Systems Design & Analysis: Chapter 7(X&L)4
Older Systems
"Legacy Systems"
Types of Events
- External Events -
Types of Events
- External Events - Temporal Events - State Event
6 Core Processes (IPDDBComplete)
- Identify the problem/obtain approval - plan and monitor the project - discover/understand details (Systems Analysis) - design system components - Build, test, and integrate system components - Compete system tests and deploy the solution
Advantages of Object-Oriented Methods
- More efficient, you can build as you go, faster, need it for more complex things - OOD Process is model and use case driven - Is better than structured because it's scaleable and in a sense in no matter what you want done, gets done
4 main feasibility points
- Operational ( Effective use) - Technical (Hardware, Software, Technical know how) - Economic (Cost vs Reward) - Time to Launch
Internal Factors that Affect systems projects
- Strategic planning - Top Managers - User Requests - IT Department - Existing systems and data
External Factors that Affect Systems Projects
- Technology - Suppliers - Customers - Competitors - Economy - Government
Preliminary Investigation Steps
- Understand the problem and opportunity - Define the project scope and constraints - Perform fact-finding - Study usability, cost, benefit, and schedule data - Evaluate feasibility (using the four main points) - Present results and recommendations to management
Characteristics of a jelled team
- Very low turnover rate -Strong sense of identity -A feeling of eliteness
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
-Address both weaknesses of structure design methodologies (Complete specification and time lapses) by adjusting the SDLC phases to get some part of the system developed quickly and into the hands of the users -As a user better understands the information technology (IT), the systems requirements tend to expand
Package way to acquire a system
-Available for many common business needs; tested and proven; cost and time savings; Rarely a perfect fit with business needs; May allow for customization, may require workarounds; Systems Integration
Good Questionnaire Design
-Begin with non-threatening and interesting questions -Group items into logically coherent sections -Do not crowd a page with to many items -Avoid abbreviations -Pretest to identify confusing questions -Provide anonymity to respondents
How to create a requirements definition
-Determine the types of functional and non functional requirements applicable to the project -Requirements that meet a need but are not within the current scope can be added to a list of future enhancements
What does the SDLC require?
-Establishes systems goals -Setting up the project -Determining requirements -Business knowledge and management skill
Agile Development
-Few rules and practices that focus on the working conditions of the developers -Accommodate changing requirements -Based on short cycles and sprints - eliminates modeling and documentation overhead and time -Require co location of the development team -can evolve into a prototyping approach "programmers gone wild" -Lack of audibility -Hard to deliver large mission critical systems
Architecture centric
-Function (external) view: focuses on the users perspective -Static (structural) view: focuses on attributes methods, classes and relationships -Dynamic (behavioral) view: focuses on messages passes among objects and state changes within an object
Describe the fundamental components of an information system
-Hardware: Client Computers, Servers, Network -Software
Techniques used for requirements gathering
-Interviews (most popular technique) -Joint Application (JAD) -Questionnaires -Document analysis -Observation
Cultural/Political requirements
-Multilingual -Customization -Making Unstated Norms Explicit -Legal Requirements
Project Selection
-Projects are approved, declined, or delayed based on value added vs. risks
Strategies for problem analysis
-Root cause analysis -Duration analysis -Activity-based costing Same as duration analysis but applied to costs -Informal bench marking Analyzes similar processes in other successful organizations -Outcome analysis What does the customer want in the end? -Technology analysis Apply new technologies to business processes and identify benefits -Activity elimination Eliminate each activity in a business process in a "force-fit" exercise
Client-server architectures have four important benefits:
-Scalable -Can support different types of clients and servers through middleware -The presentation logic, the application logic, and the data processing logic can be independent -If a server fails, only the application requiring that server are affected
Primary Drivers of Systems Development
-Scope -Time -Cost
Performance requirements
-Speed -Capacity -Availability and Reliability
Security requirements
-System Value Estimates -Access Control -Encryption and Authentication -Virus Control
Skills Needed for an Analyst
-Technical -business -Analytical -Communications -Interpersonal -Ethics
Operational requirements
-Technical Environment Requirements -Systems Integration -Portability -Maintainability
When is SCRUM good
-Unclear user requirements -Unfamiliar technology -Complexity -Need for reliability -Short time schedule
Iterative and Incremental
-Undergoes testing and refinement -The analyst understands the system better over time
Characteristics of OOAD
-Use case driven -Architecture Centric -Iterative and incremental
Observation Technique
-Users/managers often don't remember everything they do -Checks validity of information gathered in other ways -Behaviors may change when people are watched -Be careful not to ignore periodic activities
Client-server architectures
-balances the processing between the clients and the servers, usually client is charged with the presentation logic & access logic -Client devices (handle presentation logic and handle application logic) to Server (handle data access logic and handles data storage)
What are the four data items that can be symbolized on a data flow diagram?
1. A double square for an external entity—a source or destination of data 2. An arrow for movement of data from one point to another 3. A rectangle with rounded corners for the occurrence of transforming process 4. An open-ended rectangle for a data store
Elements of Use Case Diagrams
1. Actors -External entities that interact with your system (persons, systems, or other organizations) 2.Associations -lines to connect actors and use-cases (interactions, inclusions, extensions, or generalizations) 3. Use case -A major process in the system that gives a benefit to the users 4.Subject boundary -A named box that depicts the scope of the system 5. Include Relationship -Represents the inclusion of the functionality of one use case within another (mandatory) 6.Extend Relationship -Represents the extension of the use case to include optional behavior
Problems in Requirements determination
1. Analyst may not have access to the correct users 2.Requirements specifications may be inadequate 3.Some requirements may not be known in the beginning 4.Verifying and validating requirements can be difficult
Problems in determining requirements: Problem analysis
1. Ask users to identify problems with the current system 2.Ask users how they would solve these problems 3.Good for improving efficiency or ease of use
order of processes
1. Customer Inquiry 2. Create a Quotation 3.Customer purchase order 4. Sales Order 5. prepare the shipment 6. send 7. customer invoice 8. receive payment
Activity Diagrams
1. Develop these from the use-cases -These model the business processes or how a business operates -Used to illustrate the movement of objects (data) between activities
Agile Development Methodologies
1. Extreme Programming -Founded on four core values: communication, simplicity, feedback, and courage (quality first and personal development mentality -Not suitable for large projects or non jelled teams -Difficult to include outsiders -Lack of analysis and design documentation raises issues in complex projects 2.Scrum -Teams are self organized and self directed -No designated team leader -Once a spring has begun, they do not consider any additional requirements
What are the four advantages of using a data flow approach over narrative explanations of data movement?
