this sample to record their catch. they also directly measures the catch of another sample of such units to provide a relibaility check since local fisherman may be inaccurate in their self recording. once the fishermens own reports are corrected, simple stats extrapolates the catch of the entire population from the reports.
1. Summarize and contrast passive and active forms of environmental management. Be sure to illustrate each form with specific examples from lectures, films, or readings.
active (intentional)- Burning, clearing land, cultivation, constructed landscapes. - Most common: Burning (Pre-Columbian Amazonian Indians made their own fertile soil. adapted and created nature or maya slash and burn-Burning removes vegetation, adds nutrients to soil and increases its pH (from ash) -wetlands and mostly conservation like terrace walls to control soil erosion check dams to funnel water across dry slopes. massive changes in land use led to the transformation of the interior lakes to wetlands.) passive (unintentional)- Ceremonies and rituals. - Example: Balinese water temples ex-goddess and the computer - wet rice polyculture based on their religion because the water goddesses and water temple ceremonies control the timing of irrigation the western imposed the green revolution onto Bali by suggesting they use fertilizer and build dams which was well intended but they didn't take the local context into consideration and disregarded religion as a factor in farming and stephen from the ted talk even re-inforced this when he described how the balinese stress holism in looking at the whole picture of farming
Why was Maya agriculture less efficient than that of the other complex societies like the Egyptians? (p164)
an egyptian peasant could produce five times the food required for himself and his family. a maya peasant could produce only twice the needs of himself and his family. agriculture suffered limitations like their crops, corn, yield little protein. they depended on a narrower range of crops and agri was less intensive and productive than the Aztec's chinampas- productive type of raised field agri). another limitation was the humid climate which made it difficult to store corn beyond a year. they also had no animal powered transport or plows.
Compare and contrast George Naylor's grandfather's farm with his current one. (p34,38)
back in the day: only grew corn and soybeans, supported his family on a dozen of different species. naylor doesn't use GMOs. the farm was home to whole families of different animal and plant species which made it very adaptable. fences everywhere and pastures now: the ground isn't as green, not it is black. no more fences because animals left and they moved indoors to aluminum sheds. no more fences, equals more wind. this change in farming isn't just do to corn, but tractors and increased technology.
Why does Orolve state that the role of the anthropologists is not to find labels that best fit particular groups? (p67)
because identities can be called into question, anthropologists rather witness the different grounds on which these groups encounter one another. it is the history of such encounters that identities are made and transformed
Why must the term high population growth be considered within its historical context? (p153)
because industrial era urban population densities are much higher than those that existed in the political capitals of nonindustrial states but the maya was still an expansive settlement.
Why does complicating food make economic sense to the food processors? (p95)
because it can add months and even years to shelf life allowing you to market globally and capture more money from consumers and farmers will get higher wages.
Why does Pollan call hybrid corn greedy? (p41)
because it consumes more fertilizer than any other crop.
Why was Fritz Haber's invention a triumph and a tragedy? (p43-44)
because it improved agriculture, but he also contributed to the war effort by using synthetic nitrogen to create the poisonous gases that were used in Hitler's concentration camps.
Why does Orlove tend to use the term 'villager' rather than 'Indian' or peasant' to describe the people he is studying? (p59)
because it is accurate enough and the term points to space. it directs attention to the local dimension of human life and interaction. villager permits a wider range of resource based politics that involves control over forests grasslands or in the books case, a lake.
How is breakfast cereal the prototypical processed food? (93)
because it is four cents worth of a commodity of corn transformed into four dollars worth of processed food.
How do statistics focusing on farm labor and crop yield disguise the inefficiencies of the industrial food system? (p182)
because it makes industrial food systems seem more efficient, however, there are 11 million people working in farm labor, distribution, food processors, hiding how much labor it takes to fuel the industrial food system.
In what sense is the Maya collapse a warning for those living today? (p159)
because it warns us that even the most advanced and creative societies can crash
Why is how you eat just as important as what you eat?
because it'll keep you healthier in the long run. the more nutritious it is the less you will need to eat to feel satisfied. americans are fixated on nutrients, good and bad, while other countries savor and enjoy eating, but do it moderately.
How can US farms be run on industrial principles that don't conform to biological constraints? (p45)
because new technology like chemical fertilizer could be used to produce huge outputs of corn. it didn't need to conserve its fertility by maintaining a diversity of species, synthetic fertilizer allowed monoculture, the farmer to bring the factories economies of scale and mechanical efficiency to nature.
