Systems Design & Analysis: Chapter 7(X&L)4

Older Systems

"Legacy Systems"

Types of Events

- External Events -

Types of Events

- External Events - Temporal Events - State Event

6 Core Processes (IPDDBComplete)

- Identify the problem/obtain approval - plan and monitor the project - discover/understand details (Systems Analysis) - design system components - Build, test, and integrate system components - Compete system tests and deploy the solution

Advantages of Object-Oriented Methods

- More efficient, you can build as you go, faster, need it for more complex things - OOD Process is model and use case driven - Is better than structured because it's scaleable and in a sense in no matter what you want done, gets done

4 main feasibility points

- Operational ( Effective use) - Technical (Hardware, Software, Technical know how) - Economic (Cost vs Reward) - Time to Launch

Internal Factors that Affect systems projects

- Strategic planning - Top Managers - User Requests - IT Department - Existing systems and data

External Factors that Affect Systems Projects

- Technology - Suppliers - Customers - Competitors - Economy - Government

Preliminary Investigation Steps

- Understand the problem and opportunity - Define the project scope and constraints - Perform fact-finding - Study usability, cost, benefit, and schedule data - Evaluate feasibility (using the four main points) - Present results and recommendations to management

Characteristics of a jelled team

- Very low turnover rate -Strong sense of identity -A feeling of eliteness

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

-Address both weaknesses of structure design methodologies (Complete specification and time lapses) by adjusting the SDLC phases to get some part of the system developed quickly and into the hands of the users -As a user better understands the information technology (IT), the systems requirements tend to expand

Package way to acquire a system

-Available for many common business needs; tested and proven; cost and time savings; Rarely a perfect fit with business needs; May allow for customization, may require workarounds; Systems Integration

Good Questionnaire Design

-Begin with non-threatening and interesting questions -Group items into logically coherent sections -Do not crowd a page with to many items -Avoid abbreviations -Pretest to identify confusing questions -Provide anonymity to respondents

How to create a requirements definition

-Determine the types of functional and non functional requirements applicable to the project -Requirements that meet a need but are not within the current scope can be added to a list of future enhancements

What does the SDLC require?

-Establishes systems goals -Setting up the project -Determining requirements -Business knowledge and management skill

Agile Development

-Few rules and practices that focus on the working conditions of the developers -Accommodate changing requirements -Based on short cycles and sprints - eliminates modeling and documentation overhead and time -Require co location of the development team -can evolve into a prototyping approach "programmers gone wild" -Lack of audibility -Hard to deliver large mission critical systems

Architecture centric

-Function (external) view: focuses on the users perspective -Static (structural) view: focuses on attributes methods, classes and relationships -Dynamic (behavioral) view: focuses on messages passes among objects and state changes within an object

Describe the fundamental components of an information system

-Hardware: Client Computers, Servers, Network -Software

Techniques used for requirements gathering

-Interviews (most popular technique) -Joint Application (JAD) -Questionnaires -Document analysis -Observation

Cultural/Political requirements

-Multilingual -Customization -Making Unstated Norms Explicit -Legal Requirements

Project Selection

-Projects are approved, declined, or delayed based on value added vs. risks

Strategies for problem analysis

-Root cause analysis -Duration analysis -Activity-based costing Same as duration analysis but applied to costs -Informal bench marking Analyzes similar processes in other successful organizations -Outcome analysis What does the customer want in the end? -Technology analysis Apply new technologies to business processes and identify benefits -Activity elimination Eliminate each activity in a business process in a "force-fit" exercise

Client-server architectures have four important benefits:

-Scalable -Can support different types of clients and servers through middleware -The presentation logic, the application logic, and the data processing logic can be independent -If a server fails, only the application requiring that server are affected

Primary Drivers of Systems Development

-Scope -Time -Cost

Performance requirements

-Speed -Capacity -Availability and Reliability

Security requirements

-System Value Estimates -Access Control -Encryption and Authentication -Virus Control

Skills Needed for an Analyst

-Technical -business -Analytical -Communications -Interpersonal -Ethics

Operational requirements

-Technical Environment Requirements -Systems Integration -Portability -Maintainability

When is SCRUM good

-Unclear user requirements -Unfamiliar technology -Complexity -Need for reliability -Short time schedule

Iterative and Incremental

-Undergoes testing and refinement -The analyst understands the system better over time

Characteristics of OOAD

-Use case driven -Architecture Centric -Iterative and incremental

Observation Technique

-Users/managers often don't remember everything they do -Checks validity of information gathered in other ways -Behaviors may change when people are watched -Be careful not to ignore periodic activities

Client-server architectures

-balances the processing between the clients and the servers, usually client is charged with the presentation logic & access logic -Client devices (handle presentation logic and handle application logic) to Server (handle data access logic and handles data storage)

What are the four data items that can be symbolized on a data flow diagram?

1. A double square for an external entity—a source or destination of data 2. An arrow for movement of data from one point to another 3. A rectangle with rounded corners for the occurrence of transforming process 4. An open-ended rectangle for a data store

Elements of Use Case Diagrams

1. Actors -External entities that interact with your system (persons, systems, or other organizations) 2.Associations -lines to connect actors and use-cases (interactions, inclusions, extensions, or generalizations) 3. Use case -A major process in the system that gives a benefit to the users 4.Subject boundary -A named box that depicts the scope of the system 5. Include Relationship -Represents the inclusion of the functionality of one use case within another (mandatory) 6.Extend Relationship -Represents the extension of the use case to include optional behavior

Problems in Requirements determination

1. Analyst may not have access to the correct users 2.Requirements specifications may be inadequate 3.Some requirements may not be known in the beginning 4.Verifying and validating requirements can be difficult

Problems in determining requirements: Problem analysis

1. Ask users to identify problems with the current system 2.Ask users how they would solve these problems 3.Good for improving efficiency or ease of use

order of processes

1. Customer Inquiry 2. Create a Quotation 3.Customer purchase order 4. Sales Order 5. prepare the shipment 6. send 7. customer invoice 8. receive payment

Activity Diagrams

1. Develop these from the use-cases -These model the business processes or how a business operates -Used to illustrate the movement of objects (data) between activities

Agile Development Methodologies

1. Extreme Programming -Founded on four core values: communication, simplicity, feedback, and courage (quality first and personal development mentality -Not suitable for large projects or non jelled teams -Difficult to include outsiders -Lack of analysis and design documentation raises issues in complex projects 2.Scrum -Teams are self organized and self directed -No designated team leader -Once a spring has begun, they do not consider any additional requirements

What are the four advantages of using a data flow approach over narrative explanations of data movement?

