SYG EXAM 2

In no more than three-to-five sentences, explain Charles Horton Cooley's concept of "The Looking Glass Self," and how this shapes our self-image or personality.

Cooley's "Looking Glass Self" theory symbolizes the central symbolic interactionist belief that people represent a mirror in which we see our image. The image of ourselves we come to see and eventually become - our personality - is dependent on how we think people see us, not on how they actually see us. Critical to this process is not so much what we do, but how others react to what we do, confirming or refuting our interpretations. Thus, if people react in ways that make us think they see us as smart, then we most likely will come to see ourselves as smart.

Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects. This makes him insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex. Which concept best explains this situation?

Correct "rape culture"

In 1975, only __________ of married women with preschool-age children (under six years old) were in the labor force, yet this figure had increased to __________ by 2009.

Correct 39 percent; 57.9 percent

Income inequality grew dramatically in the 1970s as the income of the richest 20 percent saw its incomes rise __________, while the poorest 20 percent saw its incomes rise by __________.

Correct 60 percent; 15 percent

Christopher concludes a journal article he has written with this sentence: "This irony points out that hunger is probably not a problem of production; it is a problem of distribution." What irony is Christopher likely referring to?

Correct Food production has been steadily increasing, often in countries experiencing widespread hunger.

According to Robert Michels's concept of the "iron law of oligarchy":

Correct In large-scale organizations, power is inevitably concentrated at the top.

How might shaming work to rehabilitate an offender?

Correct It processes the shame in the offender in such a way that social bonds between the offender and the community can be rebuilt.

Mike believes that since the majority of the world's population lives in middle-income countries, it stands to reason that middle-income countries are to blame for overconsumption. Why might sociologists critique this idea?

Correct Sociologists would point out that the high-income countries, despite having fewer people than middle-income countries, consume more resources.

Most advertisements today try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true?

Correct The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement.

In the United States, the largest concentrations of poverty are found in:

Correct all of the above

At the University of California, the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always made fun of its rival fraternity, Alpha Sigma Sigma, during rush week when the brothers were recruiting new members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the members of Alpha Gamma Gamma and therefore we could consider these members:

Correct an in-group

In Navajo culture, the nádleehí, male-bodied people with feminine natures:

Correct are considered especially honorable

Formal organizations:

Correct are rationally designed to achieve their objectives

Karl Marx called those who own the means of production __________ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage __________.

Correct capitalists; the working class

A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community is called:

Correct community policing

According to Pierre Bourdieu, working-class parents are just as interested in their children's education as middle- and upper-class parents, but they lack the __________ to help their children experience social mobility.

Correct cultural capital

According to Robert Putnam, television is the main cause of:

Correct declining civic participation

Alejandra believes that poverty in Colombia is largely due to exploitation by the United States and multinational corporations originating in the United States. Her view is best described as corresponding to what theory or set of theories?

Correct dependency theories

According to sociological studies, the biggest determinant of a person's social mobility is:

Correct education

Neoliberalism asserts that:

Correct free-market forces, achieved by minimizing governmental restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth

Norah Vincent's 2006 book Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man illustrates how:

Correct gender is pervasive in structuring social life

Hektor is looking at how air conditioners are manufactured. He notes that parts of them are produced in China, Argentina, and Uruguay, and their assembly takes place at different points throughout the world. Hektor is studying:

Correct global commodity chains

Scholars believe that __________ has encouraged a shift to class-based systems in countries such as India that have been traditionally caste-based systems.

Correct globalization

According to the text, the upper class in the United States:

Correct has a distinctive lifestyle and is politically influential

Female politicians are more likely to be:

Correct involved in local politics rather than national politics

Modernization theory argues that:

Correct low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment

According to Karl Marx, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the:

Correct means of production

The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant is called:

Correct sexual harassment

Afiya has been doing research on austerity policies in Western Europe. She concludes that appropriate state policies have played a key role in economic development there. What theory or sets of theories describes her position best?

Correct state-centered theories

Max Weber believed that __________ are equally as important as class distinctions in understanding social stratification.

Correct status distinctions

State-centered theories of global inequality and economic development argue:

Correct that appropriate government policies do not interfere with economic development but rather can play a key role in bringing it about

One reason that sociologists might criticize a study that makes claims about all humans based on data collected only in the United States is that:

Correct the United States is a very wealthy nation, yet most people do not live in high-income countries, which makes those kinds of sweeping claims problematic

The McDonaldization of society refers to:

Correct the increased uniformity and rationality of society due to automation

In studies where individuals were asked to rank the "prestige" of an occupation, they rank jobs that required __________ as having the highest prestige.

Correct the most education

Social mobility refers to:

Correct the movement of individuals and groups between class positions

Jian Mei explains in her work that philosophy led to economic development in many of East Asia's newly industrializing economies. She is likely referring to:

Correct the role of Confucianism in encouraging obedience, loyalty, and thrift

According to the text, generally, high-income countries are those countries that:

Correct were the first to industrialize

Texas prisons in the summer experience a simultaneous rise in the demand for ice cream and violence. These two variables can be said to display:

Correlation

Which of the following statements does NOT represent the sociological perspective on deviance?

Crime is a personal choice that is not shaped by social context.

Medina is looking at the historical period in which smaller groupings of humans developed into much larger societies, often ruled by kings, queens, and emperors with the creation of cities and increasing inequality. She is studying the birth of what most sociologists call

Civilization

Child development theorists agree that gender socialization begins from toddlerhood.

False

Experts believe that public punishments are no effective deterrent to crime since the fear of disapproval by one's social ties has never been an effective deterrent to committing crime.

False

Functionalists argue that social roles are the same in every society

False

How do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others would be a micro-sociological question

False

How two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop would be macro-sociological question.

False

Jim and Joan are are part of an extended family since they live together with their two biological children and one adopted child.

False

Quantitative research methods are more objective than qualitative research methods that rely on personal or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation,

False

Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance would classify an educator who, disgusted with standardized testing and teaching methods, decides to start a charter school that gives no tests and encourages creative thinking over rote learning as a deviant innovator

False

Sociologists believe that genes and brain structure determine a person's sexual orientation

False

The Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade desegregated schools in the United States

False

Though stigma is a very powerful label, it does not alter one's self-concept and social identity

False

Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that gender roles are biologically determined

False

Which theoretical perspective is most likely to argue that though some progress has been made, in reality many men still do not perform their fair share of the housework.

Feminism

Based on scapegoat theory, you would conclude that prejudice is caused by:

Frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged.

Which of the following sociological theories, proposed by Emile Durkheim, views normal levels of deviance as necessary for society and contributing to its overall stability

Functionalist perspective

__________ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

Gender

Jenny is given a doll for her 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender:

Gender socialization

State and briefly explain, in a few sentences, at least three reasons why health and illness are more a social and cultural issue than a medical one.

Health and illness are more a societal and cultural issue for four reasons. First, since each society defines its health standards based on its cultural mores, what is healthy or sick in one society is highly relative. Second, as society's beliefs and other relevant non-material culture change, so does its health standards. Third, a society's living standards rise as its material culture, especially technology, improves, lifting the overall health, while creating new threats. Fourth, the level of inequality in society is closely related to the mental, physical, and emotional wellbeing of different groups in society.

Which of these sexual orientation is a cultural universal?

Heterosexuality

The ideas of Karl Marx might be criticized for what reason?

His focus on class conflict risked minimizing or ignoring other social divisions, such as those around race and gender.