Why do US farmers continue to over-produce corn even though it lowers the price and undermines their livelihood? (p48-49)
because of government farm programs wanting to support the production of corn and have a reserve for when a drought or issue occurred during harvesting and it took food off the market for farmers when the harvest was bountiful and sell the corn later when prices were higher and pay the government back for the storage space.
Why are there so few native species in Lake Titicaca? (p118)
because the lake is so isolated due to climate changing the lake level and the altiplano is blocked by mountains to connect to the great river systems of the amazon and the rio de la plata, few fish (26) are actually able to reach it.
Why is the story of Lake Titicaca unique in terms of natural resource management? (p47)
because the outsiders are usually the ones who win in terms of resource mgmt
Why does Pollan argue that it would be better if we could just drink petroleum directly rather than eat corn? (p46)
because theres a lot less energy in corn than there is in the half gallon of oil required to produce it.
How do foods like hamburgers and chicken nuggets distance us from the animals they come from? (111)
because they are essentially not real animals.
Why did the non-fishing communities around the lake support the fishermen's' attempts to protect their system of customary fishing territories? (p160)
because to villagers, the fishing territories weren't just a source of income to some of their neighbors, they were an integral part of the village commons, a key element of their collective heritage which prior generations had protected.
Why is eating corn directly, rather than through other foods like fast food, a more efficient way of obtaining calories? (p118)
because when you eat straight corn, you consume all the energy of the corn. but when you feed it to a chicken, 90% of its energy is lost.
How did Orlove determine that fishing was a viable livelihood and made good economic sense? (p94)
by taking the total number of catch subtracting the total expense and dividing by the total number of hours. it was higher than other economic activities in the regions so it makes good economic sense.
What are 'externalities'?(p122)
byproducts of the production/consumption process such as waste, depletion pollution, and various indirect social costs
Why do the authors suggest that the transformations that marked the end of Maya divine rulership do not qualify as "apocalyptic collapse"? (p164) HINT: Do authors suggest Maya society "collapsed" or changed? Explain
change can either be success or failure (in the case of a collapse) and the maya descendent community makes up several million people, so its not very accurate to say they collapsed
In terms of economic status, how did fisherman in the late nineteenth century compare to others who lived around the lake? (p130)
in the 19th cent, they were very poor. but the lake offered them sustenance.
When the villagers speak, what Spanish terms do they adopt and what Quechan terms do they retain? Why is this the case? (p57)
chofer-driver, profesor-teacher, comerciante-trader. quecha terms are retained for work that takes place within the territory of the village and that produces food and other basic necessities. spanish words are adopted for work that takes place outside the village and for which a salary is paid. this work often leads to involvement with gov authorities.
How did IMARPE contribute to Orlove's project? (p72)
compensation for the additional budget outlays to which oriole agreed on in trade which gave him access to data that had been compiled at considerable effort.
Why did Orlove pay the fishermen who participated in the research? What problems could this technique create? (p78)
competition and falsifying the reports and false approval to fish in land that belonged to other villages since they are paid employees.
What is the underlying cause of the obesity epidemic? (p100)
corn whiskey in 1820
In what way do authors McAnany and Negron suggest Diamond's interpretation of Maya collapse is an attempt to retrofit the past onto the present? (p143)
diamond glossed over significant evidence that contradicts the eighth century maya doom and they impute personalities traits like passivity to maya rulers because it creates labels of the ancestors of contemporary maya people that describe them as people who crafted a failed state. the authors argue that the past can inform us and often guide us toward a better future, but the mirror of ancient maya society should not be refracted in hopes of inducting change in the contemporary world, no matter how badly change might be needed.