1. Freedom from committing to the technical implementation of the system too early 2. Further understanding of the interrelationships of systems and subsystems 3. Communicating current system knowledge to users through data flow diagrams 4. Analysis of the proposed system to determine if all the data and processes have been defined

RAD Methodologies

1. Phased -Breaks an overall system into a series of versions that are developed sequentially. The most important and fundamental requirements are bundled into the first version of the system. -Have the advantage of quickly getting a useful system into the hands of the users -Major drawback is that users begin to work with systems that are intentionally incomplete 2.Prototyping -Performs the analysis, design, and implementation phases concurrently -Quick and dirty system with minimal features that users can interact with -Fundamental issues and problems are not recognized until well into the development process

What is BP and Functional Modeling

1. Process of turning the requirements into functional models -Model is a representation of reality -Functional Models are logical (independent of how they are implemented manual or computerized) -Develop use cases from the requirements -Includes a diagram and a description to depict the discrete activities that the users perform -A use care represents a function or an action within the system -The subject (of a use care) is the system under analysis or design to which a set of use cases apply (business or company, software system, physical system or device, or a smaller subsystem having some behavior)

Guidelines for Activity Diagrams

1. Set the scope of the activity being modeled 2. Identify the activities; connect them with flows 3.Identify any decisions that must be made 4.Identify potential parallelism in the process 5.Draw the activity diagram

The SDLC Process

1. The process consists of four phases 2.Each phase consists of a series of steps 3.Each phase is documented (deliverables) 4.Phases are executed sequentially, incrementally, iteratively, or in some other pattern

Implementation Phase Steps

1.Construct the system -Build it (write the programming code) -Test it 2.Install system -Train the users 3.Support the system (maintenance)

Design Phase Steps

1.Develop a design strategy 2.Design architecture and interfaces 3.Develop databases and file specifications 4.Develop the program design to specify: -What programs to write -What each program will do

Analysis Phase Steps

1.Develop an analysis strategy -Model the current system -Formulate the new system 2.Gather the requirements -Develop a system concept -Create a business model to represent business data and business processes 3.Develop a system proposal

Four Phases of SDLC

1.Planning -Why should we build this system -What value does it provide? -How long will this take? 2.Analysis -Who will use it? -What should the system do for us? -Where and when will it be used? 3.Design -How should we build it? 4.Implementation

Planning Phase Steps

1.Project Initiation -Develop/receive a system request -Conduct a feasibility analysis 2.Project Management -Develop the work plan -Staff the project -Monitor and control project

Identifying Major Use-Cases

1.Review the requirements definition 2.Identify the subjects boundaries 3.Identify the primary actors and their goals 4.Identify the business processes and major use cases

Major components of feasibility

1.Technical (can we build it?) 2.Economic (should we build it?) 3.Organizational (will they use it?)

Structured Development

1.Waterfall -Identifies system requirements long before programming begins -Minimizes changes to the requirements as the project proceed -Design must be completely specified before programming begins 2.Parallel -Attempts to address the problem of long delays between the analysis phase and the delivery of the system -Divides the project int a series of distinct sub projects that can be designed and implemented in parallel -It can reduce the time to deliver a system -Sometimes the sub projects are not completely independent

Implementation

4th phase in which info system is coded, tested installed, and supported in the organization

Which of the following is a core practice of the agile approach?

A 40-hour work week

Software development, Business knowledge, interpersonal skills (All Competencies listed are required)

A Business Analysis competencies include:

Higher-level statements of goals and metrics used to measure success

A Business Requirement

All answers are correct, (Communicate to the user the difference between current and future state, Compare "as i' with 'to be', prioritize work)

A Gap Analysis is used to:

Environmental conditions the system must include (i.e.: capacity, speed, security, up-time)

A Non-functional requirement is the:

Main functions of the system and the different kinds of users who will interact within

A Use Case Diagram shows

Data source

A User or an Actor is an example of a DFD:

Both answers are correct: (The number of data flows between external sources/sinks does not change from one level to the next, The number of external sources and sinks do not change from one level to the next)

A balanced DFD means that

Gantt Chart

A bar chart that portrays the schedule by the length of horizontal bars superimposed on a calendar

use case

A case or situation where the system is used.

Pert Chart

A chart that shows if a group is staying on time in terms of deliverables

computer application/app

A computer software program that executes on a computing device to carry out a specific function or set of related functions.

A model illustrating people, places or things about data and how it is related to each other

A data model is a:

False

A data store can provide data to a sink

False

A data store can send data to another data store

System Requet

A document that describes the reasons for and the value added from building a new system contains: 1.Project Sponsor 2.Business Need 3.Business requirements 4.Business value 5.Special issues

Whats a methodology and categories of it

A formalized approach to implementing the SDLC -Process oriented -Data Centered -Object-oriented (Balance between process and data) -Structured -Rapid Action Development (RAD) -Agile Development

System Development Life Cycle SDLC

A framework that identifies all the activities required to research, build, deploy, and often maintain an information system.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A huge improvement because it used icons, graphical objects and pointing devices.

User Sciences & Experience Research (USER)

A lab that focuses on improving ease of use and exploring new ways of using computers.

Relationship

A line between two entities illustrates a:

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

A list of all the required individual activities and tasks for the project

False

A logical design is a technology-specific design

List three reasons for creating a logical data flow diagram.

A logically-oriented data flow diagram should be created for the following reasons: 1. Better communication with users. 2. More stable systems. 3.Increased understanding of the business by analysts.

What is the difference between a logical data flow diagram and a physical data flow diagram?

A logically-oriented data flow diagram shows how the business operates. A physically-oriented data flow diagram shows how the system will be implemented using technology and manual procedures

An attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance

A multivalued attribute is:

False

A open-ended question on a survey provides the easiest data to analyze

Optional many

A person who washes can wash cars has a relationship cardinality of:

Binary

A person who washes one and only one car is an example of a ____________ relationship degree:

Agile Development

A philosophy and set of guidelines for developing information systems in an unknown, rapidly changing environment, and it can be used with any system development methodology - Emphasizes on taking an adaptive approach and making it agile in all development activities and tasks

project

A planned undertaking that has a beginning and an end and produces some end result.