1. Freedom from committing to the technical implementation of the system too early 2. Further understanding of the interrelationships of systems and subsystems 3. Communicating current system knowledge to users through data flow diagrams 4. Analysis of the proposed system to determine if all the data and processes have been defined
RAD Methodologies
1. Phased -Breaks an overall system into a series of versions that are developed sequentially. The most important and fundamental requirements are bundled into the first version of the system. -Have the advantage of quickly getting a useful system into the hands of the users -Major drawback is that users begin to work with systems that are intentionally incomplete 2.Prototyping -Performs the analysis, design, and implementation phases concurrently -Quick and dirty system with minimal features that users can interact with -Fundamental issues and problems are not recognized until well into the development process
What is BP and Functional Modeling
1. Process of turning the requirements into functional models -Model is a representation of reality -Functional Models are logical (independent of how they are implemented manual or computerized) -Develop use cases from the requirements -Includes a diagram and a description to depict the discrete activities that the users perform -A use care represents a function or an action within the system -The subject (of a use care) is the system under analysis or design to which a set of use cases apply (business or company, software system, physical system or device, or a smaller subsystem having some behavior)
Guidelines for Activity Diagrams
1. Set the scope of the activity being modeled 2. Identify the activities; connect them with flows 3.Identify any decisions that must be made 4.Identify potential parallelism in the process 5.Draw the activity diagram
The SDLC Process
1. The process consists of four phases 2.Each phase consists of a series of steps 3.Each phase is documented (deliverables) 4.Phases are executed sequentially, incrementally, iteratively, or in some other pattern
Implementation Phase Steps
1.Construct the system -Build it (write the programming code) -Test it 2.Install system -Train the users 3.Support the system (maintenance)
Design Phase Steps
1.Develop a design strategy 2.Design architecture and interfaces 3.Develop databases and file specifications 4.Develop the program design to specify: -What programs to write -What each program will do
Analysis Phase Steps
1.Develop an analysis strategy -Model the current system -Formulate the new system 2.Gather the requirements -Develop a system concept -Create a business model to represent business data and business processes 3.Develop a system proposal
Four Phases of SDLC
1.Planning -Why should we build this system -What value does it provide? -How long will this take? 2.Analysis -Who will use it? -What should the system do for us? -Where and when will it be used? 3.Design -How should we build it? 4.Implementation
Planning Phase Steps
1.Project Initiation -Develop/receive a system request -Conduct a feasibility analysis 2.Project Management -Develop the work plan -Staff the project -Monitor and control project
Identifying Major Use-Cases
1.Review the requirements definition 2.Identify the subjects boundaries 3.Identify the primary actors and their goals 4.Identify the business processes and major use cases
Major components of feasibility
1.Technical (can we build it?) 2.Economic (should we build it?) 3.Organizational (will they use it?)
Structured Development
1.Waterfall -Identifies system requirements long before programming begins -Minimizes changes to the requirements as the project proceed -Design must be completely specified before programming begins 2.Parallel -Attempts to address the problem of long delays between the analysis phase and the delivery of the system -Divides the project int a series of distinct sub projects that can be designed and implemented in parallel -It can reduce the time to deliver a system -Sometimes the sub projects are not completely independent
Implementation
4th phase in which info system is coded, tested installed, and supported in the organization
Which of the following is a core practice of the agile approach?
A 40-hour work week
Software development, Business knowledge, interpersonal skills (All Competencies listed are required)
A Business Analysis competencies include:
Higher-level statements of goals and metrics used to measure success
A Business Requirement
All answers are correct, (Communicate to the user the difference between current and future state, Compare "as i' with 'to be', prioritize work)
A Gap Analysis is used to:
Environmental conditions the system must include (i.e.: capacity, speed, security, up-time)
A Non-functional requirement is the:
Main functions of the system and the different kinds of users who will interact within
A Use Case Diagram shows
Data source
A User or an Actor is an example of a DFD:
Both answers are correct: (The number of data flows between external sources/sinks does not change from one level to the next, The number of external sources and sinks do not change from one level to the next)
A balanced DFD means that
Gantt Chart
A bar chart that portrays the schedule by the length of horizontal bars superimposed on a calendar
use case
A case or situation where the system is used.
Pert Chart
A chart that shows if a group is staying on time in terms of deliverables
computer application/app
A computer software program that executes on a computing device to carry out a specific function or set of related functions.
A model illustrating people, places or things about data and how it is related to each other
A data model is a:
False
A data store can provide data to a sink
False
A data store can send data to another data store
System Requet
A document that describes the reasons for and the value added from building a new system contains: 1.Project Sponsor 2.Business Need 3.Business requirements 4.Business value 5.Special issues
Whats a methodology and categories of it
A formalized approach to implementing the SDLC -Process oriented -Data Centered -Object-oriented (Balance between process and data) -Structured -Rapid Action Development (RAD) -Agile Development
System Development Life Cycle SDLC
A framework that identifies all the activities required to research, build, deploy, and often maintain an information system.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A huge improvement because it used icons, graphical objects and pointing devices.
User Sciences & Experience Research (USER)
A lab that focuses on improving ease of use and exploring new ways of using computers.
Relationship
A line between two entities illustrates a:
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
A list of all the required individual activities and tasks for the project
False
A logical design is a technology-specific design
List three reasons for creating a logical data flow diagram.
A logically-oriented data flow diagram should be created for the following reasons: 1. Better communication with users. 2. More stable systems. 3.Increased understanding of the business by analysts.
What is the difference between a logical data flow diagram and a physical data flow diagram?
A logically-oriented data flow diagram shows how the business operates. A physically-oriented data flow diagram shows how the system will be implemented using technology and manual procedures
An attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance
A multivalued attribute is:
False
A open-ended question on a survey provides the easiest data to analyze
Optional many
A person who washes can wash cars has a relationship cardinality of:
Binary
A person who washes one and only one car is an example of a ____________ relationship degree:
Agile Development
A philosophy and set of guidelines for developing information systems in an unknown, rapidly changing environment, and it can be used with any system development methodology - Emphasizes on taking an adaptive approach and making it agile in all development activities and tasks
project
A planned undertaking that has a beginning and an end and produces some end result.