6. Jarrod Diamond argues that the Maya underwent collapse while McAnany and Negrón suggest a different outcome. Summarize their debate.
diamond: Maya agriculture had limits • 70% of diet based on corn • Corn=low protein relative to other grains • No large domesticated animals (dogs, turkeys and ducks) • Relatively low productivity (Maya 2X, Egyptian 5x, modern US 125X) copan case study: Peak population: 27,000(750- 900 C.E.) • Massive royal monuments glorifying kings • After 700 C.E. nobles and lesser kings began erecting palaces • Put huge burden on Copan peasants Royal Palace at Copan burned around 850 C.E. • Commoner revolt! Diamond emphasizes Malthusian constraints: - Population growth outstripping food supply (Malthus!) - Deforestation - Increased fighting, warfare, disease • But mentions other possible factors: • Droughts • Kings and nobles failed to solve problems 1. Increased Warfare Diamond • Late Classic (600-850 CE) Maya hieroglyphs and texts illustrate increased warfare McAnany and Negron • These exist alongside more accounts of every category of royal activity • Most Maya Farmers lived in hinterlands - Affected by interdyanstic conflict? 2. Out of control pop. growth & 3. Environmental degradation Diamond Population growth & density increased during Late Classic period resulting in irrevocable environmental degradation McAnany and Negron - Relatively easy to estimate pop. During Late Classic, but not earlier periods • High pop. Growth a relative concept • Much evidence of active environmental management to prevent degradation Despite the collapse of monumental centers, there's also evidence of sophisticated environmental management • One reason we know very little about how the Maya made a living: The commoners didn't right down their techniques. Big bias towards elites. • Evidence that the Maya had: - Permanent raised fields - Terracing - Forest Gardens -Managed Fallows - Wild Harvesting there was at least 27 different adaptive regions of the maya 4. drought Diamond Drought drove Maya further towards environmental limitations and collapse McAnany and Negron Alleged drought should have damaged all of lowlands yet... - Cities with more permanent water supplies fell first - Pattern is complex, occurred over 125 yrs - Cities most vulnerable to drought exhibit pattern of resilience like the cenotes underground caves and chultuns underground reservoirs to store rainwater drought was not a prime motivator of societal change and downfall. 5. Effectiveness of Divine Rule diamond Rulers - like today's CEOs - concerned with short term gain v. addressing long term problems McAnany and Negron diamond is just assuming, how do we know? diamond glossed over significant evidence that contradicts the eighth century maya doom and they impute personalities traits like passivity to maya rulers because it creates labels of the ancestors of contemporary maya people that describe them as people who crafted a failed state. the authors argue that the past can inform us and often guide us toward a better future, but the mirror of ancient maya society should not be refracted in hopes of inducting change in the contemporary world 6. Shift in Spheres of Trade & Influence Diamond: • Administrative & town centers abandoned McAnany and Negron • This illustrates change not collapse • Relocation to major trade routes McAnany and Negron interpretation Shift from monumental architecture to mercantile activity • Many post-classic sites were strategically located to enhance trade • Example: Tulum New architectural forms • Small circular shrines associated with cacao groves • Elites were more concerned with trade • Divine rulership gave way to new forms of statecraft • More dispersed settlement patterns • Agricultural strategy known as smallholders: (self-sufficient households that practice permanent, intensive, diversified, agriculture) Today nearly there are 7 million Maya decedents. • Collapse or change? • Successful strategy of long- term resilience? • Resilience: "The ability of a system to absorb disturbance and still retain its basic function and structure". • Environmentaldegradationor sustainable livelihood?
Describe 'territorial use rights in fishing' (TURF). (p95)
each lakeshore village has a section of water adjacent to the lands it owns that is used for fishing, creating barriers to entry.
What happens to the excess fertilizer that is applied to the fields of US farms? (p46)
evaporates into the air, where it creates acid rain and increases global warming. some steeps into our drinking and river water.
What complications arose when Orlove began to study the ecology of Lake Titicaca? (p71)
even finding out the price of the fish was a more complex matter than he had anticipated. he couldn't even tell them apart. he also had to learn the units by which the fish wee sold and the items for which they were exchanged.
How according to the 'persistent tendency towards depletion theory' could profits made from fishing stay the same but the fish stock be steadily diminished? (p91) How does this theory justify regulation of fishing by outsiders (e.g, scientists, policy-makers, etc.)?
even though fisherman experience lower returns on their capital and on their labor as the fishery becomes more crowded, new individuals and new money can still be drawn into the fishery for a while. a gov could give out a limited number of licenses or prohibit fishing entirely at certain times, or set a total amount of catch that could not be exceeded. they prevent the depletion of the fisheries in their shift toward sustainability. also, the fisherman could join together and establish/enforce rules that would limit the total catch. this local control would convert open access resources, available to all, into common property resources, managed jointly by a local community or population.