True

A process requires both inputs and outputs

Coupling

A qualitative measure of how closely the classes in a design class diagram are linked (Coupling is as the number of navigation arrows on the design class diagram) - Low coupling is usually better for a system because fewer navigation arrows indicate that a system is easier to understand and maintain

Cohesion

A qualitative measure of the focus/unity of purpose within a single class (Refers to the consistency of the functions with a single class) - Classes with low Cohesion are hard to maintain since they perform many different functions and thus tend to be overly sensitive to changes within the system

Dependency

A relationship between packages, classes or use cases in which a change in the independent item requires a change in the dependent item (1-way = Dependency)

Both are correct (Needed by stakeholder to solve a problem, or meet an objective, A solution to satisfy a contract, standard or specification).

A requirement

Critical Path

A sequence of tasks that can't be delayed without causing the entire project to be delayed

system development process/methodology

A set of comprehensive guidelines for carrying out all of the activities of each core process of the SDLC.

information system

A set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks. People included.

Information Systen

A set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks.

Entity Instance

A single occurrence of an entity is a called a:

Storyboard

A sketch that shows the general screen layout and design. Can be created with software or even drawn freehand.

False

A source can input data into a data store

Object

A thing in the computer system that is capable of responding to messages

Stereotypes

A way of categorizing a model element by its characteristics (indicated by guillemets << >>)

Resource Management

A way to ensure team members are contributing to the project goals - Quality Management - Time Management

False

Actors can occur within or outside of the system boundaries

True

Agile SDLCs are more flexible in responding to changing business than traditional SDLC's

PRODUCT-PROCESS MATRIX

Alignment of process choice with the characteristics of the manufactured good

Process logic may be represented as:

All of the above (structured english, a decision table, a decision tree)

Managing Construction

Alpha --> Beta --> Production --> Maintenance

Relationship between the instance of one entity type

An ER relationship that is unary means that there is a:

The standard modeling format for data modeling

An Entity-Relationship data model (E-R) is the:

IBM

An I.T. company that has been successful for over 100 years.

Agile Development

An Information System development process that emphasizes flexibility and rapid response to anticipate new changing requirements during development

Iterative Development

An approach to System Development in which the System is "grown" in an almost organic fashion. Core components are developed first and then additional components are added - It is called Iterative because the 6 core development processes are repeated over and over again to add additional functionality to the overall system - Iterations can be thought of as steps

iterative development

An approach to system development in which the system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple miniprojects called iterations.

Named characteristic of an entity

An attribute is the:

subsystem

An identifiable and fully functional part of a complete system.

agile development

An information system development process that emphasizes flexibility and rapid response to anticipate new and changing requirements during development.

Understanding how analysis and design fits with programming

Analysis and Design are the processes that support and lead up to the actual programming of the system

What is the system analysists role in developing IS?

Analyze the business situation Identify Opportunities for Improvment Design an IS to implement the improvements Another role is that they speak with a wide array of people (techies, business, others)

IT Department

Application Development Systems Support and Security User Support Database Administration Network Administration Web Support Quality Assurance

What are elementary components?

At the lowest level of the hierarchy are the elementary components which can no longer be sub

THROUGHPUT

Average number of entities completed per unit time (or output rate) from a process

Flow time or cycle time

Average time taken to complete one cycle of a process

Structured Approach

Bases the development of a System on logical structures and processes - Follows Top-Down Approach

Object-Oriented Approach

Bases the development of a system on the view that the system is a set of interactive objects that work together - Follows Bottom-Up Approach

Data

Basic facts that are the system's raw material

Process boundary

Beginning or end of a process

Event Decomposition Technique

Begins by identifying all the business events that will cause the information system to respond. Each event leads to a Use Case

BOMS

Bill of Materials

Which of these is not an advantage of prototyping

Buffers users against computer malfunctioning

Which of these is not a guideline for developing a prototype

Build the system slowly and carefully

BPM

Business Process Model

BPMN

Business Process Modeling Notation

B2B

Business to Business

B2C

Business to Consumer

tools for systems development

CASE tools. flowcharts. decision tables. project management: PERT, gantt charts, microsoft project.

___________ software, such as microsoft product or Peoplesoft may be used for prototyping?

COTS

the fraud diamond

Capability, Opportunity, Rationalization, pressure

The number of instances of entity B that can be associated with each instance of entity A

Cardinality is:

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

Characterization of product growth, maturity, and decline over time

CPO

Chief procurement officer

Client-based architectures

Client computer (Handles presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic) to Server Computer (Handles data storage) (Works well with lower number of users and lower amount of data, lots of data can overwhelm server and computer)

which of the following is included in a physical data structure?

Codes that identify the status of a master record

Which of the following can be used to communicate ideas that would otherwise remain fuzzy or unshaped?

Coding

What is cohesion?

Cohesion measures the internal strength of a process (this is also called intraprocess strength)

Information System

Combines technology, people, and data to provide support for business functions.

Enterprise Applications

Company wide applications

Application Software

Computer software designed to support organizational functions or processes

CASE Tools

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering

Components of a Decision Table

Condition stub, action stub, condition entry, action entry.

Option or assemble-to-order

Configurations of standard parts, subassemblies, or services that can be selected by customers from a limited set

SERVICE ENCOUNTER ACTIVITY SEQUENCE

Consists of all the process steps and associated service encounters that are necessary to Complete a service transaction Fulfill a customer's wants and needs

Virus Control

Controls the spread of viruses

What three duties specifically should not be mixed?

Create a purchase order, show a physical receipt, and pay an invoice

Continuous flow

Creates highly standardized goods or services, around the clock in very high volumes

Level-n

DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions from a process on a level-0 diagram

Level-0

DFD that represents a systems major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail

What is reference work of data about data compiled by systems analysts?

Data Dictionaries

Arrow

Data flow

Tools use in Structured Analysis

Data flow diagrams, Data dictionary, Decision trees, Decision tables, Structured english, Pesudocode

Open Rectangle

Data store

Information

Data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users.

Present the logic at the lowest level of a DFD

Decision matrix and structured english is used to

Object-Oriented Design (OOD)

Defines all the additional types of objects that are necessary to communicate with people and devices in the system - It shows how the objects interact to complete the task - It also refines the definition of each type of object so it can be implemented with a specific language or environment

Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)

Defines the objects that do the work and determines what user interactions (called Use Cases) are required to complete the task

Encryption & Authentication

Defines what data will be encrypted where and whether authentication will be needed for user access

Object Oriented analysis

Describes an information system by identifying things called objects.