Doug notices in his sample studies that marijuana users are much more likely to report using heroin than people who do not use marijuana. He concludes that marijuana must be a gateway drug—a drug that leads to the use of harder substances. What's wrong with Doug's conclusion?

His sample data do not demonstrate causality; an experimental approach would be better for investigating such a claim.

According to the textbook, how is housing changing in low-income countries?

Hundreds of millions of people are moving into huge, densely populated cities.

A hunch about the nature of a problem can sometimes be turned into a definite ________, or educated guesses about what is going on.

Hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT true of systems of social stratification?

If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his or her category, he or she is no longer classified at that level.

In the chapter "Society as Theater", Rigney introduces us to Turner's theory on the drama of social conflict. Turner explains that historical drams seem to pass through four phases. What statement best describes what happens in phase 2?

If social order is not restored following the violation of norms, a crisis develops

According to Erving Goffman, wearing a new dress on a first date is an example of:

Impression management

Martita thinks that public schools in poorer areas of the United States suffer from a lack of resources compared with those in wealthy areas. She believes that this has a major impact on learning and educational achievement. Her views most closely mirror which of the following studies?

Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities

Anita puts forward the idea that under capitalism, working people and the wealthy will struggle, and from this struggle a new kind of society will emerge. Her thoughts most closely mirror those of which theorist?

Karl Marx

James thinks that religion, by getting people focused on rewards in an afterlife, distracts them from changing things now. His views most closely resemble those of:

Karl Max

Why is a larger random sample more desirable in survey research?

Larger samples are more likely to be representative of the population.

________ are norms governments define as principles that their citizens must follow; a ________ is any type of behavior that violates these norms.

Laws; Crime

__________ are norms governments define as principles that their citizens must follow; a __________ is any type of behavior that violates these norms.

Laws; crime

Sally has come up with an interesting research question about the behaviors of people who have just achieved what they see as major success in their lives. She is currently searching and studying as much material on the question as she can find. What part of the research process is Sally in?

Literature Review

According to the textbook, what is the relationship between a country's income level and its population growth?

Low-income countries tend to have higher fertility rates than high-income countries

Pablo studies clothing choices in subcultural groups. He is investigating:

Material culture

__________ was perhaps most influential in sociology for his studies of rationalization and bureaucracy

Max weber

Max's sexual orientation is homosexual. Most sociologists would agree that

Max's sexual orientation is the result of both biological and social influences

The process in which the problems of social life become defined and treated like medical conditions is called:

Medicalization

In no more than three-to-five sentences explain the social stratification concept of meritocracy, and why it becomes prominent as societies industrialize.

Meritocracy is the social stratification concept that sees an individual's social position as an achieved rather than an ascribed status. It relates social position more to personal abilities and effort than the arbitrariness of birth or ascription. It becomes prominent as societies industrialize because industrialization creates many more opportunities beyond faming. Many of the new jobs created require some technical skills unlike farming. To fill these technically skilled positions and to boost productivity, industrialized societies have to offer better rewards of wealth, power, and status to motivate people to acquire, through schooling and training, the diverse skills needed in the many sectors of the growing economy.

What is one advantage of proportional representation over winner-take-all electoral processes?

Minority political parties have a say.

Chen studies the process through which Brazil is shifting from workers mostly working in fields and living in rural villages to people living in cities and working in factories and offices. He is noting how Brazil is becoming a(n) ________ society.

Modern or ndustrial

Alyssa is a fierce advocate for indigenous rights and ways of life. Why might she be critical of the modernization theory of development?

Modernization theory typically suggests that traditional societies must abandon their traditional ways and embrace modern economic institutions.

Émile Durkheim believed that for a society to function and persist over time, its specialized institutions must work in harmony with each other and function as an integrated whole. He referred to this as:

Organic solidarity

A new group recently emerged, calling itself the Real Americans. This group's activities reflect disdain and prejudicial attitudes toward recent immigrants to the United States. In relation to this group, recent immigrants could be classified as a(n):

Out-group

Paco has begun using symbolic interaction as a theoretical perspective to think about the role of food in religious ceremonies. What is one possible critique of this approach?

Paco runs the risk of missing larger social context by focusing on symbolic communication.

Which of the following statements would Émile Durkheim DISAGREE with?

People in the modern age are highly controlled by social expectations.

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

People waiting at Terminal C for a flight

Based on the recent study that investigated whether a child's propensity for aggression was linked to biological factors present at birth, with which statement would researchers most likely agree?

People with genetic predispositions for alcoholism would likely not become problem drinkers if their social environments provided few opportunities to drink.

Sociologists understand the concept of identity as relating to:

People's understanding of who they are and what is meaningful to them

Stephen Higley, in his chapter "The U.S. Upper Class" explains that the debutante parties of the upper class are primarily about:

Promoting marriage within, and not outside of, the group

Contrary to Karl Marx, Max Weber believed that ________ was the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West.

Protestantism

The textbook notes that cultural traditions such as Confucian philosophy—with its emphasis on respect for elders, frugality, and hard work—may explain some of the economic advances in East Asia. This assertion is similar to Weber's argument that capitalism in Europe was influenced by:

Protestantism

Which factor does NOT influence voting patterns? None of the above

Race Social class Gender None of the above

At the beginning of her sophomore year of high school, Janis's family cannot afford to buy her new clothes and shoes or enough supplies for school. Janis feels poor compared to her classmates who can afford these things. Janis is experiencing:

Relative poverty

David wants to research differences in attitudes toward globalization between people from the United States and people from Colombia. She is creating a survey instrument to give to people from both regions. What part of the research process is he in?

Research design

Adolph Hitler was able to convince the German population that Jews were to blame for the country's economic troubles. This is an example of:

Scapegoating

Lorna's research shows a steady decline in religious participation in her small community in Texas and, thus, a decline in the social and political power of religious institutions there. Sociologists refer to this process as:

Secularization

The existence of the "Negro leagues" in professional baseball in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s is an example of:

Segregation.

According to Jean Piaget, a developing child moves through these cognitive stages in this order:

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

__________ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females.

Sex

Peggy accepts a job offer as an advertising copywriter. Her boss immediately assigns her campaigns for products such as makeup and cleaning products. Peggy asks for different clients, but her boss tells her she should stick to what she and "her kind" know best. Peggy is experiencing:

Sexism

As a doctor, Ivan is expected to follow certain standards, such as keeping patient information confidential. What would a sociologist call these expectations?

Social roles

The social positions that a person occupies determine that person's:

Social roles

Socialization is the process by which members of society learn the norms and values of society, thereby allowing the society to ________ over time.

Socially reproduce itself

Looking at the operation of U.S. schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that:

Society creates inequality by providing much better schooling to some categories of students than to others.

Mario is researching how genetic factors influence human behaviors. His research would best be described as:

Sociobiology

Why might sociologists criticize the idea that the world is contemporarily made up of many isolated cultures?

Sociologists might note the rise of the Internet and globalization as features of different cultures being connected.

Michelle claims that all human cultures are different and cannot be compared. How might sociologists critique her claim?

Sociologists would point out that there are cultural universals that all human cultures seem to share.

Which of the following statements related to the biological view of deviance is true?

Some of the first attempts to explain crime emphasized biological factors.

Cedric believes that racism and discrimination foster stability in society by ensuring that there is an ample supply of cheap labor for the many low-wage jobs needed for society to function harmoniosly. Which sociological perspective has shaped Cedric's belief?

Structural Functionalism

Latisha believes that sociologists need to look at how our institutions were intended to work and the unintentional effects of those institutions. This is a major part of which theoretical perspective?