True
A process requires both inputs and outputs
Coupling
A qualitative measure of how closely the classes in a design class diagram are linked (Coupling is as the number of navigation arrows on the design class diagram) - Low coupling is usually better for a system because fewer navigation arrows indicate that a system is easier to understand and maintain
Cohesion
A qualitative measure of the focus/unity of purpose within a single class (Refers to the consistency of the functions with a single class) - Classes with low Cohesion are hard to maintain since they perform many different functions and thus tend to be overly sensitive to changes within the system
Dependency
A relationship between packages, classes or use cases in which a change in the independent item requires a change in the dependent item (1-way = Dependency)
Both are correct (Needed by stakeholder to solve a problem, or meet an objective, A solution to satisfy a contract, standard or specification).
A requirement
Critical Path
A sequence of tasks that can't be delayed without causing the entire project to be delayed
system development process/methodology
A set of comprehensive guidelines for carrying out all of the activities of each core process of the SDLC.
information system
A set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks. People included.
Information Systen
A set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks.
Entity Instance
A single occurrence of an entity is a called a:
Storyboard
A sketch that shows the general screen layout and design. Can be created with software or even drawn freehand.
False
A source can input data into a data store
Object
A thing in the computer system that is capable of responding to messages
Stereotypes
A way of categorizing a model element by its characteristics (indicated by guillemets << >>)
Resource Management
A way to ensure team members are contributing to the project goals - Quality Management - Time Management
False
Actors can occur within or outside of the system boundaries
True
Agile SDLCs are more flexible in responding to changing business than traditional SDLC's
PRODUCT-PROCESS MATRIX
Alignment of process choice with the characteristics of the manufactured good
Process logic may be represented as:
All of the above (structured english, a decision table, a decision tree)
Managing Construction
Alpha --> Beta --> Production --> Maintenance
Relationship between the instance of one entity type
An ER relationship that is unary means that there is a:
The standard modeling format for data modeling
An Entity-Relationship data model (E-R) is the:
IBM
An I.T. company that has been successful for over 100 years.
Agile Development
An Information System development process that emphasizes flexibility and rapid response to anticipate new changing requirements during development
Iterative Development
An approach to System Development in which the System is "grown" in an almost organic fashion. Core components are developed first and then additional components are added - It is called Iterative because the 6 core development processes are repeated over and over again to add additional functionality to the overall system - Iterations can be thought of as steps
iterative development
An approach to system development in which the system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple miniprojects called iterations.
Named characteristic of an entity
An attribute is the:
subsystem
An identifiable and fully functional part of a complete system.
agile development
An information system development process that emphasizes flexibility and rapid response to anticipate new and changing requirements during development.
Understanding how analysis and design fits with programming
Analysis and Design are the processes that support and lead up to the actual programming of the system
What is the system analysists role in developing IS?
Analyze the business situation Identify Opportunities for Improvment Design an IS to implement the improvements Another role is that they speak with a wide array of people (techies, business, others)
IT Department
Application Development Systems Support and Security User Support Database Administration Network Administration Web Support Quality Assurance
What are elementary components?
At the lowest level of the hierarchy are the elementary components which can no longer be sub
THROUGHPUT
Average number of entities completed per unit time (or output rate) from a process
Flow time or cycle time
Average time taken to complete one cycle of a process
Structured Approach
Bases the development of a System on logical structures and processes - Follows Top-Down Approach
Object-Oriented Approach
Bases the development of a system on the view that the system is a set of interactive objects that work together - Follows Bottom-Up Approach
Data
Basic facts that are the system's raw material
Process boundary
Beginning or end of a process
Event Decomposition Technique
Begins by identifying all the business events that will cause the information system to respond. Each event leads to a Use Case
BOMS
Bill of Materials
Which of these is not an advantage of prototyping
Buffers users against computer malfunctioning
Which of these is not a guideline for developing a prototype
Build the system slowly and carefully
BPM
Business Process Model
BPMN
Business Process Modeling Notation
B2B
Business to Business
B2C
Business to Consumer
tools for systems development
CASE tools. flowcharts. decision tables. project management: PERT, gantt charts, microsoft project.
___________ software, such as microsoft product or Peoplesoft may be used for prototyping?
COTS
the fraud diamond
Capability, Opportunity, Rationalization, pressure
The number of instances of entity B that can be associated with each instance of entity A
Cardinality is:
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Characterization of product growth, maturity, and decline over time
CPO
Chief procurement officer
Client-based architectures
Client computer (Handles presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic) to Server Computer (Handles data storage) (Works well with lower number of users and lower amount of data, lots of data can overwhelm server and computer)
which of the following is included in a physical data structure?
Codes that identify the status of a master record
Which of the following can be used to communicate ideas that would otherwise remain fuzzy or unshaped?
Coding
What is cohesion?
Cohesion measures the internal strength of a process (this is also called intraprocess strength)
Information System
Combines technology, people, and data to provide support for business functions.
Enterprise Applications
Company wide applications
Application Software
Computer software designed to support organizational functions or processes
CASE Tools
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering
Components of a Decision Table
Condition stub, action stub, condition entry, action entry.
Option or assemble-to-order
Configurations of standard parts, subassemblies, or services that can be selected by customers from a limited set
SERVICE ENCOUNTER ACTIVITY SEQUENCE
Consists of all the process steps and associated service encounters that are necessary to Complete a service transaction Fulfill a customer's wants and needs
Virus Control
Controls the spread of viruses
What three duties specifically should not be mixed?
Create a purchase order, show a physical receipt, and pay an invoice
Continuous flow
Creates highly standardized goods or services, around the clock in very high volumes
Level-n
DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions from a process on a level-0 diagram
Level-0
DFD that represents a systems major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail
What is reference work of data about data compiled by systems analysts?
Data Dictionaries
Arrow
Data flow
Tools use in Structured Analysis
Data flow diagrams, Data dictionary, Decision trees, Decision tables, Structured english, Pesudocode
Open Rectangle
Data store
Information
Data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users.
Present the logic at the lowest level of a DFD
Decision matrix and structured english is used to
Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
Defines all the additional types of objects that are necessary to communicate with people and devices in the system - It shows how the objects interact to complete the task - It also refines the definition of each type of object so it can be implemented with a specific language or environment
Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)
Defines the objects that do the work and determines what user interactions (called Use Cases) are required to complete the task
Encryption & Authentication
Defines what data will be encrypted where and whether authentication will be needed for user access
Object Oriented analysis
Describes an information system by identifying things called objects.