Ergonomics

Describes how people work, learn, and interact with computers. Study of people's efficiency in their working environment.

User Interface (UI)

Describes how users interact with a computer system. Consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output, and features that affect two-way communications between the user and the computer.

Business Model

Describes the information a system must provide

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

Describes the relationship between computers and people who use them.

PROCESS MAP (FLOWCHART)

Describes the sequence of all process activities and tasks necessary to create and deliver a desired output or outcome

Explain the initial transition from analysis to design

Design is how you are going to build the system/ Blueprints Stage

In order to build decision tables, what does the analyst not need to do?

Determine the minimum size of the table

User-selected Help

Displays information when the user requests it.

Sometimes

Each Use Case Diagram requires multiple written Use Cases

Prototype

Early working version of an information system

In describing the value format of a data element, the symbol X(8) represents:

Eight alphanumeric characters

In describing data structure, what do brackets [] represent?

Either/or alternative

EDI

Electronic Data Interchange (computer to computer data exchange)

ERP

Enterprise Resource Planning. implementation broke silos

System Value Estimates

Estimated business value of the system and its data

Project Effort Estimation

Estimation involves trade-offs between functionality, time, and cost

Hardware

Everything in the physical layer of the information system

Maintainability

Expected business changes to which the system should be able to adapt

Making Unstated Norms Explicit

Explicitly stating assumptions that differ from country to country

Natural Language

Feature that allows users to type commands or requests in normal English phrases.

Time Boxing

Fixed deadline, even if functionality needs to be reduced

Aesthetics

Focuses on how an interface can be made attractive and easy to use.

Project Scheduling (Adaptive)

For Adaptive types of projects, creating the project schedule is done throughout the life of the project. During the initial planning phase - The initial list of cases or user stores are developed for each subsystem

UTILIZATION

Fraction of time a workstation or individual is busy over the long run

FURPS

Functional, Usability, Reliability, Performance, and Security Requirements. - a widely used framework

Reengineering

Fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes Helps achieve improvements in critical and contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service, and speed

Which of the following is not contained in the data repository?

Generated computer code

Modeling

Graphical representation of a concept or process

Process

Group of activities

Activity

Group of tasks needed to create and deliver an immediate or final output

Information Systems 5 key components

Hardware Software Data Processes People

What are the benefits of an iteration schedule?

Helps team organize its work so developers have enough time to think through the critical design issues before programming begins. Provides a measuring rod to see if the iteration is on schedule. The project manager can see what tasks may require more resources if the project is going to stay on the schedule. Helps a project manager plan and organize the work.

Generalization

Hierarchical relationship in which subordinate classes are subsets of objects of the superior class; inheritance hierarchy

Principles of Good Design

High Cohesiveness and Low Coupling

Outsourced alternatives to acquire a system

Hiring an external vendor, developer, or service provider; May reduce costs or add value; risks include: loosing confidential info, loose control over future development, loosing learning opportunities

False

Historically, in software development, most projects finish succesful

Rarely or never used

History shows that the typical functions built into a system are:

The concept of system analysis and design could be described as follows: Say you want to be a system or process that does a certain thing for a certain group of people. System Analysis and Design as a whole is the process and skill sets necessary to talk to this group that need this new process or system that is supposed to do something for them and making sure that you get exactly what they want written down and documented. You make sure that you properly plan for how much work, effort and cost it will be to complete the project. And you take the necessary planned ordered steps to complete the process as requested, on time, and on budget. There are many different people with different roles that will help through this entire process such as a Systems Analyst, Project Manager, Business Analyst and so forth that all have a specific role to play to ensure that the above process goes smoothly.

How would you define/ explain System Analysis and Design to an individual who does not have a computer background?

Portfolio Managment

Identifying and selecting systems development projects is referred to in industry as

Internal Focus

In a SWOT analysis - the Strengths and Weaknesses assessment is an:

Gateway

In business process modeling, a decision point

Pool

In business process modeling, a way to encapsulate a process that has two or more participants

Swimlane

In business process modeling, a way to visually encapsulate a process

Flow

In business process modeling, it shows the sequence of action in a process

Evaluate and select projects

In project selection, category priorities are used to:

Skills Required by Systems Analyst

Included in SA&D are all of the skills, steps, guidelines, and tools that support and lead up to the actual programming of the system. SA&D includes soft skills as interviewing and talking to users as well as such hard (more technical) skills as detailing specifications and designing solutions. Many of the technical skills are associated with creating models that capture specifications or define solutions.

A patched up prototype is likely to be

Inefficient

Requirements elicitation

Interviewing, observation and JAD are approaches

Functional Decomposition Diagram

Is a graphical representation of business functions that starts with major functions, and then breaks them down into several levels of detail.

User Interface

Is a vital element in the systems design phase.

User Interface Design

Is the first task in the systems design phase.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Is the writing of statements in a programming language to define what each type of object does

Physical DFD

It depicts how the current system operates and how a system will be implemented

Decision Tables

It is a matrix containing row or columns for defining a problem and the actions.

Structured Analysis

It is a systematic approach, which uses graphical tools that analyze and refine the objectives of an existing system and develop a new system specification which can be easily understandable by user.

Data Flow Diagram

It is a technique develop by Larry Constantine to express the requirements of system in a graphical form.

Data Flow Diagram

It is an initial stage of design phase that functionally divides the requirement specification down to the lowest level of detail.

Physical DFD

It is implementation dependent. It shows which functions are performed.

Logical DFD

It is implementation independent. It focuses only on the flow of data between processes

Action Stub

It is in the lower left quadrant which outlines all the action to be carried out to meet such condition

Condition Stub

It is in the upper left quadrant which lists all the condition to be checked

Condition Entry

It is in upper right quadrant which provides answers to questions asked in condition stub quadrant.

Pseudocode

It may specify physical programming logic without actual coding during and after the physical design.

Logical DFD

It shows how business operates; now how the system can be implemented

Data Flow Diagram

It shows the flow of data between various functions of system and specifies how the current systems is implemented

In describing data structure, braces { } are used to indicate:

Iteration

True

KPI provides a way to measure to the performance of solutions alignment to stakeholder needs

Projects

Large-scale, customized initiatives that consist of many smaller tasks and activities that must be coordinated and completed to finish on time and within budget

Access Control

Limitation on who can access what data

Provider-routed services

Limited number of predefined pathways through the service system that customers can follow

Running a section of code over and over again until some conditions is met is an example of a:

Loop

Standard or make-to-stock

Made according to a fixed design, and the customer has no options from which to choose

MRP

Material Requirements Planning. subset of ERP

International Business Machine

Meaning of the acronym IBM.