Structural Functionalism

Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family, with men as bread-winners and women as keepers of the home. Tasha's thinking has been influenced by which sociological perspective?

Structural Functionalism

In a few sentences, state which theoretical perspective sees the family as functional for society, then outline and briefly explain at least three functions of the family established by this perspective.

Structural functionalists argue that just like the human body needs the heart to function properly, society needs the family to satisfy needs that are critical to its survival. Without the reproductive function of the family, society would cease to exist. Furthermore, the family is central to the socialization of children into the culture of the society, the regulation of sexual relationships among members, and the economic and psycho-social wellbeing of members. These functions promote stability in society.

Sociologists describe the process by which we shape society, which in turn shapes us as:

Structuration

__________ refers to how human societies are reconstructed at every moment by the very "building blocks" that compose them—human beings.

Structuration

Until 1973, the American Psychological Association diagnosed homosexuality as a mental disorder. Which sociological perspective would be most concerned with why this was considered an illness, and the effects of that diagnosis on society?

Symbolic Interaction

What modern theoretical approach does David Grazian employ in his article "The Girl Hunt"?

Symbolic Interactionism

Which sociological perspective sees human sexuality as socially constructed based on the variable meanings that people attach to everyday behavior, including sexuality?

Symbolic interaction

In a few sentences, define the incest taboo, and state four reasons why it is present in every known culture.

The incest taboo is a cultural universal that bans relatives considered close from having sex or getting married. Though all societies outlaw this practice, they vary in their notion of close relative. Some form of this prohibition exists in every culture for biological and other reasons related to how society is organized. Biologically, children reproduced by close family members are at a high risk of developing mental and physical disabilities. The taboo impacts the way society is organized by sanctioning sex between spouses only, which curbs sexual competition in families, keeps kinship lines clear, and builds bonds within the larger society as people have to seek partners outside their families.

Intersection theory focuses on:

The interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages.

Most advertisements today try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true?

The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement.

With e-mail it is difficult to capture dimensions of emotional expressions that are present only in facial expressions and with body language. For example, Jane sent her boss an e-mail suggesting that she begin a performance review to see whether Jane was ready for a raise. Her boss replied angrily in an e-mail that Jane was out of line and that she would give her a performance review at the same time as other employees. Face-to-face communication may have helped Jane avoid upsetting her boss by:

allowing her to subtly try out the idea of a performance review and evaluate her boss's body language before suggesting she was ready for a raise

Which of the following would NOT be a case in which both focused and unfocused interaction are likely to occur?

an individual watching TV alone

A concept brought into wide usage in sociology by Émile Durkheim, __________ refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

anomie

A concept Émile Durkheim brought into wide usage in sociology, __________, refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

anomie

In a few sentences, define Labeling Theory and explain its basic understanding on deviance.

This symbolic interactionist theory examines how people, through social interaction, come to see themselves or others as deviant. The theory's central insight is that deviance is defined not so much by the actions or people themselves, but by how others react to the behaviors or people. This means that deviant behavior is socially constructed through the process of DETECTION or what I see, DEFINITION or what it means, and RESPONSE or how I label the action or person. This process is decidedly unpredictable since it is relative to the individual; the same action may mean different things to different people. Thus, what is considered deviant, say homosexuality or prostitution, varies and changes over time, within cultures, and across cultures.

Which of the following statements is true, according to C. Wright Mills in The Power Elite?

Those who are in the highest positions in politics, the economy, and the military come from similar social backgrounds, have parallel interests, and often know one another personally

Which of the following best describes the relationship between identity and socialization, according to sociologists?

Through socialization, each person develops an identity and capacity for individual thought and action.

According to C. Wright Mills, what is the function of the sociological imagination?

To understand our personal experiences as part of a larger framework of events

A crime is a deviant act that breaks the law

True

A female is created by biological forces while a woman is created by cultural forces.

True

A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby. This would be an example of an experimental study.

True

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, a person who gets rich by committing bank fraud is an example of a deviant innovator.

True

According to symbolic interactionists like Erving Goffman, reality is not fixed or static but created through human interactions

True

According to the theory of alienation, division of labor alienates humans from their work by giving workers little control over their jobs and no influence over how or to whom their products are sold.

True

Any religious organization that is well outside of a society's cultural traditions can be described as a cult.

True

Charles Darwin noted that basic human emotional expressions are the same in all human beings.

True

Comte, who coined the term sociology, described his approach as Positivism or a way of understanding based on science.

True

Ethnomethodology is the study of how people sustain meaningful interactions with each other.

True

Holistic medicine seeks to change the focus of medical practice from treating symptoms of disease to preventing disease and promoting health.

True

In much of the world, illness and poverty form a vicious circle, with each causing the other.

True

In the nineteenth century, religious presumptions about sexuality were partially replaced my medical ones, like the idea that sexual activity not connected to reproduction caused physical harm.

True

LGBT youth are more likely to attempt suicide than their straight peers.

True

Marriage is said to be a cultural universal since it is present in all societies though marriage norms and rituals differ among societies.

True

Max Weber suggested that the major dynamic of modern society was the rationalization of social and economic life

True

Modern organizations today are shifting away from a rigid bureaucracy to a more flexible and decentralized model.

True

Modernization theory typically suggests that traditional societies must abandon their traditions in order to develop.

True

Parents reading to their children and encouraging them to do well in school is an example of what Pierre Bourdieu refers to as cultural capital.

True

Proponents of privatization in education advocate for competition and performance-based pay for teachers.

True

Sexual or romantic attraction is the complex interplay of social and biological forces that shape one's sexual orientation

True

Shouting insults at passersby is deviant but not criminal behavior

True

Sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society by claiming that the activities of men and women are valued differently

True

The concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are direct opposites.

True

The difference between primary and secondary deviance in labeling theory is that primary deviance can lead to labeling, and the labeling in turn can prompt secondary deviant behavior.

True

The doctrine of neoliberalism asserts that underdeveloped countries can develop by freeing up markets and allowing foreign corporations to operate within their borders.

True

The marriage rate in the U.S. is lowest in January when the death rate is highest. This is a good example of a spurious or false correlation.

True

The mass killings in Rwanda is one example of genocide.

True

Though today death is most commonly associated with old age, a few hundred years ago, death was most commonly associated with infancy.

True

Traditional authority plays a larger role than rational-legal authority in U.S. political life.

True

Triangulation is the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method

True

U.S. universities have Institutional Review Boards that routinely review all research involving human subjects to protect the rights of those subjects and ensure that research is conducted ethically.

True

Who does Arlie Russell Hochschild suggest are the "ultimate beneficiaries" of the global chain of care-giving?

US-based multinational corporations

A key difference between subcultures and countercultures is that

Unlike subcultures, ountercultures reject the values and norms of dominant society.

__________ refer(s) to abstract ideals in a given society.

Values

According to the book, __________ was the first to turn a sociological eye on previously ignored issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

Voltarine de Cleyre

Dependency theory claims that poor nations:

Were "underdeveloped" by colonialism

In general, people in which of the following social classes tend to be less tolerant of controversial behavior such as homosexuality?

Working class

People in blue-collar occupations, such as plumbers and hotel workers, make up the:

Working class

What does Annette Lareau refer to when she uses the phrase "Accomplishment of Natural Growth"?

Working class child rearing practices that emphasize a child's autonomy from adults.