Ergonomics
Describes how people work, learn, and interact with computers. Study of people's efficiency in their working environment.
User Interface (UI)
Describes how users interact with a computer system. Consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output, and features that affect two-way communications between the user and the computer.
Business Model
Describes the information a system must provide
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
Describes the relationship between computers and people who use them.
PROCESS MAP (FLOWCHART)
Describes the sequence of all process activities and tasks necessary to create and deliver a desired output or outcome
Explain the initial transition from analysis to design
Design is how you are going to build the system/ Blueprints Stage
In order to build decision tables, what does the analyst not need to do?
Determine the minimum size of the table
User-selected Help
Displays information when the user requests it.
Sometimes
Each Use Case Diagram requires multiple written Use Cases
Prototype
Early working version of an information system
In describing the value format of a data element, the symbol X(8) represents:
Eight alphanumeric characters
In describing data structure, what do brackets [] represent?
Either/or alternative
EDI
Electronic Data Interchange (computer to computer data exchange)
ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning. implementation broke silos
System Value Estimates
Estimated business value of the system and its data
Project Effort Estimation
Estimation involves trade-offs between functionality, time, and cost
Hardware
Everything in the physical layer of the information system
Maintainability
Expected business changes to which the system should be able to adapt
Making Unstated Norms Explicit
Explicitly stating assumptions that differ from country to country
Natural Language
Feature that allows users to type commands or requests in normal English phrases.
Time Boxing
Fixed deadline, even if functionality needs to be reduced
Aesthetics
Focuses on how an interface can be made attractive and easy to use.
Project Scheduling (Adaptive)
For Adaptive types of projects, creating the project schedule is done throughout the life of the project. During the initial planning phase - The initial list of cases or user stores are developed for each subsystem
UTILIZATION
Fraction of time a workstation or individual is busy over the long run
FURPS
Functional, Usability, Reliability, Performance, and Security Requirements. - a widely used framework
Reengineering
Fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes Helps achieve improvements in critical and contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service, and speed
Which of the following is not contained in the data repository?
Generated computer code
Modeling
Graphical representation of a concept or process
Process
Group of activities
Activity
Group of tasks needed to create and deliver an immediate or final output
Information Systems 5 key components
Hardware Software Data Processes People
What are the benefits of an iteration schedule?
Helps team organize its work so developers have enough time to think through the critical design issues before programming begins. Provides a measuring rod to see if the iteration is on schedule. The project manager can see what tasks may require more resources if the project is going to stay on the schedule. Helps a project manager plan and organize the work.
Generalization
Hierarchical relationship in which subordinate classes are subsets of objects of the superior class; inheritance hierarchy
Principles of Good Design
High Cohesiveness and Low Coupling
Outsourced alternatives to acquire a system
Hiring an external vendor, developer, or service provider; May reduce costs or add value; risks include: loosing confidential info, loose control over future development, loosing learning opportunities
False
Historically, in software development, most projects finish succesful
Rarely or never used
History shows that the typical functions built into a system are:
The concept of system analysis and design could be described as follows: Say you want to be a system or process that does a certain thing for a certain group of people. System Analysis and Design as a whole is the process and skill sets necessary to talk to this group that need this new process or system that is supposed to do something for them and making sure that you get exactly what they want written down and documented. You make sure that you properly plan for how much work, effort and cost it will be to complete the project. And you take the necessary planned ordered steps to complete the process as requested, on time, and on budget. There are many different people with different roles that will help through this entire process such as a Systems Analyst, Project Manager, Business Analyst and so forth that all have a specific role to play to ensure that the above process goes smoothly.
How would you define/ explain System Analysis and Design to an individual who does not have a computer background?
Portfolio Managment
Identifying and selecting systems development projects is referred to in industry as
Internal Focus
In a SWOT analysis - the Strengths and Weaknesses assessment is an:
Gateway
In business process modeling, a decision point
Pool
In business process modeling, a way to encapsulate a process that has two or more participants
Swimlane
In business process modeling, a way to visually encapsulate a process
Flow
In business process modeling, it shows the sequence of action in a process
Evaluate and select projects
In project selection, category priorities are used to:
Skills Required by Systems Analyst
Included in SA&D are all of the skills, steps, guidelines, and tools that support and lead up to the actual programming of the system. SA&D includes soft skills as interviewing and talking to users as well as such hard (more technical) skills as detailing specifications and designing solutions. Many of the technical skills are associated with creating models that capture specifications or define solutions.
A patched up prototype is likely to be
Inefficient
Requirements elicitation
Interviewing, observation and JAD are approaches
Functional Decomposition Diagram
Is a graphical representation of business functions that starts with major functions, and then breaks them down into several levels of detail.
User Interface
Is a vital element in the systems design phase.
User Interface Design
Is the first task in the systems design phase.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Is the writing of statements in a programming language to define what each type of object does
Physical DFD
It depicts how the current system operates and how a system will be implemented
Decision Tables
It is a matrix containing row or columns for defining a problem and the actions.
Structured Analysis
It is a systematic approach, which uses graphical tools that analyze and refine the objectives of an existing system and develop a new system specification which can be easily understandable by user.
Data Flow Diagram
It is a technique develop by Larry Constantine to express the requirements of system in a graphical form.
Data Flow Diagram
It is an initial stage of design phase that functionally divides the requirement specification down to the lowest level of detail.
Physical DFD
It is implementation dependent. It shows which functions are performed.
Logical DFD
It is implementation independent. It focuses only on the flow of data between processes
Action Stub
It is in the lower left quadrant which outlines all the action to be carried out to meet such condition
Condition Stub
It is in the upper left quadrant which lists all the condition to be checked
Condition Entry
It is in upper right quadrant which provides answers to questions asked in condition stub quadrant.
Pseudocode
It may specify physical programming logic without actual coding during and after the physical design.
Logical DFD
It shows how business operates; now how the system can be implemented
Data Flow Diagram
It shows the flow of data between various functions of system and specifies how the current systems is implemented
In describing data structure, braces { } are used to indicate:
Iteration
True
KPI provides a way to measure to the performance of solutions alignment to stakeholder needs
Projects
Large-scale, customized initiatives that consist of many smaller tasks and activities that must be coordinated and completed to finish on time and within budget
Access Control
Limitation on who can access what data
Provider-routed services
Limited number of predefined pathways through the service system that customers can follow
Running a section of code over and over again until some conditions is met is an example of a:
Loop
Standard or make-to-stock
Made according to a fixed design, and the customer has no options from which to choose
MRP
Material Requirements Planning. subset of ERP
International Business Machine
Meaning of the acronym IBM.
