SYD 4700 midterm

the Indian Removal Act

relocating Native Americans to new areas - Trail of Tears

Explicit bias

Direct, offensive beliefs & actions

emotional segregation

an institutionalized process through which whites are unable to see ppl of color as emotional equals or as capable of sharing the same human emotions (Beeman, 2007)

stereotype

rigid, oversimplified, & exaggerated beliefs that are applied to social categories of ppl

"race talk": racial stories

social events that instruct us about social processes, structures, & situations; they help reinforce arguments & assist in persuading listeners that 1 is "right"; stories demonstrate the social position of the narrator (status, biases, beliefs, etc ("The past is the past.", "I didn't own any slaves", testimonies of -/+ interactions w/ black ppl)

the Spanish Inquisition

spanish taking over Native Americans

"race talk": semantic moves (rhetorical strategies)

specific to color-blindness; ppl utilize certain logics to express racist & discriminatory ideas/practices that allow them to not be labeled as "racist" ("I'm not racist but...", "I'm not __________, so I don't know"; ways to deflect the racism away from themselves

surveillance

the monitoring of behavior, activities, or other info for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting ppl; often used by govt/state entities for intelligence gathering, prevention or investigation of crime, etc

sexual racism

the prioritizing of possible romantic partners in a way that reinforces racial hierarchies or racial stereotypes

Orientalism

the process of the West defining itself as a superior civilization by constructing itself in opposition to an "exotic" but inferior "Orient"; logic marks certain ppls/nations as inferior & as posing a constant threat to the well-being of an empire; ppls are still seen as "civilizations" - they are not property or "disappeared" - however they will always be imagined as permanent foreign threats to empire

the "problem of the color line"

the racial segregation that still existed despite black people being "free"

mass incarceration

the substantial increase in the number of incarcerated people in the United States' prisons over the past forty years; more frequent & longer sentences for minor crimes; began around post civil war w/ the 13th amendment abolishing slavery, many blacks were getting incarcerated as a loophole for slavery & to fix the disrupted economy

"new" racism

where overly racist statements, actions, or policies are no longer acceptable but racial inequality persists; movement from "overtness" to "cloakness" of how we express rcism

structural violence

where social structures/institutions harm ppl by preventing them from meeting basic needs; highly interdependent w/ direct violence; those who are most at risk of increased rates of disability or death are those at the bottom of social hierarchies (the young & old, the poor, racial minorities, etc)

public relations of diversity

where speaking abut racism & inequality is viewed as being the problem, framed as an "injury" to an institution or individual (an injury to whiteness)

racial cleansing

getting rid of people of a certain race in order to bring about "purity"

slave codes

laws that governed how slaves were to be used and how slaves were to act

homopholy

tendency to build relationships w/ ppl who are similar to you

systemic racism

diverse assortment of practices and economics that preserve white advantage

Individual-level racism

1 on 1/ small group, small scale; not indicative of bigger issues

3 pillars of white supremacy

Anti-black racism, genocide, orientalism

trope

a common or overused theme or device; cliche

the "cult of true womanhood"

women are expected to be pure, subordinate, and work in the home

Structural-level racism

Big picture; how social institutions interact & create discrimination

racial profiling

the use of (perceived) race or ethnicity as groups for suspicion

Collin's original controlling images of the black woman

-the "mammy": a faithful, obedient domestic servant; loving, nurturing, subordinate, & asexual -the black matriarch: the "bad" black mother; aggressive, unfeminine, & "emasculating", stemming from ideological notions that female-headed families are a feature of black poverty -the welfare mother: woman w/ "uncontrollable" fertility, blends aspects of the mammy & the matriarch -the "jezebel": a sexually aggressive woman, w/ an excessive sexual appetite

4 frames of color-blind racism

1. abstract liberalism: "equality of opportunity" & "freedom of choice" are used to explain inquality; everyone has equal opportunity, inequality exists because people don't take advantage of opportunities 2. cultural racism: "blacks/hispansics have too many babies" "pull yourself by your bootstraps"; says that certain races have certain qualities; inequalities are due to cultural factors 3. naturalization: racial phenomena (like segregation) in "natural" or "just the way things are"; explains inequalities as if they were natural phenomena 4. minimization of racism: discrimination is recognized as a reality but considered not a significant factor in black ppl's success; racial inequality is a reality, but doesn't affect much