Which of the following is a social group?

a brother and sister

Which of the following is more likely to be an in-group?

a family

Durkheim used the word anomie to refer to a very specific condition. What is that condition?

a feeling of aimlessness or despair due to the constant change typical of modern life

A promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization is called:

a glass ceiling

When Juan drinks his morning coffee, he thinks about its production in Colombia, its transportation through many countries, the taxes and tariffs applied for international commerce, and the diverse array of social relations behind his drink. According to the textbook, one might say that Juan is using:

a global perspective.

A social group that is made up of an adult/adult couple and their children is known as:

a nuclear family

From the perspective of labeling theory, deviance is seen as:

a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants

Mark, a factory worker, lost his job during the 2008 economic crisis when many people were losing their jobs. Though skilled and experienced, Mark, like many factory workers, could not find any factory jobs, which were moving off shore. Sociologists would see Mark's struggle as:

a public issue

The group a person uses to measure his or her own social worth is called:

a reference group.

To understand a conversation, we need to understand ________, which is why electronic communication, such as e-mail or text messaging, can lead to miscommunication.

The social context

Following C. Wright Mills, sociologists refer to breaking free from the immediacy of personal circumstances and putting things in a wider social context as the:

The sociological imagination

According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, when children learn what it is like to be in the shoes of another person, they have developed:

a social self.

Interactional vandalism is defined as:

a subordinate person breaking the tacit rules of interaction.

Chantelle notes that the HIV/AIDS epidemic contributes to food shortages in some countries. Why might this be the case?

The virus kills many working-age adults who might otherwise contribute to food production.

Civil inattention is defined as:

acknowledging the presence of others but avoiding interaction

In our schools we learn a formal curriculum in various academic subjects. However, schools are more subtle agents of socialization. Which of the following is an example of the latent aspects of socialization in schools?

affecting students' expectations of themselves

In many African societies young men are circumcised between the ages of 12 and 18 in a ceremonial fashion that marks their transition from one __________ to another.

age-grade

Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing) are called __________ societies.

agrarian

According to the text, low-income countries tend to have __________ economies.

agricultural

According to the textbook, low-income countries tend to have __________ economies.

agricultural

When sociologists construct abstract interpretations that are used to explain a variety of situations, they are developing

Theories

Why might sociologists criticize a study of American culture?

There is no single American culture but rather a contested terrain of mainstream culture and hundreds, if not thousands, of subcultures.

Carolina studies mainstream American culture. One of her colleagues notices that she consistently ignores material objects, such as food, clothing, and art. Why might her studies be criticized?

These objects are a crucial part of culture that influences how we live our lives.

Keynesian economists begin with the assumption that the state should regulate economic policy for everyone's benefit. Why might sociologists who use market-oriented theories be critical of this idea?

They believe that markets without state interference lead to the best economic outcomes.

Marxist and feminist theory often have different objects of study. Why are they both considered conflict theories?

They both focus on the role of power in shaping society

Boys who live in a disadvantaged community can become frustrated with their prospects for material success. According to Albert Cohen, a possible response to this frustration is that:

They join deviant subcultures and adopt deviant norms instead of middle-class values

Mary Beth Mills, in her article entitled "From Village to the Factory" describes an event which helps young city-dwelling women negotiate their identities as both "good daughters" and "modern women"? What is this event?

They plan trips to a religious festival in rural Thailand

An example of audience segregation is:

being openly gay at home but being straight at work for fear of discrimination

An example of audience segregation is:

being openly gay at home but pretending to be straight at work for fear of discrimination

Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty and raised by a single mother, yet today she is one of the richest women in America. According to the textbook, the social position we are born into affects our life chances, but our class position is also:

by meritocracy

Interactional vandalism, such as when men on the street call out to and follow women, is likely to have the affect of:

challenging status positions

According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions:

are exactly the same as the basic emotional expressions of primates

Functionalists argue that social roles:

are in a constant state of change

According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions:

are the same in all human beings

According to Georg Simmel, an important aspect of groups is:

as group size increases, their intensity decreases, but their stability and exclusivity increase

The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants to the United States is an example of:

assimilation.

Socialization is a process that takes place:

at birth

While grocery shopping, you run into your sociology professor. This creates an awkward interaction because you are not used to seeing her outside of class and you are not sure how to behave. The interaction is awkward because it violated your:

audience segregation

While grocery shopping, you run into your sociology professor. This creates an awkward interaction since you are not used to seeing her outside of class and you are not sure how to behave. The interaction is awkward because it violated your

audience segregation

What is an example of "doing gender"?

choosing to wear a dress

Two people are standing together in an elevator, but they do not speak to each other or look each other in the eye. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction:

civil inattention

In an industrialized society, which term is most often used to analyze stratification?

class

What do sociologists call a large group of people who occupy a similar economic position in society?

class

In modern societies large-scale social institutions are organized by __________, which allows for the precise timing of activities.

clock-time

Every Sunday, Janet, Laneitha, and Margaret get together for lunch, and Janet usually decides which restaurant they will eat at. However, one Sunday, Laneitha and Margaret told Janet they wanted to try a new restaurant in town. Laneitha and Margaret formed a:

coalition or alliance

According to Jean Piaget, there are four stages of development. The first three stages of development are universal, but the last stage, called the formal operational stage, is never reached by some people. People who do not reach this stage:

often remain highly egocentric

At the Symantec Corporation, the CEO, the president, and the vice president made a majority of the decisions, with little decision-making power given to upper-level managers or other employers. This type of concentration of power among a few people in an organization is called:

oligarchy

Edward T. Hall identifies how many zones for personal space?

one

Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income, and wealth in later life?

one's educational attainment

Encounters always need __________, which indicate(s) that civil inattention is being discarded and focused interaction will begin.

openings

Émile Durkheim believed that for a society to function and persist over time, its specialized institutions must work in harmony with each other and function as an integrated whole. He referred to this as

organic solidarity

What term do sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose?

organization out-group

The rich and varied group life of societies reflects:

our need to congregate and belong

A new group recently emerged, calling itself the Real Americans. This group's activities reflect disdain and prejudicial attitudes toward recent immigrants to the United States. In relation to this group, recent immigrants could be classified as a(n):

out-group

A new group recently emerged, calling itself the Real Americans. This group's activities reflect disdain and prejudicial attitudes toward recent immigrants to the United States. In relation to this group, recent immigrants could be classified as a(n):

out-group.

Male dominance in a society is usually referred to as:

patriarchy

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 205

The human thought process that involves reasoning, perception, and remembering is referred to as:

cognition

The textbook defines a(n) __________ as a system of interrelationships that connects individuals together.

commodity

Jennifer wants to collect rich and varied data about the lives of Native Americans who live on reservations. She wants to be able to not only document their lived reality but also to describe it as closely as possible as they experience their lives. The best method of research for this kind of study would be:

comparative reasearch

Abbey studies how people negotiate personal space when they speak to each other in person by closely observing their behaviors. Her studies would best be referred to as:

conflict studies

In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that power inequalities cause social change?

conflict theory

The experiments by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram illustrate that:

conformity and authority are powerful factors affecting people's actions

This theory by Travis Hirsch views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it?

control theory

The technique used to examine the organizational principles of talk is called

conversational analysis

A food manufacturer puts false nutrition information on its product labels. This is an example of:

corporate crime

The concept "ideology," critical to sustaining any sytem of inequality, refers to:

cultural beliefs that justify social stratification.