Process specifications are sometimes called __________ , because they are a small portion of the total project specifications

Minispecs

A technique for prioritizing requirements

MoSCoW

Which is not one of three main advantages of a decision tree over a decision table?

More correct as a communication tool

Association

Naturally occurring relationship between two specific things such as an Order which is placed by a Customer (2-way = Association)

Value chain

Network of processes

Object-Oriented Process

OOApp. conceptually has no process or programs (there are no data entities or files). The system consists of Objects (Better than structured because it's scale able, in a sense in no matter what you want done, gets done)

Subclasses

Objects within a class which are more specific

Temporal Events

Occur as a result of reaching some point in time

External Events

Occur outside of the system and are usually initiated by an actor

State Event

Occurs when something happens inside of the system that triggers some process or the need of processing

Customer-routed services

Offer customers extensive freedom to select the pathways that are best suited for themselves Customer's immediate needs and wants from pathways through the service delivery system

Context-sensitive Help

Offers assistance for the task in progress.

Leave room for elaboration

Open ended questions

the fraud triangle

Opportunity, Rationalization, pressure

Flow shop / Assembly line

Organized around a fixed sequence of activities and process steps, such as an assembly line Assembly line Produce a limited variety of similar goods or services

Job shop / Work center

Organized around particular types of general-purpose equipment that are flexible and capable of customizing work for individual customers

Unlike the decision tree used in management science, what doesn't the analyst's tree contain

Outcomes

Business Profile

Overview of a company's mission, function, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.

Which kind of prototyping is most similar to what engineers call "bread boarding"?

Patched up prototype

SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) Phases

Phase 1: Planning Phase 2: Analysis Phase 3: Design Phase 4: Implementation Phase 5: Support and Security

No answers are correct (structured walkthroughs, radical methods, benchmarking)

Piggy baking off other ideas is a rule used in which technique

Server Virtualization

Portioning server into smaller parts that are independent of each other

What are the benefits of iterative development?

Portions of the system can sometimes be deployed sooner. If there are core functions that provide basic support for users, these can be deployed in an early iteration. By taking a small portion and developing it first, the most difficult problems can be identified and addressed early in the project. Many of today's systems are so large and complex that even with a formal process it is impossible to remember and understand everything. By focusing on only a small portion at a time, the requirements are fewer and easier to solve. Developing a system in iterations makes the entire development process more flexible and able to address new requirements and issues that come up throughout the project.

Predefined Values

Prevents spelling errors, avoid inappropriate data in a field, and make the user's job easier.

What is the Systems Development Life Cycle?

Process of creating and maintaining information systems

Circle

Process transforming data flow

Custom or make-to-order

Produced and delivered as one-of-a-kind or in small quantities, Designed to meet specific customers' specifications

Software

Programs that control the hardware and produce the desired information or results

What happens in the planning phase?

Project initiation- prepare system request (brief summary of business need and address how that need will be of value to the business), and perform feasibility analysis (technical, orgizational, and economic) Set up project..

1. Before any project kicks of the ground the Planning phase in the BA, SDLC and PM all must coincide with one another before moving forward. When developing a new software product the PM would need to work with the BA, and BA in turn with the Software Dev team to ensure that everyone was on the same page. 2. Requirements Analysis, Monitoring and Control and the Analysis and Design phase of the SDLC will all need to be in communication to confirm that the requirements are accurate, are within budget and feasible, prior to being implemented.

Provide 2 Examples of how the three life cycles: BA, SDLC, and PM are independent

Interface Technology

Provides the operational structure required to carry out the design objectives.

Which of these is not a way users can be expected to help in prototyping?

Providing the necessary technical expertise for interfacing with the database

What are pseudo-code and structured English?

Pseudo-code uses the syntax from a language in abbreviated form for easy translation into the target language. Structured English is a computer-language independent description of a process using only simple verbs and terms from the dictionary; no adjectives or adverbs are used.

Information Technology

Refers to the combination of hardware, software, & services that people use to manage, communicate, & share information.

Object

Represents a real person, place, event, or transaction

Who is business oriented

Requirements and business analysts

Traceable, prioritized and validated

Requirements should be:

Feasibility Study

Reviews anticipated costs and benefits

Asking the 5 Whys

Root Cause Analysis helps identify the cause of a problem by:

In a decision table, contradictions occur when:

Rules suggest different actions but satisfy the same conditions

system development life cycle

SDLC. A (project management) framework that identifies all the activities required to research, build, deploy, and often maintain an information system.

SO

Sales Order

Detailed Work Schedule

Schedules the work within the iterations

In the agile approach, ______________ is determined by listening to customers and getting them to write down their stories

Scope

Process-control

Screens that allowed the user to send commands to the system.

Which prototype include only some, but not all, of the components of the final system?

Selected Features Prototype

Which of these is a potential disadvantage of prototyping?

Shapes systems before problem is thoroughly understood

Consumer Products

Simple aqnd natual for the general population.

Square

Source or destination of data

Technical Enivornment

Special Hardware, software, and network requirements imposed by business requirements

Business Process

Specific set of transactions, events, and results that can be described and documented

Task

Specific unit of work required to create an output

Symbols used in DFD

Square, Arrow, Circle, Open Rectangle

Human-Computer Interface

Started in the 1980s with users typing complex commands in green text on a black screen.

Systems Analysis and Design

Step-by-step process for developing high quality information systems.

In agile development ___________ are derived by spoken interaction between developers and users, not on written communication

Stories

How the system is constructed

Structural rules are created by:

System Development Methods

Structured Analysis Object-Oriented Analysis Agile Methods

Most responsible for analysis and design of system software

System Analyst is a role that is:

Horizontal System

System adaptable for many different types of businesses

Vertical System

System design for a specific business or industry

Role of a Systems Analyst

Systems Analysis & Design is about providing the tools and techniques to the developer so they can understand the (business) need, capture the vision, define a solution, communicate the vision and the solution, build the solution and direct others in building the solution, confirm that the solution meets the need, and launch the solution application

SDLC

Systems Development Life Cycle

Processes

Tasks and business functions perform to achieve specific results

Methods

Tasks, or functions that the object performs when it receives a message/command

Which of the following is not one of the four values of agile modeling?