How did Orlove resolve the issue about using the term 'fishermen' as opposed to 'fisher' or some other term to describe the people he was studying? (p49)
he considered the terms that the local people use to refer to describe the villagers who catch fish in the lake but he found that it was impossible to come up with a consistent pattern of terminology to duplicate the local ways of referring to persons who fish.
Describe how Orlove's fieldwork involved more than just research? (p14)
he was immersed in the culture and became one of them. he didn't ride in cabs, he rode on the back of trucks.
How did the fisherman first react to the new trout? (p139)
he was so startled he threw it back in and some were afraid to eat it since it had a pink flesh rather than white.
Why were trout introduced to the lake? (p133)
in 1935, peruvian and bolivian givs agreed to establish a commission to study the lakes fisheries and promote their industrial development. this commission actually only consisted of one individual, M.C. James an american fisheries specialist who came to lake titicaca in 1936. noting that the native fish were mostly small and bony, he suggested introducing larger fish that he thought would provide more abundant and higher quality catches. then another american fishery specialist A.J. Smyth arrived and carried out James's suggestions and only one, the rainbow trout, succeeded in establishing itself in the lake. certain worries orlove and other scientists had were that the new species would prey off of existing species or harm them by eating their food supplies.
How do the meanings of the terms 'Indian' and 'peasant' differ? (p59)
indian implied cultural and ethnic distinctions and peasant indicated class =, exploitative and economic relations-exploitative relations in which wealthy classes benefit from the poverty of the ppl who work the land.
Why does supersizing cause us to eat more than we normally would? (p105)
it contains corn syrup, sugar and fat and makes you think you're getting a better deal for more food
What happens to most of corn grown in the US? (p85)
it is fed to animals and broken down and then reassembled either as beef, chicken, or pork, soft drinks, cereal, and snacks.
In what ways is Lake Titicaca a unique lake? (p40-42)
it is so unique because of the geologic movement to make the mountains and volcanos surrounding it and to make lake titcaca so deep. lakes are scarce in some of the rainiest parts of the world because of erosion and few areas of the world have the specific combination of topography and climate that is required for lakes to even reach the age of lake titicaca. it's undergone great variations during the ice age
Why did the Urus population decline? (122)
it wasn't due to demographic causes like high death rates in response to epidemics or low birth rates, nor did military defeat. the reason was for changes in identity. many of them remained in their original areas and adopted the more prestigious aymara language and identiy while others who had moved to mining towns and other new centers, mingled and intermarried with other indian groups and lost their distinctiveness.
What part of Orlove's fishing research were the local fishermen most interested in? (p171)
it wasn't research that came out of the surveys and interviews they had conducted, but rather it was the experimentation through which the fisherman near Moho had developed the bolsa, the sacks for storing live fish.
3 types of exchange
markets, reciprocity and redistribution
How are Maya kings and the CEOs of modern corporations similar? (p177)
maya kings and their temples covered in thicker plaster which is reminiscent of the extravagant conspicuous and consumption by modern american CEOs. they are passive in the face of real big threats to their societies. they treated themselves to 2,000 turquoise beads.
How were the fishermen able to change from the poorest to the wealthiest villagers? (p15)
new boats and gear increased the efficiency of their fishing, and the expansion of roads and markets which allowed them to sell their catch for high prices.
How do bioeconomic models portray time? How is this different than the fishermen's understanding of time? (p115)
the bioeconomic model portray time as a homogenous resource-an amount of hours to be allocated to generate the most profit. this creates labor-saving technologies and efficiencies. the fishermen view time not just as a way to be efficient and profitable. it is more than a means to the end of generating income. the most valued work is agriculture and construction, not because it brings in great profit, but because they demonstrate effort and productivity that meet the most fundamental human needs- food and shelter.
What percentage of the total energy expended in the American food system supports primary production? (p191)
only 25%, the other 75% went to processing, marketing, and domestic uses.
What percentage of the total potato crop is shipped to consumers as raw tubers to be cooked in the household? (p197)
only 30%
What percentage of personal income does the average American spend on food?
only 9.7%, much less than other nations.