Process specifications are sometimes called __________ , because they are a small portion of the total project specifications
Minispecs
A technique for prioritizing requirements
MoSCoW
Which is not one of three main advantages of a decision tree over a decision table?
More correct as a communication tool
Association
Naturally occurring relationship between two specific things such as an Order which is placed by a Customer (2-way = Association)
Value chain
Network of processes
Object-Oriented Process
OOApp. conceptually has no process or programs (there are no data entities or files). The system consists of Objects (Better than structured because it's scale able, in a sense in no matter what you want done, gets done)
Subclasses
Objects within a class which are more specific
Temporal Events
Occur as a result of reaching some point in time
External Events
Occur outside of the system and are usually initiated by an actor
State Event
Occurs when something happens inside of the system that triggers some process or the need of processing
Customer-routed services
Offer customers extensive freedom to select the pathways that are best suited for themselves Customer's immediate needs and wants from pathways through the service delivery system
Context-sensitive Help
Offers assistance for the task in progress.
Leave room for elaboration
Open ended questions
the fraud triangle
Opportunity, Rationalization, pressure
Flow shop / Assembly line
Organized around a fixed sequence of activities and process steps, such as an assembly line Assembly line Produce a limited variety of similar goods or services
Job shop / Work center
Organized around particular types of general-purpose equipment that are flexible and capable of customizing work for individual customers
Unlike the decision tree used in management science, what doesn't the analyst's tree contain
Outcomes
Business Profile
Overview of a company's mission, function, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.
Which kind of prototyping is most similar to what engineers call "bread boarding"?
Patched up prototype
SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) Phases
Phase 1: Planning Phase 2: Analysis Phase 3: Design Phase 4: Implementation Phase 5: Support and Security
No answers are correct (structured walkthroughs, radical methods, benchmarking)
Piggy baking off other ideas is a rule used in which technique
Server Virtualization
Portioning server into smaller parts that are independent of each other
What are the benefits of iterative development?
Portions of the system can sometimes be deployed sooner. If there are core functions that provide basic support for users, these can be deployed in an early iteration. By taking a small portion and developing it first, the most difficult problems can be identified and addressed early in the project. Many of today's systems are so large and complex that even with a formal process it is impossible to remember and understand everything. By focusing on only a small portion at a time, the requirements are fewer and easier to solve. Developing a system in iterations makes the entire development process more flexible and able to address new requirements and issues that come up throughout the project.
Predefined Values
Prevents spelling errors, avoid inappropriate data in a field, and make the user's job easier.
What is the Systems Development Life Cycle?
Process of creating and maintaining information systems
Circle
Process transforming data flow
Custom or make-to-order
Produced and delivered as one-of-a-kind or in small quantities, Designed to meet specific customers' specifications
Software
Programs that control the hardware and produce the desired information or results
What happens in the planning phase?
Project initiation- prepare system request (brief summary of business need and address how that need will be of value to the business), and perform feasibility analysis (technical, orgizational, and economic) Set up project..
1. Before any project kicks of the ground the Planning phase in the BA, SDLC and PM all must coincide with one another before moving forward. When developing a new software product the PM would need to work with the BA, and BA in turn with the Software Dev team to ensure that everyone was on the same page. 2. Requirements Analysis, Monitoring and Control and the Analysis and Design phase of the SDLC will all need to be in communication to confirm that the requirements are accurate, are within budget and feasible, prior to being implemented.
Provide 2 Examples of how the three life cycles: BA, SDLC, and PM are independent
Interface Technology
Provides the operational structure required to carry out the design objectives.
Which of these is not a way users can be expected to help in prototyping?
Providing the necessary technical expertise for interfacing with the database
What are pseudo-code and structured English?
Pseudo-code uses the syntax from a language in abbreviated form for easy translation into the target language. Structured English is a computer-language independent description of a process using only simple verbs and terms from the dictionary; no adjectives or adverbs are used.
Information Technology
Refers to the combination of hardware, software, & services that people use to manage, communicate, & share information.
Object
Represents a real person, place, event, or transaction
Who is business oriented
Requirements and business analysts
Traceable, prioritized and validated
Requirements should be:
Feasibility Study
Reviews anticipated costs and benefits
Asking the 5 Whys
Root Cause Analysis helps identify the cause of a problem by:
In a decision table, contradictions occur when:
Rules suggest different actions but satisfy the same conditions
system development life cycle
SDLC. A (project management) framework that identifies all the activities required to research, build, deploy, and often maintain an information system.
SO
Sales Order
Detailed Work Schedule
Schedules the work within the iterations
In the agile approach, ______________ is determined by listening to customers and getting them to write down their stories
Scope
Process-control
Screens that allowed the user to send commands to the system.
Which prototype include only some, but not all, of the components of the final system?
Selected Features Prototype
Which of these is a potential disadvantage of prototyping?
Shapes systems before problem is thoroughly understood
Consumer Products
Simple aqnd natual for the general population.
Square
Source or destination of data
Technical Enivornment
Special Hardware, software, and network requirements imposed by business requirements
Business Process
Specific set of transactions, events, and results that can be described and documented
Task
Specific unit of work required to create an output
Symbols used in DFD
Square, Arrow, Circle, Open Rectangle
Human-Computer Interface
Started in the 1980s with users typing complex commands in green text on a black screen.
Systems Analysis and Design
Step-by-step process for developing high quality information systems.
In agile development ___________ are derived by spoken interaction between developers and users, not on written communication
Stories
How the system is constructed
Structural rules are created by:
System Development Methods
Structured Analysis Object-Oriented Analysis Agile Methods
Most responsible for analysis and design of system software
System Analyst is a role that is:
Horizontal System
System adaptable for many different types of businesses
Vertical System
System design for a specific business or industry
Role of a Systems Analyst
Systems Analysis & Design is about providing the tools and techniques to the developer so they can understand the (business) need, capture the vision, define a solution, communicate the vision and the solution, build the solution and direct others in building the solution, confirm that the solution meets the need, and launch the solution application
SDLC
Systems Development Life Cycle
Processes
Tasks and business functions perform to achieve specific results
Methods
Tasks, or functions that the object performs when it receives a message/command
Which of the following is not one of the four values of agile modeling?
Technical Skill
Input Masks
Templates or patterns that make it easier for users to enter data.