Ideology

A system of ideas & ideals, especially 1 that forms the basis of economic or political theory or policy

Racism

A) belief that races are pops whose physical difference is linked to cultural/social difference that is hierarchical & b) practice(s) of subordinating races based on these beliefs

Double-consciousness

Awareness of how one is viewed by others & of where one fits in the world; a "2-ness" results from being aware of inhabiting multiple positions in society simultaneously; sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others (DuBois)

Microaggressions

Brief & commonplace daily, verbal, behavioral, &/or environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights & insults toward ppl of color; small acts of oppression that add up to create psychological harm

Institutional-level racism

Ex: govt, marriage, family; parts of social lives that everyone will somehow interact w/ in some way; when they have norms/rules that discriminate, may not be intentional

Prejudice

Preconceived, typically unfavorable feelings, toward a person(s) based on group membership (belief; may/may not be known)

Ethnicity

Socially constructed category that tends to refer to cultural factors such as nationality, cultural practices, language, & shared history

Race

Socially constructed category that tends to refer to physical characteristics; situates ppl into social hierarchies, often uses a logic of "biology"; basis that racism is built on; both perceived & personal identity

Discrimination

Treatment of an individual/group based on actual or perceived membership in a social group/category (can be in favor or against, often some group is privileged above others) (action)

Implicit bias

Unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a social group based on learned associations &/or experiences; comes from what we are taught by different institutions; preconceived notions & feelings about & towards certain groups

Ethnic option

Where ethnic identity of descendants of immigrants is flexible, symbolic, & voluntary, rather than a definitive aspect of their identity (influenced by class-status) (ex. Oh I'm Irish too!)

US Census Bureau Categories

White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

intersectionality

a methodological tool that prioritizes how race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation (among others) mutually construct each other; all work together to create inequality, can't have one without the other

prison-industrial complex (PIC)

a set of bureaucratic, political, economic interests that encourage increased spending in imprisonment, regardless of actual need; focuses on the relationships & institutional structures comprised of private prison companies & businesses that supply services to govt prison agencies for profit, contributing to the systematic & rapid growth of an inmate pop; include contractors for prison labor, construction companies, surveillance tech vendors, food & medical service providers, probation companies, lawyers & lobby groups, among others; dependent upon the widespread notion of imprisonment as a solution to social issues like homelessness, unemployment, drug addiction, or mental illness the way that industries that directly benefit from prisons and the prison themselves interact

racialized social systems

a system of racial meaning that is central to social relations & institutions; economic, social, and political levels are put in place partly due to racial categories

Saartjie Baartman/Hottentot Venus

a well known Khoikhoi woman who was exhibited at freak show attractions due to her large buttocks in 19th century Europe; the name "Hottentot" was then the current name for the Khoi ppl (now offensive) & "Venus" was referred to as the Roman goddess of love

Racial ideology

a) the ideas that situate ppl into different racial groups & b) serve the interests of 1 or more groups over others

1033 Program (National Defense Act of 1997)

allows for the transfer of excess military equipment to civil law enforcement agencies

"sundown" towns

areas or neighborhoods that enforce(d) restrictions in order to exclude non white ppl through discriminatory local laws, intimidation, & violence

cultural violence

aspects of culture that are used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence

cultural racism

attributes the disadvantages that some racial groups experience to dysfunctional behavior & cultural rather than structural factors ("culture of poverty" & "welfare queens"); relies on the notion that any groups that are disadvantaged is bc "that's how it's always been"; certain aspects of a groups culture is what leads them to be poor/inferior

criminality as a social construct

biases in terms of who fits this label (ppl of color, the poor, the homeless, mentally ill) shapes outcome; any given act or behavior becomes a social problem through the process of successful claims: making that defines a problem & seeks to mobilize a social response

trends in mass incarcerations in the US

black men make up the largest prison population, then latino men; men are far more likely to be arrested than women; black women more likely to be arrested than any other women; PIC relies on this