Technical Skill

Input Masks

Templates or patterns that make it easier for users to enter data.

Server-based architectures

Terminal to Server Computer (Handles presentation logic, application logic, data access logic, and data storage) (Earliest approach, not out of data (still viable), green computing solution (how to use less energy), no way to get malware)

An association to grow the field of Business Analysis

The IIBA is:

Excluded events, Trigger Descriptions, Inputs & outputs (ans: Excluded events)

The Use Case includes all except for:

User-centered Sytem

The distinction blurs between input, output and the interface itself.

An association between two use cases where one adds new functionality or conditional logic to the other

The extends relationship shows:

Portability

The extent to which the system will need to operate in other environments

Systems Integration

The extent to which the system will operate with other systems

Swim Lane

The flow of work and responsibilities is best understood using which technique?

Common functionality that other use cases require

The includes relationship shows

Legal Requirements

The laws and regulations that impose requirements on the system

the lowest level

The primitive level of a DFD is:

Movement of data between processes

The purpose of Data Flow Diagram is to provide a picture of the:

Analysis

The second phase of the SDLC where system requirements are studied and structured

Application Architecture

The set of information systems the organizations needs to support its strategic plan

Capacity

The total and peak number of users and the volume of data expected

Compliance

The user has the right to a system that performs exactly as promised.

Feedback

The user has the right to a system that provides clear, understandable, and accurate information regarding the task it is performing and the progress toward completion.

Control

The user has the right to be in control of the system and be able to get the system to respond to a request for attention.

Dependencies

The user has the right to be informed clearly all the systems requirements for successfully using software or hardware.

Assistance

The user has the right to communicate with the technology provider and receive a thoughtful and helpful response when raising concerns.

Instruction

The user has the right to easy-to-use instructions (user guides, online or contextual help, and error messages) for understanding and utilizing a system to achieve desired goals and recover efficiently and gracefully from problem situations.

Installation

The user has the right to install and uninstall software and hardware systems easily without negative consequences.

Scope

The user has the right to know the limits of the system's capabilities.

Perspective

The user is always right. If there is a problem with the use of the system, the system is the problem, not the user.

Usability

The user should be the master of software and hardware technology, not vice versa. Products should be natural and intuitive to use.

6 Core Processes of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

There are 6 core processes required in the development of any application 1. Identify the Problem and Obtain Approval 2. Plan and Monitor the Project 3. Discover & Understand the Details of the Problem 4. Design the System 5. Build, Test, and Integrate System Components 6. Complete System Tests then Deploy

systems design

Those system development activities that enable a person to describe in detail how the resulting information system will actually be implemented. Describes HOW the system will actually work.

systems analysis

Those system development activities that enable a person to understand and specify what the new system should accomplish. Describes in detail WHAT a system must do to satisfy the need or solve the problem.

Which of the following is not a problem when creating decision tables?

Too many conditions

Which of the following is not one of the main problems that can occur in developing decision tables?

Too many conditions

TP Systems

Transaction Processing Systems

Move from current to future state

Transition Requirements are what must be in place to:

Requirements gathering techniques process is used to

Uncover all requirements (those uncovered late int eh process are more difficult to incorporate). Also, to build support and trust among users.

PATHWAY

Unique route through a service system

True

Use Case Diagrams can illustrate non-function requirements

In order to use structured english, which convention is not advisable?

Use a blank line to separate sets of statements with different purposes

Use Case Driven

Use cases define the behavior of a system: How the user interacts with the system to perform some activity -Each use case focuses on one business process

Usability Metrics

Using software that can record and measure user interaction with the system.

VALUE STREAM

Value- added activities involved in designing, producing, and delivering goods and services to customers

Systems Analyst

Valued member of the IT department team who helps plan, develop, and maintain information systems

Association relationship

What links the actor to the use case

JAD

When looking for a breadth of information with high user involvement which technique is best selected?

False

When requirements are MoSCoW'ed, all the requirement categorized as a "S" will definitely get built into the final project solution

Project Iteration Schedule

When the Use Cases are divided up and tentatively assigned to the iterations

BOTTLENECK

Work activity that effectively limits the throughput of an entire process

Tangible benefit

a benefit that can be measured in dollars

intangible benefit

a benefit that cannot be easily measured in dollars or with certainty

Form filling

a blank form that duplicates or resembles the source document is completed on the screen. The user enters the data and then moves to the next field.

Use cases

a case or situation where the system is used. (verb: Look up supplier)

Computer application

a computer software program that executes on a computing device to carry out a specific function or set of related functions.

project management

a controlled process of initiating, planning, executing, and closing down a project

Tangible cost

a cost associated with an information system that can be measured in dollars and with certainty

one time cost

a cost associated with project start up and development

intangible cost

a cost that can not be measured in dollars

Network Diagram

a diagram that depicts project tasks and interrelationship

Project Scope Statement

a document prepared that describes what the project will deliver and outlines the high level of work

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

a graphical depiction of data process, data flows, and data stores in a business system

Class

a group of similar objects

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

a language that provides a standardized set of tools to document the object-oriented analysis and design of a software system

Asynchronous message

a message in which the sender does not have to wait for the recipient to handle the message

Simple message

a message that transfers control from the sender to the recipient without describing the details of the communication

Ajax

a method using JavaScript and XML to dynamically change Web pages without displaying a new page by obtaining small amounts of data from the server

DFD

a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the process and data stores within the system

Technical feasibility

a process of assessing the development organizations ability to construct a proposed system

Use Case

a sequence of transactions in a system; the purpose is to produce something of value to an actor in the system

Physical design

a set of blueprints for the actual construction of a building

Systems development process or Methodology

a set of comprehensive guidelines for carrying out all of the activities of each core process of the SDLC

Technology Architecture

a set of computing hardware, network hardware and topology, and system software employed by an organization

Software Engineering

a software development process that stresses solid design, accurate documentation, and careful testing

Instance

a specific member of a class

Feasibility

a study that determines if the proposed info system makes sense for the organization from economic and operational standpoint

Evaluation model

a technique that uses a common yardstick to measure and compare vendor ratings

Synchronous message

a type of message in which the caller has to wait for the receiving object to finish executing the called operation before it can resume execution itself

Engineering Drawing

a visual representation of the product and it's components.

