SYP 3520 Final

Oldest Gangs

1. Mexican Mafia (EME)

Homeland security is a concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect against man-made and natural hazards, and respond to and recover from which hazards?

All

21st Amendment

Repeals the 18th Amendment (prohibition.)

Patriarchy

The subordinate role of women and male dominance.

Hate Crime

A criminal offense against person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.

Typology (Moffitt)

Adolescent-Limited Offenders: Begin offending during ages 11-15 and desist from antisocial behavior easy in their 20s. Life-Course Persistent Offenders: Exhibit antisocial behavior at age 3 and continue to offend late into adulthood. Based on neuropsychological and negative social environments.

Binge Drinking

An individual who drinks so much alcohol within a 2 hour period that it results in at least a .08 blood alcohol concentration. Males: At least 5 drinks. Females: At least 4 drinks.

Policies/Acts Related to Hate Crimes

Anti-hate crime legislation: Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 (1 year to death penalty), Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997, Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 (Gives FBI authority to investigate), Model State Legislation—Hate Crimes/Violence Against Homeless People (2010, FL added homeless status to hate crime legislation.)

Cybercrime

Any unauthorized, deviant, or illegal activity over the Internet that involves a computer (or computers) as the tool to commit the activity and a computer (or computers) as the target of that activity. An act committed by using a computer; A "victim" computer; & An intermediary network.

Marxist Criminology

Argued that societies are characterized by class struggles.

Hidden Female Criminality (Otto Pollak)

Argued that women have been more criminal in nature than what has generally been perceived by many.

Low Self Control Theory (Hirschi & Gottfredson)

Assumes that self-control must be established by age 10, and if not formed by that time, individuals will forever exhibit low self-control.

Corporate Crime

At least 105,000 people die annually due to corporate crime & about 15,000 due to street crime = 7x more deaths than street crime.

Liberation Thesis

Attempts to link the women's liberation movement with female crime rates.

According to socialist feminist perspective, what may be women's ultimate worst enemy?

Capitalism: Gender wage gap.

Interactional Model (Terrence Thornberry)

Claims that processes of both social control and social learning theory affect each other in a type of feedback process. Five Concepts: Commitment to school; Attachment to parents; Belief in conventional values (taken from social control and bonding theory);Adoption of delinquent values; Association with delinquent peers (drawn from social learning and differential-reinforcement theory.

Drug Courts

Consist of collaborative efforts of justice & treatment professionals to intervene & break the cycle of substance abuse, addiction, & crime. Maintenance: Advocates for the accessibility of drugs through governmental regulation. Decriminalization: Supports the end of using criminal sanctions to address individual drug use.

Slows down the normal activity of the central nervous system.

Depressants

Commonly Abused Drugs

Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates (known by their colors) & Tranquilizers (Xanax, GHB) Narcotics: Morphine, Heroin, Oxy & other synthetic narcotics. Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine & Methamphetamine Other drugs: Cannabis/Marijuana, Steroids, Inhalants & Hallucinogens.

Assumptions of Developmental Perspectives

Developmental theories are distinguished by their emphasis on the evolution of individuals' criminality over time. Early onset is one of the most important predictors of any of the measures we have in determining who is most at risk for developing serious, violent offending behavior.

Labeling Theory

Focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as having violated the law. The process of deviance amplification due to labeling an individual a "criminal" or a "delinquent."

Types of White Collar Crime

Fraud, labor violatons, manufacturing violations, unfair business practices, abuse of authority, & regulatory or administrative violations.

Liberal Feminism (Mainstream)

Gender inequality is due to women's blocked opportunities to participate in various aspects of the public sphere such as education, employment, and political activity.

As part of the UCR program, the attorney gen was req to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.

Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990.

Deaths and injuries due to corporate crime ____.

Have increased

Trends in Drug Use

History of Drug Use can be raced back at least 10,000 years. Civil War: Opioid addiction. Prohibition Era Reefer Madness: Marijuana 1960s/Baby Boomers: LSD, mescaline, psilocybin & marijuana. The War on Drugs Era (80s) 2000s: A lot more surveys and acts implemented.

Terrorism

Hoffman identified terrorism as follows: Inevitably political in aims & motives; Violent or threatens violence; Designed to have far-reaching psychological consequences beyond the immediate victim or target; Conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement &/or its leaders; & Perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity.