5. Summarize how the fishing communities around Lake Titicaca regulate fishing activities.
resource users regulate access through TURFS: - each lakeshore village has a section of water adjacent to the lands it owns that is used for fishing, creating barriers to entry. - Outsiders excluded • How are they excluded without formal rules and regulations? - Local control and participation - they get to move to the lake and practice fishing on the local land and be governed by local appropriate rules for management and effective means are in place to draw participants into decision making procedures. -gov's weakness - the gov saw the decline as an issue of overfishing since the number of wooden boats increased steadily during the 1960s. in response, gov tried to reduce the level of catch. they demanded fisherman register their boats even though it previously only registered large commercial boats but the navy didn't enforce it well and a fraction of fisherman registered their boats. another gov agency passed a proposition but did not enforce it, to prohibit the use of small mesh nets that catch young trout and the capturing of trout in rivers and streams, which was largely ignored. but they did succeed in closing the canneries during the peak months of spawning season. -aquaculture projects just proved how the government wasn't a source of direct help to the fisherman and how their system of capturing fish in open waters and sell it through customary village markets was the most effective to begin with and didn't need additional help. • Called community based resource management ecological surveys showed they manage the lake well and the populations of fish, birds, and plants are all stable some threats to fishing territories existence. 1.)with new technologies like the canary and neon gills, the fishing territory still consisted of the portions of the lake adjacent to its land, but now extended farther into the lake because fisherman had incentive to fish more frequently and from greater distances from shore. in other cases, the fisherman moved out of their customary village territories to invade the richer fishing grounds of other villages near the mouths of rivers. this sometimes caused issues and standoffs where fisherman felt entitled to fish for trout in grounds belonging to neighboring villages. but even the most hard pressed villages were able to maintain control of their fishing grounds. they received strong support from villagers who did not fish on excluding outsiders by prohibiting them from landing boats on their shores. and villagers protected their own area by fouling or stealing outsider's nets or by making and sometimes carrying out threats of physical violence. only the deepest waters farthest from the shore were open to outsiders and that was because it was a poor fishing area anyway. 2.) How did the introduction of fishing licenses challenge the customary system of fishing rights? (p159) the only people who registered their boats were the lakeshore fisherman who followed the well established system of village fishing territories. in contrast, a fisherman who received a fishing license might cross the boundary between villages and claim that the license gave him the right to do so. Why did the non-fishing communities around the lake support the fishermen's' attempts to protect their system of customary fishing territories? (p160) because to villagers, the fishing territories weren't just a source of income to some of their neighbors, they were an integral part of the village commons, a key element of their collective patriomy which prior generations had protected. despite the govs regulations and its allocation of fishing rights to others, the customary rules remain in force, allowing only lakeshore villagers access to fishing grounds. the village based system of fishing rights is a major restraint on any growth since it places such strong limits on the access to fishing.
Describe how the spatial aspects of fishing changed after the introduction of the rainbow trout? (144)
seeking out spots to catch trout, they often went farther from shore than they had gone with their balsas and older types of gear.
Why did the fisherman have such detailed knowledge of the lake winds? (p146)
since they have encountered the life threatening winds far from shore.
Why did erosion of hillsides become such a problem for the Maya? (p169)
the acidic infertile soils were being carried down into the valley and blanketing the more fertile valley soils where they would have reduced agricultural yields. soil becomes rapidly exhausted and has low fertility. deforestation. which caused a man made drought and lowered rainfall. decrease in the amount of useable farmland
How did the southern Maya deal with the water problem? (p162)
the cities were not built next to rivers but instead on promontories in rolling uplands. they excavated depressions, modified natural depressions and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create cisterns and reservoirs which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season. this held enough water to meet the needs of about 10,000 ppl for a period of 18 months. they also built dikes around a lake in order to raise its level and make their water supply more reliable.
Why are the free market and agriculture incompatible? (p54)
the economics of a family firm are different than a firms. when prices fall, the firm can lay off people, idle factories and make fewer widgets. but the demand for food isn't elastic; people dont eat more food because it is cheap. and laying off farmers doesn't help to reduce supply.
From a capitalist point of view, how are the farmer's field and the human organism less than ideal? (p94)
the farm is vulnerable to vicissitudes of weather and pests and prone to crisis of over-and underproduction which can hurt business.
What land is the most hospitable in the whole region around Lake Titicaca? (p39)
the farmland within ccapia right on the shores of the lake that is home to the villagers.
Who ultimately reaps the biggest reward from current farm policies? (p55)
the government.
What led to the rise of nylon gill net use? (p140)
the growth of the trout pop and the increased demand. fishers thought the trout was too fast and too strong to catch with traditional gear like spears and scoop nets.