Data stores are used to store:

all base elements and some derived elements

In designing a GUI screen, a default value of a data element can be displayed on:

all of the above (drop down lists, radio buttons, check boxes)

When drawing the decision tree, systems analysts do not have to identify:

all outcomes

Database management system

all tables are connected through common fields and are a collection of tools, features, and interfaces that enable users to add, update manage, access, and analyze the contents of a set of data.

Scalability

also called extensibility refers a system's ability to expand, change, or downsize easily to meet the changing needs of a business enterprise

Income Statement

also known as a profit and loss statement. it is a record of revenue and expenses for a specific period of time.

Purchase Order (PO)

an agreement to purchase the stated material, for the stated price, under the stated terms.

Iterative Development

an approach to system development in which the system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple mini-projects called iterations

Prototyping

an early working version of a proposed information system

FURPS+

an extension of FURPS that includes design consrtaints as well as implementation, system interface, physical, and support ability requirements

Subsystem

an identifiable and fully functional part of a complete system

Context Diagram

an overview of an organizational system that

Input masks

are templates or patterns that restrict data entry and prevent errors.

Physical Design

aspect of Design in SDLC in which logical specification of the system from logical design is transformed into technology-specific details

CASE tools

automate many systems development tasks. allow more than one person to work on the same system at the same time via a multiuser interface.

Invoice

bill for product

Custom way to acquire a system

build from scratch/in-house; Allows flexibility and creativity, consistent with existing tech and standards, builds tech skills and functional knowledge in-house; Requires significant time and effort, may exacerbate existing backlogs, may require missing skills, often costs more, often takes more calendar time, risk of project failure

BPR

business process re engineering, drove processes that brought new systems. databases were created.

Star network

central networking device called a switch, which manages the network and acts as a communications conduit for all network traffic. Hubs connect star netowrks

Attributes

characteristics that describe the object

Storage Virtualization

combining multiple storage devices to work as one

why start a systems development project?

competitive advantage.

which of the following is not one of the four basic structures used to code

computation

Baseline Project Plan

contains estimates of a projects scope, benefits, costs, risks, and resource requirements

Software requirements document/specification

contains the requirements for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management.

Requirements determination purpose

convert high level business requirements (from the system request) into detailed requirements that can be used as inputs for creating models

make to stock

creating an inventory stock to be used when customer orders come in.

Virtualization

creation of virtual item or device such as a server or storage device

Batch input

data entry usually performed on a specific time schedule

What is one of the main methods available for an analyst to use when analyzing data-oriented systems?

data flow diagrams (DFDs)

Data Store

data that are at rest in a system; depicted using an open-ended rectangle in data flow diagrams

What is context?

defines a setting or environment

Sequence diagram

depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time

User interface

describes how users interact with a computer system, and consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output, and features that affect 2 way communications between the user and computer.

Payback analysis

determines how long it takes an information system to pay for itself through reduced costs and increased profits

system development challenges

difficulty of requirements determination. changes in requirements. scheduling & budgeting difficulties. changing technology. diseconomies of scale: brooke's law = adding more people to a late project makes the project later.

Which of the following is not a basic activity of agile development?

documenting

Sequence diagram

dynamic model of a use case, showing the interaction among classes during a specified time period.

software engineering

employs computer-aided software engineering (CASE).

relationships

enable objects to communicate and interact as they perform business functions and transactions required by the system.

Inheritance

enables a "child" to derive one or more of its attributes from another one called a "parent"

Platform

ensures connectivity and easy integration of future systems, including in-house software and commercial packages.

What is completeness checking?

ensures that all data flows and entities are included

What is consistency checking?

ensures that only expected data flows and entities are included and that they are in the correct locations in the diagram set

Cloud Computing

everything from computing power to structure can be delivered as a service where ever you need it (Resources allocated can be adjusted as needed, Can obtain resources in a straightforward way, services are standardized, Enables customers to pay for only things they will use - pay as you go)

Maintenance

final phase of the SDLC in which an info system is systematically repaired and improved

Gantt Chart

graphical representation of a project that shows each task as a horizontal bar whose length is proportional to its time for completion

Information Technology

hardware, software, and services that people use to manage information.

Data frames

hub broadcasts network to all connected devices.

Bill of Materials (BOM)

identifies all the materials of parts needed to make one unit of a finished product. It is based on the design of the product.

economic feasibility

identifying the financial benefits and costs

Event

in business process modeling, a trigger that initiates the start of a process

Activity

in business process modeling, an action that must take place for a process to be completed

Who is technically oriented

infrastructure analysts

What is the type of the data flow that contains data that are used between processes called?

internal

steps for the iterative approach using prototypes

investigate, analyze, & define the problem. build the initial version or prototype of the system. put the prototype into operation. refine & modify the prototype.

Structured Analysis

is a development method that allows the analyst to understand the system and its activities in a logical way

Decision Trees

is a diagram that shows alternative actions and conditions within horizontal tree framework. It is a method for defining complex relationships by describing decisions and avoiding the problems in communication

What is an external entity?

is a person, place, or thing wIth whIch the application interacts.

Entity

is a person, place, thing, or event for which data is collected and maintained.

Data Dictionary

is a structured repository of data elements in the system. It stores the descriptions of all DFD data elements that is, details and definitions of data flows, data stores, data stored in data stores, and the processes

a derived data element is one that:

is created by processes as a result of calculations or a series of decision-making statements

What is a data flow?

is data or information that is in transit

Structured English

is derived from structured programming language which gives more understandable and precise description of a process

System Vision Document

is developed to identify the benefits to the company and the functional capabilities that will be included in the system.

Which of the following is not an example of a keyword for structured english

is like

In describing the data type of the value of a data element, a VARCHAR data type:

is used for data that can contain any number of characters (up to the database limit)

Context Diagram

it helps in understanding the entire system by one DFD which gives the overview of a system.

Action Entry

it is in lower right quadrant which indicates the appropriate action resulting from the answers to the conditions in the condition entry quadrant.

systems investigation & analysis

looks at the existing system & determines if it can & should be improved - feasibility. -operational. -economic (tangible v. intangible). -technical. -human factors. -legal/political.

maintenance & review

makes sure that the new or modified system is operating as intended.

System Software

manages the hardware compnents

Benchmark

measures the time a package takes to process a certain number of transactions.

Black box

message that triggers changes within the object without specifying how the changes must be carried out.

SDLC

methodology used to develop, maintain and replace info system

Systems that require constant updating and technical design are prone to which kind of error?

miscommunication

systems design & implementation

modifying an existing system or developing a new one.