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction is like

performing a play in a theater

Which of the following is an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization?

perpetuating malicious gossip

Adherents of __________ contend that there are no longer any "grand narratives," or metanarratives—overall conceptions of history or society—that make any sense.

postmodern theory

Marissa rejects the idea that we can make historical claims about society progressively developing. Her idea most mirrors which theoretical perspective?

postmodernism

A brother and sister enrolled in a large chemistry class would be considered a(n):

primary group

Sociologists recognize that "personal" troubles, if occurring in patterned ways, to large numbers of individuals, reflect important __________ or consequences of social structures.

public issues

The term used to describe modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values most members of a group or society hold is:

deviance

In general, a structural-functional approach to health and medicine treats illness as

dysfunctional, preventing people from performing their roles.

According to Jean Piaget, when one is not able to comprehend other people's perspectives and believes that only his or her own outlook is accurate, this behavior can be labeled as:

egocentric

Although the majority of developing countries lag well behind societies of the West, some have now successfully embarked on a process of industrialization. These are sometimes referred to as:

emerging economies

Savanna and Jeanne are two friends that have just run into each other at the deli counter in the grocery store. They are intently discussing an upcoming canoe trip, while also stepping out of the way of other customers who are checking prices on cheese and cold cuts. Goffman refers to the discussion between these two friends as a(n)___________, and their reaction to other customers as _________.

encounter; unfocused interaction

Caste systems require that individuals marry within their social group. This is referred to as:

endogamy

Shannon notes that women in some cultures voluntarily alter their bodies with sometimes painful piercings that look weird from the point of view of her culture. She takes from this that women in those cultures must be horribly oppressed compared with women in her own culture. Shannon's position might be best interpreted as:

ethnocentrism

__________ might be defined as judging other cultures in terms of the standards of one's own.

ethnocentrism

In a(n) __________, the sociologist socializes—works or lives with members of a group, organization, or community and perhaps participates directly in its activities as part of the research process.

ethnographic study

A(n) __________ enables a researcher to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by the investigator.

ethnography

Michelle has spent the past year among a subculture of twentysomethings who all listen to the same kind of music. She spends time with them, participates in their events, and observes their interactions and behaviors. All the while, she records what she witnesses in her field notebook. What kind of sociological research best describes what Michelle is doing?

ethnography

In his study of prison behavior, Philip Zimbardo used which of these research methods?

experiment

Despite having access to Medicare, the elderly spend about __________ of their income on healthcare.

fifth

When Jane arrived at the party, her friend Alyssa came over immediately to say hello. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of:

focused interaction

Which of the following is NOT an example of a caste system?

forcing rural women in Thailand into sex work

People begin to treat children in specific ways because of their gender:

from the moment they are born

Latisha believes that sociologists need to look at not only how our institutions were intended to work but also the unintentional effects of those institutions. According to the textbook, this is a major part of which theoretical perspective?

functionalism

Pierre prefers to think of institutions and human activities by analyzing the relationship of each individual part as it relates to the whole. His way of thinking most closely resembles which theoretical perspective?

functionalism

Sociologists who use __________ as a theoretical perspective argue that women's lives and experiences are central to the study of society.

functionalism

A key difference between functionalism and conflict theory is:

functionalism emphasizes cooperation among social structures while conflict theory stresses competition.

In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of:

gender inequality

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-identity, according to sociologists?

genetics

Peer groups can best be defined as social groups in which members:

grew up in the same household

Over the past fifty years, women's participation in the paid labor force:

has risen continuously

Johann is from the United Kingdom. In his cross-cultural studies, he sees that women in Afghanistan are often forced to wear head scarves, but women in the United Kingdom are not. He concludes, then, that women in Afghanistan would be freer if their culture were more like that of the United Kingdom. Sociologists critical of his conclusions would say that Johann:

has to avoid making ethnocentric value judgements in his conclusions

The higher fertility rates in low-income countries illustrate the fact that low-income countries:

have more agricultural than industrial economies, making children important sources of labor.

Which of the following is an example of organized crime Manuel Castells described?

heroin networks that stretch across Asia

Liu lives in a country that largely provides adequate housing, food, and drinkable water. It is likely that he lives in a __________ country.

high-income

The term sociologists use to refer to an aversion to or hatred of homosexuals is:

homophobia

Many of the organizations we see in modern society today have the hierarchical structure that Max Weber argued characterizes modern organizations. However, today many organizations are changing to a more __________ structure.

horizontal

Ethnomethodology is the study of:

how people sustain meaningful interactions with each other

According to George Herbert Mead and other symbolic interactionists, reality is neither fixed nor static but created through

human social interaction

Max Weber's theoretical contributions might be criticized for:

ignoring collective and democratic forms of organization that are common in modern societies

Discrimination on the basis of age is __________ in the United States.

illegal

According to George Herbert Mead, children develop a sense of self by:

imitating other people

Maria's friend posted an unflattering picture of her from a Halloween party on Facebook. Maria was embarrassed and quickly took it down since she is friends with many coworkers on Facebook. This is an example of:

impression management

Séamus wears a suit and tie to departmental meetings all afternoon, but changes into a t-shirt and shorts to watch the football match with friends at the local dive later that night. To sociologists, when Séamus decides to dress down to go to the pub, he is not merely getting comfortable. They would say that Séamus is engaging in____________.

impression management

When a CEO wears a suit and tie to a board meeting and later in the day changes into jeans and a T-shirt to attend a football event with friends, he is engaging in

impression management

The money a person gets from a wage or salary or from investments is __________; the assets an individual owns are __________.

income; wealth

Emile Durkheim pointed to three societal functions of religion. Which of the following is NOT one of them? increasing social conflict

increasing social cohesion providing social control providing meaning and purpose increasing social conflict

Our __________ identity marks the way in which we are different from others.

individual

According to the textbook, market-oriented theories of global inequality assume that the best possible economic consequences will result if:

individuals are free—uninhibited by any form of governmental constraint—to make their own economic decisions

Max Weber believed the more an organization approaches the ideal type of bureaucracy, the more effective it will be in pursuing the objectives for which it was established. However, he also recognized that bureaucracies can create some negatives such as:

inefficiency because of the strict adherence to rules and regulations that make it difficult to respond to new issues.

Gender socialization begins at:

infancy

In modern societies, death is most commonly associated with old age, but a few hundred years ago, death was most commonly associated with:

infancy

Gender socialization begins at

infancy.

According to Max Weber, which of the following is difficult to achieve in a rigid bureaucratic organization?

innovation

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons referred to being the breadwinner in the family as filling the:

instrumental role

The human thought process that involves reasoning, perception, and remembering is referred to as:

intelligence

Jacintha spent most of her early twenties working as a full-time waitress, but has just recently accepted a position as a salaried epidemiologist. This is an example of:

intragenerational mobility

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between globalization and culture? Globalization:

is a powerful force, but also inspires local cultural responses

Shelley spends most of her time at school and work, which leaves her with little time to socialize with her family and friends. Lately, Shelley is feeling socially isolated because she:

is interacting mostly with people in secondary groups, which tend to be impersonal.

According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is because:

it helps with national security

Which of the following founders of sociology is known, in part, for having his writings become the basis of Communism?

karl Marx

Karl notes that in all human societies, people use symbols to communicate ideas to one another. Karl is taking note of:

language

Blau and Duncan's findings suggest that in the US:

long-generational mobility occurs, but it is unusual

People in modern societies depend on organizations to:

manage our existence in rational, predictable, and calculable ways.

The main point of Barbara Ehrenreich's chapter "Nickle and Dimed" is that:

many people working low wage jobs, while hard-working, are poor.