Server-based architectures
Terminal to Server Computer (Handles presentation logic, application logic, data access logic, and data storage) (Earliest approach, not out of data (still viable), green computing solution (how to use less energy), no way to get malware)
An association to grow the field of Business Analysis
The IIBA is:
Excluded events, Trigger Descriptions, Inputs & outputs (ans: Excluded events)
The Use Case includes all except for:
User-centered Sytem
The distinction blurs between input, output and the interface itself.
An association between two use cases where one adds new functionality or conditional logic to the other
The extends relationship shows:
Portability
The extent to which the system will need to operate in other environments
Systems Integration
The extent to which the system will operate with other systems
Swim Lane
The flow of work and responsibilities is best understood using which technique?
Common functionality that other use cases require
The includes relationship shows
Legal Requirements
The laws and regulations that impose requirements on the system
the lowest level
The primitive level of a DFD is:
Movement of data between processes
The purpose of Data Flow Diagram is to provide a picture of the:
Analysis
The second phase of the SDLC where system requirements are studied and structured
Application Architecture
The set of information systems the organizations needs to support its strategic plan
Capacity
The total and peak number of users and the volume of data expected
Compliance
The user has the right to a system that performs exactly as promised.
Feedback
The user has the right to a system that provides clear, understandable, and accurate information regarding the task it is performing and the progress toward completion.
Control
The user has the right to be in control of the system and be able to get the system to respond to a request for attention.
Dependencies
The user has the right to be informed clearly all the systems requirements for successfully using software or hardware.
Assistance
The user has the right to communicate with the technology provider and receive a thoughtful and helpful response when raising concerns.
Instruction
The user has the right to easy-to-use instructions (user guides, online or contextual help, and error messages) for understanding and utilizing a system to achieve desired goals and recover efficiently and gracefully from problem situations.
Installation
The user has the right to install and uninstall software and hardware systems easily without negative consequences.
Scope
The user has the right to know the limits of the system's capabilities.
Perspective
The user is always right. If there is a problem with the use of the system, the system is the problem, not the user.
Usability
The user should be the master of software and hardware technology, not vice versa. Products should be natural and intuitive to use.
6 Core Processes of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
There are 6 core processes required in the development of any application 1. Identify the Problem and Obtain Approval 2. Plan and Monitor the Project 3. Discover & Understand the Details of the Problem 4. Design the System 5. Build, Test, and Integrate System Components 6. Complete System Tests then Deploy
systems design
Those system development activities that enable a person to describe in detail how the resulting information system will actually be implemented. Describes HOW the system will actually work.
systems analysis
Those system development activities that enable a person to understand and specify what the new system should accomplish. Describes in detail WHAT a system must do to satisfy the need or solve the problem.
Which of the following is not a problem when creating decision tables?
Too many conditions
Which of the following is not one of the main problems that can occur in developing decision tables?
Too many conditions
TP Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
Move from current to future state
Transition Requirements are what must be in place to:
Requirements gathering techniques process is used to
Uncover all requirements (those uncovered late int eh process are more difficult to incorporate). Also, to build support and trust among users.
PATHWAY
Unique route through a service system
True
Use Case Diagrams can illustrate non-function requirements
In order to use structured english, which convention is not advisable?
Use a blank line to separate sets of statements with different purposes
Use Case Driven
Use cases define the behavior of a system: How the user interacts with the system to perform some activity -Each use case focuses on one business process
Usability Metrics
Using software that can record and measure user interaction with the system.
VALUE STREAM
Value- added activities involved in designing, producing, and delivering goods and services to customers
Systems Analyst
Valued member of the IT department team who helps plan, develop, and maintain information systems
Association relationship
What links the actor to the use case
JAD
When looking for a breadth of information with high user involvement which technique is best selected?
False
When requirements are MoSCoW'ed, all the requirement categorized as a "S" will definitely get built into the final project solution
Project Iteration Schedule
When the Use Cases are divided up and tentatively assigned to the iterations
BOTTLENECK
Work activity that effectively limits the throughput of an entire process
Tangible benefit
a benefit that can be measured in dollars
intangible benefit
a benefit that cannot be easily measured in dollars or with certainty
Form filling
a blank form that duplicates or resembles the source document is completed on the screen. The user enters the data and then moves to the next field.
Use cases
a case or situation where the system is used. (verb: Look up supplier)
Computer application
a computer software program that executes on a computing device to carry out a specific function or set of related functions.
project management
a controlled process of initiating, planning, executing, and closing down a project
Tangible cost
a cost associated with an information system that can be measured in dollars and with certainty
one time cost
a cost associated with project start up and development
intangible cost
a cost that can not be measured in dollars
Network Diagram
a diagram that depicts project tasks and interrelationship
Project Scope Statement
a document prepared that describes what the project will deliver and outlines the high level of work
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
a graphical depiction of data process, data flows, and data stores in a business system
Class
a group of similar objects
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
a language that provides a standardized set of tools to document the object-oriented analysis and design of a software system
Asynchronous message
a message in which the sender does not have to wait for the recipient to handle the message
Simple message
a message that transfers control from the sender to the recipient without describing the details of the communication
Ajax
a method using JavaScript and XML to dynamically change Web pages without displaying a new page by obtaining small amounts of data from the server
DFD
a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the process and data stores within the system
Technical feasibility
a process of assessing the development organizations ability to construct a proposed system
Use Case
a sequence of transactions in a system; the purpose is to produce something of value to an actor in the system
Physical design
a set of blueprints for the actual construction of a building
Systems development process or Methodology
a set of comprehensive guidelines for carrying out all of the activities of each core process of the SDLC
Technology Architecture
a set of computing hardware, network hardware and topology, and system software employed by an organization
Software Engineering
a software development process that stresses solid design, accurate documentation, and careful testing
Instance
a specific member of a class
Feasibility
a study that determines if the proposed info system makes sense for the organization from economic and operational standpoint
Evaluation model
a technique that uses a common yardstick to measure and compare vendor ratings
Synchronous message
a type of message in which the caller has to wait for the receiving object to finish executing the called operation before it can resume execution itself
Engineering Drawing
a visual representation of the product and it's components.
Data stores are used to store:
all base elements and some derived elements
In designing a GUI screen, a default value of a data element can be displayed on:
all of the above (drop down lists, radio buttons, check boxes)
When drawing the decision tree, systems analysts do not have to identify:
all outcomes
Database management system
all tables are connected through common fields and are a collection of tools, features, and interfaces that enable users to add, update manage, access, and analyze the contents of a set of data.