What information did the fishermen leave out of their catch survey forms? (p107)
the info that did not count as trabajo, like repairing nets bc they didn't consider that work and walking from their houses to their boats
What is the most abundant fish in Lake Titicaca? Describe its characteristics and how it's caught. (p129)
the ispi, that form large schools with large eyes to see their minute prey even in poorly lit waters. they stay in the shallows with their schools only for a short time so they are difficult to catch. once the fisherman spot a school, where there is a patch of smoother water in an area with waves, they dont go out immediately. since the ipsi flee to deep waters once they see the fisherman or hear loud noises. rather, the fisherman go out at night and row their balsas out in a straight line and when they get close to the school, they move in slowly and enclose the school and use their qollanchas, basket traps, to catch them.
How did the introduction of canneries put pressure on and change the customary system of fishing territories? (p148)
the money that the fisherman earned gave them incentivee to fish more frequently and at greater distances from shore, it also allowed them to purchase boats and nets. most of the traditional types of fishing gear like the harpoon, dip, net, and scoop net were restricted to use in the shallow waters close to shore. yet the gill nets could be deployed in the deeper waters farther from shore, where trout were often found. the fishing territory still consisted of the portions of the lake adjacent to its land, but now extended farther into the lake. in other cases, the fisherman moved out of their customary village territories to invade the richer fishing grounds of other villages near the mouths of rivers. this sometimes caused issues and standoffs where fisherman felt entitled to fish for trout in grounds belonging to neighboring villages. but even the most hard pressed villages were able to maintain control of their fishing grounds.
Describe the introduction of the silverside. Why was it introduced to the lake? And why did this fish eventually replace the trout and why was it preferred by the fisherman over the trout? (p154)
the oruro fishing club introduced it because they wanted a fish that would be more of a challenge to catch than the slower native fish. it was able to survive and reproduce in the colder waters unlike the trout. it replaced the trout in the lake and in life-in the goods vendors sold, the fish the fisherman caught and the meals women made. it was caught in great abundance so it was affordable compared to the trout sold in the 1960s at canneries. they liked it because it was thinner so easier to fry which was a common way they cooked.
How is the villagers' interpretation of 'work' different than that of fisheries economics? (p101)
the repairing of nets in the economy world is not seen as work. instead, work is an objective fact: the allocation of human effort in ways that measurably yield a product, in this case, fish. the local villager categorization of work though takes on a social reality: a visitor who arrived at a house would be received more leisurely if the people were doing rather than working much as helping and keeping company yield different obligations.
The rise in consumer culture is inextricably linked to...
the rise in a market-dominated society
What two threats pose the biggest challenge to Titicaca's fisheries? (p166)
the risk of contamination from oil drilling at pirin, where drilling leaks lubricants and industrial chemicals into the lake and kill off plant and animal populations. the second threat is proposal to divert water from the rio huenque and other streams in the western cordilleraa. rather than flowing into the rio llave and then into the lake the water would pass through a tunnel and this diversion would remove more than half of the water in the rio llave, the river with the second largest flow into the lake. this would lead to a permanent drop in the level of the lake and an increase in the salinity of the water. it wants to divert the tributaryes of laker titticaca in order to obtain cheap water for its coastal ore concentration plant rather than installing equipment to conserve water or to desalinize seawater.
Describe the uncultivated landscape of the altiplano. (p31)
the slopes of the mountain were covered with perennial grasses that grow in cylindrical rather than flat clumps. there were occasional low tiny leafed shrubs scattered among them and there were many herd animals.
What message did the Peruvian songs express about life in the altiplano and how villagers are valued by outsiders? (p8)
the villagers had been told how inferior they were as peasants, indians, uneducated boors, and residents of peru's backward hinterlands and the songs represented how easily they were forgotten even by the ppl they trusted and the government
Why did Orlove think the ritualized way in which the IMARPE staff distributed research materials to the fisherman was important? (p83)
the workshop has contained many moments that demeaned the fishermen. they had been treated like they were uneducated boors and the accepted this inferiority. yet the fishermen were also in a sense being honored by their inclusion in the project. it offers them a chance to garner recognition for themselves, the villages, and their entire way of life.