Different Agencies Working with Hate Crimes, Mass Murder, Terrorism & Homeland Security

Homeland: Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Custom and Border Protection, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Secret Service, Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Coast Guard

Peacemaking Criminology

Incorporates 3 intelectual traditions: religious, feminist & critical; contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation & dispute settlement.

Developmental Model (Sampson & Laub)

Individual stability & change are the primary foci of their theoretical perspective. Emphasizes the importance of transitions or specific events (marriage, etc) that are important in altering long term trends in behavior (trajectories).

Hacking

Individuals who violate computer security. Black Hat Hackers: Violate computer security out of malice/personal gain. Write programs to damage systems/networks. White Hat Hackers: Involved in writing programs to protect systems and networks from being illegally and maliciously accessed. Gray Hat Hackers: A blend of black/white hat hackers, "opportunistic." Access/target a system then notify the owner & correct the defect for a fee instead of telling them how their system was exposed. Script Kiddies: Lowest on the hacker ladder due to limited technical ability. Surf the internet for hacker utility programs but are considered risky bc they're not aware of how it will affect their system. Hactivists: Similar to script kiddies but motives differ. They hack to to get an avenue to spread their political message. Cyber Terrorists: Access systems linked to critical infrastructures (water purification, nuclear power plants) .

Retrospective Interpretation (Edwin M. Schur)

Interpreting someone's past in light of some present deviance (Matt Lauer scandal.)

Heroin is a chemically modified form of what drug?

Morphine

Assumptions of Labeling Theory

No act is intrinsically criminal. Criminal definitions are enforced in the interest of the powerful. A person does not become a criminal by violating the law. Criminal sanctions also vary according to other characteristics of the offender.

Praxis

Not just awareness but changes in the establishment. Once establishment changes = raised consciousness is automatic.

Organized Crime

One approach to defining organized crime is to incorporate a typology. This includes such factors as the means of obtaining the goals, and the reasons for engaging in such activity: an economic objective or a political objective. ex.: Mafia, motorcycle gangs, prison gangs & urban gangs

The ____ of offending is when the offender begins offending & desistance is when an individual stops committing crime.

Onset

A perspective that says a woman as a group cannot be understood, even by other women, because every person's experience is unique; therefore, there is no need to measure or research such experiences.

Post Modern Feminism

According to developmental theories, the most significant and effective interventions can occur during what stages of life?

Prenatal & Perinatal

Primary & Secondary Deviance

Primary: Type of minor, infrequent offending people commit before they are caught & labeled as offenders (speeding, etc.) Secondary: More serious, frequent offending people commit after they've been caught & labeled as offenders.

The majority of bias-motivated incidents reported by law enforcement agencies were motivated by a ___ bias.

Racial

Byers and Crider used what theory to establish hate crimes against the Amish?

Routine Activities Theory

Designer Drugs

Spice & bath salts (miami, 2012).

Radical Feminism

The cause of gender inequality is based on the three needs or desires of men to control women's sexuality and reproductive potential.

Marxist/Social Feminism

The causes of gender inequality are due to hierarchical relations of control with the increase of private property and ownership among men.

Tannenbaum's Dramatization of Evil

The community's point of view, or the social reaction to illegal behavior. The first dramatization of evil has a greater influence on "making the criminal" than any other experience.

Paternalism

The idea of paternalism denotes that women need to be protected for their own good.

Drug-Crime Link

The relationship between drugs and crime usually falls into one of three categories: Drug-defined crimes involve the sale and/or possession of an illegal substance. Drug-related crimes involve violent behaviors induced by the effects of a drug or illegal activity that is motivated by continued drug use. Crimes associated with drug use involve illegal activities that may have occurred while a person was under the influence of an illegal substance but those activities were not a direct result of the drug use.

Postmodern Feminism

This perspective rejects the traditional assumptions about truth and reality; the emphasis is more on the plurality, the diversity, and the multiplicity of women as distinct from men.

Pathways Research

Typically collects data, usually through interviews, at one point in time that provide retrospective inquiry as to an individual's life and life experiences.

Edwin Sutherland's Contributions to White Collar Crime Research

White Collar Criminal: A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. White Collar Criminal: A person with high socioeconomic status who violates the law designed to regulate his occupational activities. 4 Criteria: The offender being upper-class & Committed violations are work-related, The work-related violations of blue-collar workers are excluded, & Also excluded are regular crimes (outside of employment) committed by upper-class persons.