Which of the following groups does the most housework?

married women with children

refer(s) to the physical objects that individuals in society create. These objects, in turn, influence how we live.

material goods

Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions?

microsociology

When people are asked to identify which class they belong to, most respond that they are:

middle class

Manuel is doing a political economic analysis of the countries that formerly made up the Soviet Union. He is studying __________ countries.

middle-income

Max Weber was the first to develop a systematic interpretation of:

modern organizations

Ida studies the economic landscape of Bolivia. Her research has led her to believe that Bolivia will never develop until it abandons its traditional culture and instead focuses on productive investment. What theory or set of theories best describes her view?

modernization theory

The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called:

nonverbal communication

The term that describes rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of situations is:

norm

Candace is doing a comparative study in her thesis work to compare different societies' expectations of how husbands should treat their in-laws. Candace will be analyzing

norms

Which of the following statements best describes the position contemporary sociologists take in the "nature vs nature" debate? Sociologists:

now consider how biology and social causes interact

By what age do children generally have a partial understanding of what gender is?

two

Those who believe that poverty results from structural factors beyond the control of individuals would see which of the following as a source of poverty?

unequal distribution of educational resources

Trevor takes the subway to and from work. He usually wears his headphones and listens to his music on the subway. He is careful not to bump shoulders with the passengers next to him when he is standing on the crowded train. Trevor engages in __________ on the subway

unfocused interaction

As a general rule across the United States, __________ people tend to vote Democratic, while __________ people tend to vote Republican.

urban; rural

James wants to investigate why many modern societies tend to strongly encourage monogamous relationships among their members. James will be studying

values

Eddie is a factory worker who makes about $32,000 a year. Eddie's wife, Joan, works part-time as a dental assistant and makes about $15,000. Their combined income is just enough to pay their mortgage and make ends meet. Eddie and Joan are considered to be:

working class

Harpreet wants to research differences in attitudes toward globalization between people from the United States and people from Colombia. She is creating a survey instrument to give to people from both regions. What part of the research process is she in?

working out a design

According to your textbook, the sociological study of culture began with which theorist?

Émile Durkheim

Kevon believes that society should be looked at like a body, with constituent parts necessary to the functioning of the whole. His ideas probably most closely mirror those of which theorist?

Émile Durkheim

As a result of differential treatment in schools, girls are socialized to be:

quiet

Industrialization usually produces this kind of political authority:

rational-legal authority.

The scenario in which a young woman sleeps from midnight to 5 a.m. in her apartment bedroom, eats breakfast in her kitchen from 6 to 6:30 a.m., works in her law office from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., has dinner with her friends from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m., and then returns to her apartment to watch TV illustrates the sociological concept of:

regionalization

Humans cannot be socialized without:

regular social interaction with others.

During a dinner at a fancy restaurant, a young woman knocks over a glass of water as she reaches for the salt. As the water soaks the tablecloth she exclaims, "Oops, sorry!" This is an example of a/an:

response cry

Sally has come up with an interesting research question about the behaviors of people who have just achieved what they see as major success in their lives. She investigated as much existing literature on the question as she can find. Now she wants to make the problem more precise. What part of the research process is Sally in?

reviewing the evidence

A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior is called a:

sanction

In his chapter "Doing Fieldwork Among the Yąnomamö", Napoleon Chagnon has difficulty collecting genealogical information from inhabitants because of which of the following:

saying the names of the dead is taboo

The process by which children become self-aware, knowledgeable people and skilled in the ways of the culture into which they are born is known as:

scialization

Fifteen-year-old Diego is arrested and spends thirty days in juvenile detention. He begins to see himself as a delinquent while there. When he is released, he commits more crimes. Edwin Lemert would consider the crimes Diego commits after being released:

secondary deviance

Jean Piaget refers to the stage in which a child is learning about the world around him or her by handling different objects as the:

sensorimotor stage

Which of the following concepts refers to the biological distinction between males and females?

sex

The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant is called:

sexual harassment

James and Shannon both graduated from college with a high GPA and a good résumé in the field of accounting. A year after graduation, James was working as a waiter, and Shannon was working at an accounting firm that her father's best friend headed. Shannon most likely got this job because:

she had an advantage due to her father's social network.

People milling around in crowds, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a:

social aggregate

When a group of people share common characteristics such as gender or ethnicity, the group is labeled a:

social category.

According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, children are not born with __________ but learn to acquire __________ through socialization.

social consciousness; a social self

The discipline concerned with the study of the social aspects of aging is known as:

social gerontology

Someone guided by the social-conflict approach would point to which of the following as causing patterns of health and illness?

social inequality

You may be a sibling, a spouse, a student, an employee, and a parent. These are called:

social positions

The process whereby societies have structured continuity over time is known as:

social reproduction

The process whereby societies have structured continuity over time is known as

social reproduction.

Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as:

social roles

The socially defined expectations for a person in a given social position are referred to by sociologists as:

social roles.

At Sally's birthday party, her mother reminded her to say "thank you" every time she opened a present from a friend. Sally's mom was engaging in the process of:

socialization

Which of the following are counted among the functions of the family? All of the above

socialization of the young regulation of sexual activity social placement All of the above

Socialization is the process by which members of society learn the norms and values of society from their elders, thereby allowing the society to __________ over time.

socially reproduce itself

Mario is researching how genetic factors influence human behaviors. His research would best be described as:

sociobiology

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

sociological imagination

Laud Humphreys's studies on tearooms show that sociologists:

sometimes use deception in their research

An example of the "social capital" advantage of well-to-do students in U.S. schooling is having parents who: All of the above

spend more time reading to their children. value schooling and encourage their children's learning. encourage the development of imagination in their children. All of the above

As a medical doctor, Enrique has the privilege of being called Dr. Chavez. This is because our society gives high __________ to medical doctors.

status

The social honor or prestige accorded to a group of people by society is called:

status

Arrive to class on time, raise your hand before speaking, turn in assignments on time—these expectations are part of the __________ of students.

status marker

yang is researching how many groups that live in Spain seem to have their own sets of norms and values that are at times different from mainstream Spanish norms and values. Which sociological concept best describes what he is studying?

subcultures

According to the textbook, interactional vandalism, such as when men on the street call out to and follow women, is likely to have the effect of:

supporting status positions

Alejandra studied the lives of women in the 1968 rebellion in Paris, France, by looking over a wide range of documents available from that time period. Her research would best be described as:

survey research

According to the textbook, George Herbert Mead reasoned that language allows us to become self-conscious beings—aware of our own individuality. This idea forms the basis of the theoretical perspective known as:

symbolic interactionism

Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals?

symbolic interactionism

Alyssa likes to pretend that she is a doctor. She uses her mother's thermometer to take the temperature of her stuffed animals and then gives them "medicine" with a teaspoon. George Herbert Mead would say that she is:

taking on the role of the other

Putting locks on mailboxes is an example of:

target hardening

In our schools we learn a formal curriculum in various academic subjects. However, schools are more subtle agents of socialization. Which of the following is an example of the latent aspects of socialization in schools?

teaching students proper English

By what age do children generally have a partial understanding of what gender is?

ten

According to the textbook, all of the following are true about people living in low-income countries EXCEPT that they:

tend to have better health facilities compared to people living in high-income countries.