Scalability
also called extensibility refers a system's ability to expand, change, or downsize easily to meet the changing needs of a business enterprise
Income Statement
also known as a profit and loss statement. it is a record of revenue and expenses for a specific period of time.
Purchase Order (PO)
an agreement to purchase the stated material, for the stated price, under the stated terms.
Iterative Development
an approach to system development in which the system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple mini-projects called iterations
Prototyping
an early working version of a proposed information system
FURPS+
an extension of FURPS that includes design consrtaints as well as implementation, system interface, physical, and support ability requirements
Subsystem
an identifiable and fully functional part of a complete system
Context Diagram
an overview of an organizational system that
Input masks
are templates or patterns that restrict data entry and prevent errors.
Physical Design
aspect of Design in SDLC in which logical specification of the system from logical design is transformed into technology-specific details
CASE tools
automate many systems development tasks. allow more than one person to work on the same system at the same time via a multiuser interface.
Invoice
bill for product
Custom way to acquire a system
build from scratch/in-house; Allows flexibility and creativity, consistent with existing tech and standards, builds tech skills and functional knowledge in-house; Requires significant time and effort, may exacerbate existing backlogs, may require missing skills, often costs more, often takes more calendar time, risk of project failure
BPR
business process re engineering, drove processes that brought new systems. databases were created.
Star network
central networking device called a switch, which manages the network and acts as a communications conduit for all network traffic. Hubs connect star netowrks
Attributes
characteristics that describe the object
Storage Virtualization
combining multiple storage devices to work as one
why start a systems development project?
competitive advantage.
which of the following is not one of the four basic structures used to code
computation
Baseline Project Plan
contains estimates of a projects scope, benefits, costs, risks, and resource requirements
Software requirements document/specification
contains the requirements for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management.
Requirements determination purpose
convert high level business requirements (from the system request) into detailed requirements that can be used as inputs for creating models
make to stock
creating an inventory stock to be used when customer orders come in.
Virtualization
creation of virtual item or device such as a server or storage device
Batch input
data entry usually performed on a specific time schedule
What is one of the main methods available for an analyst to use when analyzing data-oriented systems?
data flow diagrams (DFDs)
Data Store
data that are at rest in a system; depicted using an open-ended rectangle in data flow diagrams
What is context?
defines a setting or environment
Sequence diagram
depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time
User interface
describes how users interact with a computer system, and consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output, and features that affect 2 way communications between the user and computer.
Payback analysis
determines how long it takes an information system to pay for itself through reduced costs and increased profits
system development challenges
difficulty of requirements determination. changes in requirements. scheduling & budgeting difficulties. changing technology. diseconomies of scale: brooke's law = adding more people to a late project makes the project later.
Which of the following is not a basic activity of agile development?
documenting
Sequence diagram
dynamic model of a use case, showing the interaction among classes during a specified time period.
software engineering
employs computer-aided software engineering (CASE).
relationships
enable objects to communicate and interact as they perform business functions and transactions required by the system.
Inheritance
enables a "child" to derive one or more of its attributes from another one called a "parent"
Platform
ensures connectivity and easy integration of future systems, including in-house software and commercial packages.
What is completeness checking?
ensures that all data flows and entities are included
What is consistency checking?
ensures that only expected data flows and entities are included and that they are in the correct locations in the diagram set
Cloud Computing
everything from computing power to structure can be delivered as a service where ever you need it (Resources allocated can be adjusted as needed, Can obtain resources in a straightforward way, services are standardized, Enables customers to pay for only things they will use - pay as you go)
Maintenance
final phase of the SDLC in which an info system is systematically repaired and improved
Gantt Chart
graphical representation of a project that shows each task as a horizontal bar whose length is proportional to its time for completion
Information Technology
hardware, software, and services that people use to manage information.
Data frames
hub broadcasts network to all connected devices.
Bill of Materials (BOM)
identifies all the materials of parts needed to make one unit of a finished product. It is based on the design of the product.
economic feasibility
identifying the financial benefits and costs
Event
in business process modeling, a trigger that initiates the start of a process
Activity
in business process modeling, an action that must take place for a process to be completed
Who is technically oriented
infrastructure analysts
What is the type of the data flow that contains data that are used between processes called?
internal
steps for the iterative approach using prototypes
investigate, analyze, & define the problem. build the initial version or prototype of the system. put the prototype into operation. refine & modify the prototype.
Structured Analysis
is a development method that allows the analyst to understand the system and its activities in a logical way
Decision Trees
is a diagram that shows alternative actions and conditions within horizontal tree framework. It is a method for defining complex relationships by describing decisions and avoiding the problems in communication
What is an external entity?
is a person, place, or thing wIth whIch the application interacts.
Entity
is a person, place, thing, or event for which data is collected and maintained.
Data Dictionary
is a structured repository of data elements in the system. It stores the descriptions of all DFD data elements that is, details and definitions of data flows, data stores, data stored in data stores, and the processes
a derived data element is one that:
is created by processes as a result of calculations or a series of decision-making statements
What is a data flow?
is data or information that is in transit
Structured English
is derived from structured programming language which gives more understandable and precise description of a process
System Vision Document
is developed to identify the benefits to the company and the functional capabilities that will be included in the system.
Which of the following is not an example of a keyword for structured english
is like
In describing the data type of the value of a data element, a VARCHAR data type:
is used for data that can contain any number of characters (up to the database limit)
Context Diagram
it helps in understanding the entire system by one DFD which gives the overview of a system.
Action Entry
it is in lower right quadrant which indicates the appropriate action resulting from the answers to the conditions in the condition entry quadrant.
systems investigation & analysis
looks at the existing system & determines if it can & should be improved - feasibility. -operational. -economic (tangible v. intangible). -technical. -human factors. -legal/political.
maintenance & review
makes sure that the new or modified system is operating as intended.
System Software
manages the hardware compnents
Benchmark
measures the time a package takes to process a certain number of transactions.
Black box
message that triggers changes within the object without specifying how the changes must be carried out.
SDLC
methodology used to develop, maintain and replace info system
Systems that require constant updating and technical design are prone to which kind of error?
miscommunication
systems design & implementation
modifying an existing system or developing a new one.