With the introduction of the rainbow trout, only one local species went extinct. How was this fact linked to the idea that many indigenous fishing techniques and practices remain important today on Lake Titicaca? (p137)
there also might of been a cultural extinction of indigenous fishing- with the intro of the commercial viable trout, numerous types of fishing gear and the complex patterns of local knowledge could have been replace by modern tech and science. yet, neither the cultural or economic extinction arose. the dip net and the qollancha have remained and barter remains an important component of fish marketing. and the customary regulation of fishing grounds remains in force. an entire set of technologies have evolved around introductions of new species but only a few of the elements of the indigenous fishing culture disappeared.
Why do archaeologists suggest that the term "Maya collapse" may be a matter of perspective? (p159-162)
there may always be a counterargument and the viewing of the collapse as a two way reason. its whether you see the society as collapsed or changed.
What key factor allows hybrid corn to produce such high yields? (p37)
they can be planted so close together, thirty thousand to the act instead of eight thousand back in the day. hybrids have been bred for thicker stalks and stronger root systems so they stand upright in a crowd. corn hybrids can tolerate the corn equivalent of city life.
Why is fishing appealing to many men who live around Lake Titicaca? (p113)
they can spend more time working rather than remaining idle. it's flexible since trips can be as short as a few hours and they make their own hours instead of a typical work schedule. they can fit fishing into their daily activities easily.
How did IMARPE interpret the results of the fish catch study? How did they use this information? (p89)
they found a total annual catch of around 8000 metric tons which suggests the important of lake fisheries and therefore of IMARPE's continued operations around the lake.
How does TURF encourage local participation? (p95)
they get to move to the lake and practice fishing on the local land and be governed by local appropriate rules for management and effective means are in place to draw participants into decision making procedures.
What have ecological surveys shown about the how the fishermen manage lake resources? (p46)
they manage the lake well and the populations of fish, birds, and plants are all stable
Explain how the Peruvian government interpreted the decline in the trout population during the 1960s (p150). How did the government try and solve the problem?
they saw the decline as an issue of overfishing since the number of wooden boats increased steadily during the 1960s. in response, gov tried to reduce the level of catch. they demanded fisherman register their boats even though it previously only registered large commercial boats but the navy didn't enforce it well and a fraction of fisherman registered their boats. another gov agency passed a proposition but did not enforce it, to prohibit the use of small mesh nets that catch young trout and the capturing of trout in rivers and streams, which was largely ignored. but they did succeed in closing the canneries during the peak months of spawning season.
How do the fishermen typically indentify themselves? (p60)
they use place based labels more than terms related to class or ethnicity but they are more likely to identify themselves as residents of a specific place rather than as members of a social category. those who live a bit nearer to each other mention their districts of origin and close neighbors speak of their villages or even sections of it. they even have nicknames for different districts. there are some occasions when villagers use labels that have a bit of an ethnic tinge to them.
What evidence suggests the Maya were responding to and actively managing their environment to prevent degradation? (p153-4)
they utilized landscape modification like reclaimed wetlands and mostly conservation like terrace walls to control soil erosion check dams to funnel water across dry slopes. massive changes in land use led to the transformation of the interior lakes to wetlands.
How did the 1930s drought benefit those who lived on the shore of the lake? (p132)
they were able to walk to k'api settlements or the floating islands in the first place, and without getting their feet wet
7. Compare and contrast the US industrial farming system and the rice-based polyculture found in eastern Asian. In what ways are they similar? Different?