Robert Michels's concept of the "iron law of oligarchy" demonstrates:

that in large-scale organizations, power is inevitably concentrated at the top

All social science theories of child socialization emphasize:

that social isolation does not impact socialization

What does Horace Miner suggest about the body rituals of the Nacirema people?

that they are magic ridden and masochistic

The German sociologist Max Weber was highly influential in sociology for his studies of:

the French Constituent Assembly

Who among the following is most likely to experience intergenerational mobility?

the child of a high school teacher

According to Chambliss, why were public perceptions of the Saints different from those of the Roughnecks?

the delinquent acts of the Roughnecks were more visible to townspeople

According to the sociologist Charles Murray, there are groups among the poor who do not enter the labor market and rely on government interventions, which undermines self-help and personal ambition. He says that these poor are part of:

the dependency culture

At a very young age, children are socialized into gender based on:

the different way that men and women handle children

There are many agents of socialization, but the most significant agent of childhood socialization is:

the family

Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways, but when they act in feminine ways, they are either admonished or ignored. This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender?

the gender socialization approach

George Herbert Mead defined the generalized other as:

the general morals and values of the culture in which a child is raised

George Herbert Mead defined the generalized other as:

the general morals and values of the culture in which a child is raised.

Jean Piaget's theory of child development is based on:

the importance of family in early childhood

All social science theories of child socialization emphasize:

the importance of human contact

The McDonaldization of society refers to:

the increased uniformity and rationality of society due to automation

In order to understand a conversation, we need to understand __________, which is why electronic communication such as email or text messaging can lead to miscommunication.

the social context

Jean Piaget's theory of child development is based on:

the stages of cognitive development

According to the textbook, all of the following are contributing factors to food shortages and hunger throughout the globe EXCEPT:

the unsustainable, largely vegetarian diets of most of the world

The United States is considered a mostly capitalist nation because

the vast majority of productive businesses are privately owned.

The members of the drama club at Suzie's high school had a disagreement about who should play the lead in the upcoming production of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Therefore, five of the twenty-five drama club members decided to leave the group, but this had little impact on the stability of the drama club, and it was able to go forward with the production because

the withdrawal of members from larger groups has little impact on group stability.

For most individuals in modern society, the agent of socialization that is most responsible for their early childhood development is:

their preschool

In addition to the family, one of the most important socializing agents for school-age children in modern societies is:

their teachers

The main point of Chambliss article on middle-class and working-class delinquents is:

there are class-based differences in the way delinquency is labelled by the public

Socialization is a process that takes place:

throughout our entire lives

Which of the following would be an example of why a person would want to be part of a secondary group?

to accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

The English sociologist Herbert Spencer believed in:

"Survival of the fittest"

Although sociologists agree that there are no clear divisions between classes in the United States, they generally identify __________ classes.

5

According to the textbook, high-income countries comprise about 18 percent of the world's population; however, they lay claim to over __________ of the world's annual output.

65 percent

According to the text, high-income countries comprise about 15 percent of the world's population; however, they lay claim to over __________ of the world's annual output.

65%

Conflict theorists would argue that laws:

Are used by the powerful to maintain their own privileged positions

James has romantic feelings towards Jane. Janet also has romantic feelings towards Jane. Jane, however, feels nothing towards either one of them. Jane's sexual orientation can be described as:

Asexuality.

__________ is the process by which different cultures are absorbed into a single mainstream culture.

Assimilation

In no more than three-to-five sentences, define a "reference group," and explain the two ways it shapes our behavior.

A reference group is any social group, primary or secondary, that shapes our self-identity or personality by providing the standard by which we evaluate our decisions and actions. According to Robert K. Merton, we compare ourselves to people in reference groups that exhibit the statuses, roles, and traits that we desire. If a young lady's friends admire her new hair style, she very likely will keep it. In this case, she is using her friends as a reference group. In another case, models may be our reference group when we aspire to be like them. In either case, a reference group encourages us to conform, thus demonstrating how society shapes who we are through the reaction of others as in the first case, or through anticipatory socialization as in the second case

Tim was assigned male at birth but latter changed her name to Tiffany when he started to feel like, and identify as, a woman. According to the textbook, Tiffany is:

A transsexual

Alfred Kinsey's research, which began in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, was surprising because it revealed:

A tremendous discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct.

1.5 billion people live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in

Absolute poverty

Which of the following would be considered a social category?

African Americans

Kendra believes the U.S. government to be corrupt, and thinks that there should be no government attempt to control people's lives. Kendra believes in:

Anarchy

This concept, coined and popularized by Emile Durkheim, refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

Anomie

Eilis wants to study how street gangs develop group communication, and the tools they use to accomplish their aims. According to Henslin's chapter "What Is Sociology?", which social science should Eilis go into?

Anthropology

Peer groups can be defined as social groups in which members:

Are of similar age and background

A family's social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation.

False

A __________ is used to describe any vehicle of meaning—any set of elements used to communicate, including all types of communication.

...

According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, children are not born with __________ but learn to acquire __________ through socialization.

...

According to the text, the sociological study of culture began with which theorist?

...

Almost __________ of all adult Americans use some kind of social networking site.

...

In a(n) __________, the sociologist socializes—or works or lives with members of a group, organization, or community and perhaps participates directly in its activities as part of the research process.

...

A food manufacturer who puts false nutrition information on its product labels is guity of white collar crime.

False

Which of the following is NOT a latent function of schools? Education and training

Child-care Incorrect Response Market for lovers Correct Answer Education and training Competition

According to the text, what percentage of human societies uses speech?

100%

Six of the ten richest self-made women in the world are:

Chinese

From the perspective of labeling theory, deviance is seen as:

A process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants.

During Occupy Wall Street, people who lived in the encampment collectively decided how to run the Zuccotti Park. This kind of political system can best be described as what?

A Participatory democracy

Which of the following categories of people would you pick as being at the highest risk of divorce?

A couple who co-habit before marriage.

Which of the following is an example of "doing gender"?

Choosing to wear a dress

A quid pro quo sexual harassment is when one continues to make sexual advances that are clearly unwanted.

False

How did McPhearson et al. measure social networks?

By calculating the number of people survey respondents discuss "important matters" with

What do gang members and computer hackers have in common?

Both groups are considered deviant subcultures

W.E.B. Dubois coined this term to convey the idea that African Americans see themselves, first through their own eyes, but also through the eyes of a society that degrades them:

Double Consciousness

Which of the following statements is FALSE with regards to housework and the factors of gender, marital status, and parental status?

Dual-earner households with children report that on average, men and women contribute an equal number of hours towards housework.

A Zimbardo-type experiment that subjected participants to emotional distress is still ethically permissible today.

False

A caste system favors exogamous marriage.

False

Simone de Beauvoir once famously asserted that "one is not born a woman, but becomes one" to suggest that women are created by cultural forces. How might sociobiologists respond to this?

De Beauvoir misses that what constitutes a woman is biological as well as cultural.

Which theory proposes that we become deviant when we interact or are exposed to influences and people who are more deviant than normal?

Differential Association Theory of deviance

Kevon believes that society is like a human body, with constituent parts necessary to the functioning of the whole. His ideas mirror those of which theorist?

Emile Durkheim

The sociologist who developed the field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:

Erving Goffman

The sociologist who developed the field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the seemingly trivial was:

Erving Goffman

Lucinda hears about the common practice among Nordic parents of leaving babies in their strollers outside of restaurants and shops. Although this is an accepted practice in Nordic society, Lucinda concludes that Nordic parents are neglectful and that this behavior should lead to arrest. Lucinda is engaging in

Ethnocentrism

Michelle has spent the past year among a subculture of twenty-somethings who all listen to the same kind of music. She spends time with them, participates in their events, and observes their interactions and behaviors. All the while, she records what she witnesses in her field notebook. What kind of sociological research is Michelle conducting?