controlling images

common representations of a group in the media; socially constructed images & narratives that are a part of a broader ideological system built on the oppression of black women; these portrayals are shaped by what Collins calls "the cult of true womanhood" (these virtues include piety, purity, submissiveness, & domesticity)

the War on Terror vs War on Drugs

crackdown on crime v crackdown on drug use, namely crack; both unfairly targeted black and latino men; Nixon created war on drugs, making incarceration rate spike, really a "war on ppl of color"

police brutality

deliberate use of "excessive" force, typically physical though also verbal attacks or psychological intimidation, carried out during law enforcement activities; 1 of several forms of misconduct, which include false arrest, intimidation, racial profiling, surveillance abuse, corruption, etc

imperialism vs colonialism

economic/political control vs physically occupying the land and economic/political control

Bacon's Rebellion

first slave rebellion in the US colonies

state-sanctioned violence

forms of violence that are enacted by the "state"- govt or other large scale institutions that are given power through both social & legal norms; part of having power is the ability to engage in violence/use force w/o the repercussions that those w. less power would have to contend w/

"wage of whiteness"

how a social order built on racial subordination in the late 19th century South militated against interracial class solidarities; essentially white people have advantage, even when they're poor (DuBois)

representation

how meaning is reproduced & exchanged b/t members of a culture, sing language, signs, & images

anti-blackness

idea that black ppl are inherently slaveable

lantern laws

in major cities like NY (18th century) unattended slaves were required to carry lanterns after dark so they could be easily identified & unmonitored; those in violation were publicly flogged

race-based sexual stereotyping (Robinson)

inferred beliefs & expectations about the attributes a sexual experience will take on based on the race of the partner involved in the experience

violence

intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, other persons, or a group/community, that results in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation

genocide

logic that indigenous ppls must always be disappearing; Through this logic non-Native ppls then become the rightful inheritors of all that was indigenous-land, resources, indigenous spirituality, or culture; non-Native ppls imagine themselves as the rightful inheritors of all that previously belonged to "vanished" Indians, thus entitling them to the ownership of this land

historical contexts of slavery

people had slaves before people in the US had slaves - trend of enslaving those who were poorer than themselves, became racialized in the US

surveillance technologies

police cameras, street cameras, security cameras; any technology that aids in monitoring behavior for the purpose in influencing or protecting people

racial taxonomies

race is actually a subspecies of humans; denotes genetically differentiated human populations defined by phenotype

scientific racism

racism is based upon perceived biological differences; where different racial groups were categorized w/ distinct, innate characteristics, w/ white ppl supposedly possessing superior characteristics

the "veil"

realizing that black people will never be able to be apart of the white world; the idea that black ppl are inherently different from white ppl & will never be included in their world (DuBois)

sousveillance

recording of an activity by a participant in the activity, typically via small wearable or portable personal technologies; this form of monitoring is either physical (mounted on ppl rather than buildings) or hierarchical (ordinary ppl doing the watching rather than authorities or architectures)

color-blind racism

refers to the contemporary racial ideology, where racial inequality is the outcome of nonracial dynamics (the economy), naturally occurring phenomena, &non-whites' cultural limitations; recognizes racial inequality still exists but race itself is not the cause; explanation of racial inequalities using any reasons other than race

neoliberalism

used to describe the pro-business, anti- "big govt" activism, beginning in the 1970s (Robinson); right-wing economics with centrists/kinda left wing social policies

digital blackface

used to describe various types of minstrel performance that become available in cyberspace; uses the relative anonymity of online identity to embody blackness; the use of reactions GIFs involving predominantly black ppl; users seem to prefer GIFs w/ black ppl more when it comes to emitting their most exaggerated emotions; black ppl are a "walking hyperbole" (Jackson)

"old" racism

very explicit, blatant, overt (ex. Jim Crowe laws, segregation in schools, bathrooms, etc)

matrix of domination/oppression

what Collins refers to as the intersecting oppressions of race, class, gender, etc; opression & power are organized by social structures, sustained through discipline, legitimized through hegemony, & controlled through interactions & individual consciousness; the ways in which race, gender, and class interact to create oppression