theyre both examples of environment manipulation. smallholders: Self- sufficient households that practice permanent, intensive, diversified agriculture. • Classic example:Rice- based polyculture in Bali, Indonesia Polyculture - Multiple crops - Imitates diversity of natural ecosystems - Advantages • Artificial, maximally specialized, continuously cultivated • Soil fertility has been maintained for 1000s of years • Key: very precise timing of irrigation techniques, lots of labor Tiny, mud-diked, flooded rice fields, many perched on terraced hillsides • Paddies must be drained and rebuilt each year • Rice initially planted in moist ground, then once a foot tall the paddy must be flooded, then drained for harvest • Control of water crucial (similar to industrial non resilience because what if something happens to the water supply or they are off timing in draining?) Over time the fertility of paddy maintained or increases • Other crops grown in paddy when it's dry or on dikes. • Fish live in the ponds and canals, ducks live near paddies. All combine to add fertility. • Other organic fertilizers added (e.g., 'night-soil'). compare to us because we use chemical fertilizers and do not combine different plant and animal species, instead, we mono crop. Key attributes: - Labor intensive and highly productive - Small-scale and self-sufficient - Requires high population densities and specific environments (low resilience) Intensive ( very high yields on small amount of land) • Labor intensive (50 person-days per acre) • Technologically simple • Highly skilled, localized knowledge. Each field has specific technique • Farmers self-sufficient • Efficient use of energy inputs ex-goddess and the computer - wet rice polyculture based on their religion because the water goddesses and water temple ceremonies control the timing of irrigation the western imposed the green revolution onto Bali by suggesting they use fertilizer and build dams which was well intended but they didn't take the local context into consideration and disregarded religion as a factor in farming and stephen from the ted talk even re-inforced this when he described how the balinese stress holism in looking at the whole picture of farming, whereas the us industrialized system tends to look for what will bring the highest yield using the cheapest and least amount of land and labor, ignoring ethics and religion. industrial US agri Extensive (high yields on large amount of land) Mechanized (2-3 hours per acre) Technologically focused Farmers dependent on scientists Farmers reliant on markets Inefficient use of energy inputs compare: All intensive agriculture relies on a narrow set of species, simplifies the environment, and hence is less resilient than other forms of human subsistence such as swidden horticulture or hunting and gathering. But this tradeoff allowed humans to increase carrying capacity which is what us industrialized agri is doing with specialization and mechanization to alter the environment and species even more and increase the earths carrying capacity but through both techniques were reaching earths limits faster. Particular contexts shape these agricultural adaptations: Rice-based polyculture developed where: Land was scarce but labor was cheap US agriculture developed where: Land cheap Labor expensive
Which Maya cities exhibited a pattern of resilience to drought? (156)
tikal, calakmul, puuc hills, and caracol because they already didn't have access to rivers and water was already seasonally in a short supply.
How do pre-condimented hamburgers and chicken nuggets 'liberate' us from the table, and why is this problematic? (p110)
we eat in the car and produce more emissions. were getting farther from the traditional kitchen cooked meal and eating ceremony
What's the relationship between munitions and industrial farming? (p41)
when munitions plant like muscle shoals, alabama switched over to making chemical fertilizer after world war two and the excess ammonium nitrate used for explosives. farmers started using it as fertilizer because of its nitrogen content. hybrid plants easily soaked it up. before this fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen in the soil strictly limited the amount of corn an acre of land could support.
What were the major sources of error in Orlove's fishing study data? (p86)
where a fisherman recorded catch in his notebook, when he transferred the data from the notebook to the catch survey form, when hilda entered the data on the coding form, and when the research assistant entered the data into the computer from the coding form.
In what sense is the industrial food system extremely inefficient relative to less complex food systems? (p180-181)
whereas American farm laborers were expending only one calorie of human energy for every 210 food calories they produced, approx eight calories of nonhuman energy, primarily in the form of fossil fuels, were also required for each calorie produced. the industrial food system is actually operating at an energy efficiency deficit.
2. How is the industrial food system in the US connected to the rise of obesity in the US?
worldwide nearly one billion are obese. We spent 22% of our income on food in 1949 for quality food, now we spend the least amount on food we ever have in history. US policy has meant that: • Junk food is cheap • Fruits and vegetables relatively more expensive • $26 billion in direct payments, vast majority goes to very large farms • Biggest beneficiaries: Food processors and meat producers who dont care about quality, they care about quantity poorer people in rich countries tend to be obese. One dollar buys 1,200 calories of potato chips, and only 250 calories of carrots super sizing and the high intake of fructose syrup sugar and fat make you hungrier and corn barely has energy, so pollen suggests we drink oil for actual energy consumption. Only 1.1% of farmland is used for growing vegetables, most is used for grains to feed cattle and the implications of this are that 90% of its energy is lost in the process of feeding it to a chicken and then you consume that chicken. instead, when you eat straight corn you absorb all of its nutrients, calories, and energy. polan's sugestion: Spend more, eat less. the average american only spends 9.7% of their income on food, much less than other nations. eat food, not food products. • Pay no heed to nutritional science or the health claims on packages. • How you eat is as important as what you eat... americans are fixated on nutrients, good and bad, while other countries savor and enjoy eating, but do it moderately. never eat alone... he says pre-condimented hamburgers and chicken nuggets 'liberate' us from the table, and why is this problematic? now we really dont have to do much for our food which also affects how we digest our food. its fast food and we eat it so fast that we can't wait to get home and eat at the celebratory table, we don't savor or talk over meals when you eat mcdonalds.