Ethnography

Which of the following statements is the best reason to view women as a minority in the United States?

In our society, there is an economic disadvantage for being a woman.

Borgatti (et al.) argue that physical and social scientists both study networks, but differ in some key ways. Social scientists tend to focus more on _______ and physical scientists focus more on _________.

Individual nodes; the properties of a network

Which statement best describes C. Wright Mills' opinion on social structure and individual biography in the piece "The Promise"?

Individuals contribute to and are shaped by social structure

How might shaming work to rehabilitate an offender?

It processes the shame in the offender in such a way that social bonds between the offender and the community can be rebuilt.

In Robert Merton's typology, a drug dealer would be considered __________ while a drug addict would be considered ________

Innovator/Retreatist

Soo Young is a fashion model who has difficulty getting work in the international modeling industry because of an industry-wide bias against fashion models who appear to be of non-European ancestry. This is an example of:

Institutional racism

Income data show that in 2006, the median income for a Latino woman in the U.S. was $25,694 or 17% less than the $30,936 earned by a White woman. In no more than three-to-five sentences, state and explain the theory which best portrays this reality.

Intersection theory, an analysis of the interplay of gender, race, and social class in creating multiple layers of disadvantages for minority women, best explains this phenomenon. This theory explains that while gender gives a woman a lower status, her social standing in society may be lowered even more when the woman is of the lower class and a minority, say Latino or African American. Such low ranking from these multiple disadvantages mean such a woman is certain to get less of society's scarce resources of wealth, power, and status.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a stereotype?

Isaiah cooking his girlfriend a meat-free dinner because she is a vegetarian.

According to the text, writing serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:

It can be a means of storing information.

Which of the following is an advantage of telecommuting?

It eliminates the time spent commuting to and from work.

Which of these statements best describes the working-class in U.S.?

Most workers have limited bargaining rights and little control over working conditions.

Gestures and body postures that are an important part of nonverbal communication are:

Neither universal nor the same in all cultures

At age eight today, Ricky is in school and is not required to have a job. Did Ricky's great-great-grandfather have the same school experience?

No, since childhood only became a distinct stage of the life course in contemporary society

Those who study the functions of deviance would probably NOT refer to which example as a function that deviance performs?

Noncriminals learn from experienced criminals how to commit crime.

_______ are widely agreed-upon principles or rules people are expected to observe; they represent the dos and don'ts of social life.

Norms

It was common in Ladakhi society for brothers to share one wife. This type of marriage is an example of:

Polyandry

Joan believes that most drug addicts are Blacks even after she read in the newspaper a study that concluded that drug addiction is more common among Whites.

Prejudice

Society, according to Karl Marx, was:

Primarily divided by social class.

Alisha learns the American norms of politeness from her parents. This learning is associated with which function of the family discussed by Talcott Parsons?

Primary socialization

Alyssa likes to pretend that she is a doctor. She uses her mother's thermometer to take the temperature of her stuffed animals and then gives them "medicine" with a teaspoon. George Herbert Mead would say that she is:

Taking the role of the other

Which of the following is NOT a latent consequence of target hardening?

Target hardening fixes the underlying causes of crime.

Traditional attitudes toward sex currently exist alongside much more permissive attitudes, which developed widely and became openly public since:

The 1960s

What is a criticism of Talcott Parsons's functionalist approach to the topic of family?

The approach condones the subordination of women.

In three-to five sentences, describe a situation in which a choice you made was influenced by societal factors beyond your control

The choice in my fiancé was partly in my control - you could think. However, society influences things like your choice in mate in a lot of ways. However, it is highly known that lots of social factors contribute to this. Proximity is a big factor in the person you choose to be with. It is less likely that I would have ended up in a relationship with my fiancé if he still lived in Seguin where he originally moved from. Our interaction together came about through mutual friends. If I weren't to have interacted with the friend whom I met him through I would have never met him in the first place. It is a psychological fact that most people who date are similar in their physical attraction. I would rate myself about a 6 or 7; I would rate my partner about a 7 or 8. This is something that society influences on people. Mine and his view of attractiveness can easily be influenced by the countless images of models, actors and actresses and advertisements today. If my fiancé and I didn't have things in common we may have not ended up getting a long like we do. I feel that the view of what we have in common is another thing society puts on us. It is also relevant the material in the chapters that talk about how romantic love is not something that you marry for. If it were maybe 100 years ago I most likely would have married someone due to financial stability as opposed to my romantic feelings.

What is meant by the phrase feminization of poverty?

The fact that a majority of the poor are women.

For many in modern society, the socialization agent most responsible for their early childhood development would be:

The family

What is the common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory?

The goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities

In three-to-five sentences, explain what C. Wright Mills means when he says that to think sociologically, one has to develop a sociological imagination?

When Mills mentions us developing a sociological imagination - he is telling us to try and understand why we are participating in a task (for example) drinking coffee; in relation to society. For instance, I have always believed I drank coffee because I enjoy the taste of it. However, using my sociological imagination I can decipher that - I starting drinking coffee when I was about 8 years old because my grandfather was bed ridden and I would be the only one awake in the mornings to make him coffee. Thus, I originally began drinking coffee in attempts to socialize and have a closer relationship with my grandpa. (Not because I like the taste). I continued to drink coffee as I grew up because going to Starbucks before school was a social setting to meet with friends and talk about life, school and etc. I still meet friends I haven't seen for a while for coffee as a social situation. I now see that my drinking coffee has a bigger picture to it than just I like the taste. It is also a common thing in America to drink coffee.

In the United States, which race would be considered the dominant group?

Whites

Although the majority of developing countries lag well behind societies of the West, some have now successfully embarked on a process of industrialization. These are sometimes referred to as:

newly industrializing economies

Émile Durkheim believed that for a society to function and persist over time, its specialized institutions must work in harmony with each other and function as an integrated whole. He referred to this as:

democratic centralism

Of the following, which is NOT a principle of George Ritzer's theory of the McDonaldization of society?

dependability

Danny looks at U.S. culture differently than Maria does. In turn, he studies how different immigrant communities in the United States maintain more or less separate cultures but might still manage to participate equally in economic and political life. He is studying:

multiculturalism

The practice of judging a society by its own standards is called:

multiculturalism

Alan notes that some groups who have many different words for snow tend to perceive snow differently than groups who use English. Alan is noting __________ at work.

natural selection

A veteran police officer's criticism of a rookie police officer for not acting aggressively enough during an altercation with a suspect is an example of a:

negative informal sanction

A __________ is used to describe any vehicle of meaning—any set of elements used to communicate, including all types of communication.

signifier

The global standard of living has done what during the past thirty years, according to the textbook?

slowly increased

More than 40 percent of all urban residents in developing countries live in:

slums

Karl Marx thought that society:

was a fully functioning grouping of social equals

According to the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, homosexuality:

was considered a disorder until 1980

According to the text, two cultural universals particularly stand out in human societies. They are __________ and __________ .

ways of expressing meaning; material goods

According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day to day interactions is because:

we can learn a great deal about ourselves as human beings

According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is because:

we can learn a great deal about ourselves as human beings

In general, nonwhites tend to have ________ ties within networks than whites.

weaker

Those who believe that the culture of poverty theory explains why most people are in poverty would most likely favor which of the following antipoverty programs?

welfare-to-work programs

According to the textbook, generally, high-income countries are those countries that:

were the first to industrialize

According to conflict theorists, which of the following among the elderly tend to fare the worst?

women