TVM
money available today is worth more than the same amount tomorrow
accounts payable (AP)
money owed by a company to its creditors.
accounts receivable (AR)
money owed to a company by its debtors.
the Panama Papers
people committing tax fraud by moving money to panama. (newspapers worked together to catch it)
Stakeholders
person who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system.
What is the system development life cycle? (SDLC) (AKA How does a system get built)
planning, analyzing, designing, and implementing
How do we prevent fraud in a system
prevent opportunity, separation of duty
what is the purpose of separation (segregation) of duty?
primary purpose is to prevent fraud and promptly detect errors and irregularities
Project Management
process of planning, scheduling, monitoring, controlling, and reporting upon the development of an information system.
make to order
producing goods in response to direct customer orders
applications
programs that handle the input, manage the processing logic, and provide the required output.
Application Software
programs that support day-to-day business functions and provide users with information
Who are people oriented?
project management, and chain management analyst
System
related components that produces specific results
Functional
relates to data, a function, process or behavior
Non-functional
relates to performance or usability
Flowchart
represents logical rules and interaction graphically, using a series of symbols connected by arrows.
Activity diagram
resembles a horizontal flowchart that shows the actions and events as they occur, and show the order in which the actions take place and identify outcomes.
State transition diagram
shows how an object changes from one state to another, depending on events that affect the object.
gantt chart
shows progress through systems development activities by putting a bar through appropriate cells.
Business case
shows tangible and intangible economic benefits and costs and then feasibility
Activity Diagram
shows the conditional logic for the sequence of system activities needed to accomplish a business process
Class diagram
shows the object classes and relationships involved in a use case
Enterprise resource planning
specific architecture, including standards for data, processing, network, and user interface design.
Customization
specification of what aspects of the system can be changed by local users
Who are the generalists
system analysts
What is structured decomposition?
technique is a mechanism for coping with application complexity through the principal of 'divide and conquer
slack time
the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project
risk management
the approach that actively involves constant attention to 3 interactive risks: risk identification, risk assessment, and risk control
What is scope?
the boundaries of the project: what is in the project and what is outside of the project.
Balancing
the conservation of inputs and outputs to a DFD process when that process is decomposed to a lower level
Recurring costs
the cost resulting from the ongoing evolution
prototyping
the creation of a preliminary model or version of a major subsystem.
present value
the current value of future cash flows
Child Diagram
the diagram that results form exploding the process on Diagram 0
User-centered system
the distinction blurs between input, output, and the interface itself.
Level 0 Diagram
the explosion of a context-level data flow diagram that shows form three to nine major processes, important data flows, and data stores of the system under study
DFD completeness
the extent to which all necessary components of a DFD have been included and fully described
DFD consistency
the extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nest DFDs is also included in other levels
Availability & Reliability
the extent to which the system will be available to the users and the permissible failure rate due to errors
Multilingual
the language in which the system will need to operate
primitive DFD
the lowest level of decomposition
Context-Level Data Flow Diagram
the most basic data flow diagram of an organization showing how processes transform incoming data into outgoing information
Object Classes
the nouns that describe categories of things
Systems analyst
the organizational role most responsible for the analysis and design of info system
Planning
the priorities, detailed steps, work plan for project
Application development
the process of constructing the programs code modules that serve as the building blocks of the information system.
Work breakdown structure
the process of dividing the project into manageable tasks and logically ordering them to ensure a smooth evolution between tasks
What is partitioning, and how is it used?
the process of examining a data flow diagram and determining how it should be divided into collections of manual procedures and collections of computer programs
Data entry
the process of manually entering data into the information system, usually in the form of keystrokes
What is project manageement
the process of planning and controlling system development within a specified time at a minimum cost with the right functionality
When doing pair programming, which person(s) chooses a partner programmer?
the programmers
Discount rate
the rate of return used to compute PV
Polymorphism
the same message can have different meanings
Critical path
the shortest time in which a project can be completed
Data mining
the software looks for meaningful data patterns and relationships. Ex: data mining software could help a consumer products firm identify potential customers based on their prior purchases
Design
the third phase of the SDLC in which the description of the recommended solution is converted into logical and then physical specfications
Activation
the time period during which an object performs an operation
Speed
the time within which the system must perform its functions
Balance Sheet
this shows what the company owns (assets), what it owes to others (liabilities), and how much many shareholders have invested in the company (equity)
Systems Design
those system development activities that enable a person to describe in detail how the resulting information system will actually be implemented.
Systems Analysis
those system development activities that enable a person to understand and specify what the new system should accomplish
What are the trade-offs involved in deciding how far data streams should be exploded?
time may be wasted and understandability sacrificed if data flow diagrams are overly complex. On the other hand, if the data flow diagrams are unexploded, errors of omission could occur.
System design
to build a system a system that satisfies business reuirements.
3 tier architecture
top is client (GUI, Presentation layer middle is business logic (application) bottom is Information (Data)
System architecture
translates the logical design of an information system into a physical structure
Dynamic Binding
type of object is not determined until run time
systems delevopment process
typically called a systems development life cycle (SDLC).
systems development lifecycle (SDLC)
understand the business problem or opportunity. develop an information system solution. implement the information system solution.
Which is structured English not based on?
unstructured logic
which is the correct choice?
use decision trees when the sequence of conditions and actions is critical
How can an event table be used to create a data flow diagram?
used to create a data flow diagram by analyzing each event and the data used and produced by the event every row in an event table represents a unique activity and is used to create one process on the data flow diagram.
When are transaction files required in a system's design?
used to link any processes that do not execute at the same time but share the same data
Graphical user interface
uses icons, graphical, objects, and pointing devices.
User application
utilizes standard business software, such as Microsoft
A goal of producing process specifications is to
validate the system design, including data flow diagrams and the data dictionary
Case diagram
visual summary of several related cases within a system or subsystem
information is created when
we add context to data
What is structured analysis?
we emphasize processes and the flows of data into and out of those processes in structured analysis.
packing list
what goes in the box and leave with the product
picking list
what the warehouse has in stock
Sales Order (SO)
when a company receives the customer's Purchase Order (PO), it creates an internal document called a sales order.
logical design
when all functional features of the system chosen for development in analysis are described independently of any computer platform
silo
when you focus so narrowly on the specific task that you lose sight of the big picture or the larger process.
Request for quotation RFQ
when you know what product or service you want and you need to obtain price quotations and bids
Unified Modeling Language
widely used method of visualizing and documenting an information system
1st thing to do when setting up an ERP system
you must have a general ledger so START with a charter of accounts