TVM

money available today is worth more than the same amount tomorrow

accounts payable (AP)

money owed by a company to its creditors.

accounts receivable (AR)

money owed to a company by its debtors.

the Panama Papers

people committing tax fraud by moving money to panama. (newspapers worked together to catch it)

Stakeholders

person who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system.

What is the system development life cycle? (SDLC) (AKA How does a system get built)

planning, analyzing, designing, and implementing

How do we prevent fraud in a system

prevent opportunity, separation of duty

what is the purpose of separation (segregation) of duty?

primary purpose is to prevent fraud and promptly detect errors and irregularities

Project Management

process of planning, scheduling, monitoring, controlling, and reporting upon the development of an information system.

make to order

producing goods in response to direct customer orders

applications

programs that handle the input, manage the processing logic, and provide the required output.

Application Software

programs that support day-to-day business functions and provide users with information

Who are people oriented?

project management, and chain management analyst

System

related components that produces specific results

Functional

relates to data, a function, process or behavior

Non-functional

relates to performance or usability

Flowchart

represents logical rules and interaction graphically, using a series of symbols connected by arrows.

Activity diagram

resembles a horizontal flowchart that shows the actions and events as they occur, and show the order in which the actions take place and identify outcomes.

State transition diagram

shows how an object changes from one state to another, depending on events that affect the object.

gantt chart

shows progress through systems development activities by putting a bar through appropriate cells.

Business case

shows tangible and intangible economic benefits and costs and then feasibility

Activity Diagram

shows the conditional logic for the sequence of system activities needed to accomplish a business process

Class diagram

shows the object classes and relationships involved in a use case

Enterprise resource planning

specific architecture, including standards for data, processing, network, and user interface design.

Customization

specification of what aspects of the system can be changed by local users

Who are the generalists

system analysts

What is structured decomposition?

technique is a mechanism for coping with application complexity through the principal of 'divide and conquer

slack time

the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project

risk management

the approach that actively involves constant attention to 3 interactive risks: risk identification, risk assessment, and risk control

What is scope?

the boundaries of the project: what is in the project and what is outside of the project.

Balancing

the conservation of inputs and outputs to a DFD process when that process is decomposed to a lower level

Recurring costs

the cost resulting from the ongoing evolution

prototyping

the creation of a preliminary model or version of a major subsystem.

present value

the current value of future cash flows

Child Diagram

the diagram that results form exploding the process on Diagram 0

User-centered system

the distinction blurs between input, output, and the interface itself.

Level 0 Diagram

the explosion of a context-level data flow diagram that shows form three to nine major processes, important data flows, and data stores of the system under study

DFD completeness

the extent to which all necessary components of a DFD have been included and fully described

DFD consistency

the extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nest DFDs is also included in other levels

Availability & Reliability

the extent to which the system will be available to the users and the permissible failure rate due to errors

Multilingual

the language in which the system will need to operate

primitive DFD

the lowest level of decomposition

Context-Level Data Flow Diagram

the most basic data flow diagram of an organization showing how processes transform incoming data into outgoing information

Object Classes

the nouns that describe categories of things

Systems analyst

the organizational role most responsible for the analysis and design of info system

Planning

the priorities, detailed steps, work plan for project

Application development

the process of constructing the programs code modules that serve as the building blocks of the information system.

Work breakdown structure

the process of dividing the project into manageable tasks and logically ordering them to ensure a smooth evolution between tasks

What is partitioning, and how is it used?

the process of examining a data flow diagram and determining how it should be divided into collections of manual procedures and collections of computer programs

Data entry

the process of manually entering data into the information system, usually in the form of keystrokes

What is project manageement

the process of planning and controlling system development within a specified time at a minimum cost with the right functionality

When doing pair programming, which person(s) chooses a partner programmer?

the programmers

Discount rate

the rate of return used to compute PV

Polymorphism

the same message can have different meanings

Critical path

the shortest time in which a project can be completed

Data mining

the software looks for meaningful data patterns and relationships. Ex: data mining software could help a consumer products firm identify potential customers based on their prior purchases

Design

the third phase of the SDLC in which the description of the recommended solution is converted into logical and then physical specfications

Activation

the time period during which an object performs an operation

Speed

the time within which the system must perform its functions

Balance Sheet

this shows what the company owns (assets), what it owes to others (liabilities), and how much many shareholders have invested in the company (equity)

Systems Design

those system development activities that enable a person to describe in detail how the resulting information system will actually be implemented.

Systems Analysis

those system development activities that enable a person to understand and specify what the new system should accomplish

What are the trade-offs involved in deciding how far data streams should be exploded?

time may be wasted and understandability sacrificed if data flow diagrams are overly complex. On the other hand, if the data flow diagrams are unexploded, errors of omission could occur.

System design

to build a system a system that satisfies business reuirements.

3 tier architecture

top is client (GUI, Presentation layer middle is business logic (application) bottom is Information (Data)

System architecture

translates the logical design of an information system into a physical structure

Dynamic Binding

type of object is not determined until run time

systems delevopment process

typically called a systems development life cycle (SDLC).

systems development lifecycle (SDLC)

understand the business problem or opportunity. develop an information system solution. implement the information system solution.

Which is structured English not based on?

unstructured logic

which is the correct choice?

use decision trees when the sequence of conditions and actions is critical

How can an event table be used to create a data flow diagram?

used to create a data flow diagram by analyzing each event and the data used and produced by the event every row in an event table represents a unique activity and is used to create one process on the data flow diagram.

When are transaction files required in a system's design?

used to link any processes that do not execute at the same time but share the same data

Graphical user interface

uses icons, graphical, objects, and pointing devices.

User application

utilizes standard business software, such as Microsoft

A goal of producing process specifications is to

validate the system design, including data flow diagrams and the data dictionary

Case diagram

visual summary of several related cases within a system or subsystem

information is created when

we add context to data

What is structured analysis?

we emphasize processes and the flows of data into and out of those processes in structured analysis.

packing list

what goes in the box and leave with the product

picking list

what the warehouse has in stock

Sales Order (SO)

when a company receives the customer's Purchase Order (PO), it creates an internal document called a sales order.

logical design

when all functional features of the system chosen for development in analysis are described independently of any computer platform

silo

when you focus so narrowly on the specific task that you lose sight of the big picture or the larger process.

Request for quotation RFQ

when you know what product or service you want and you need to obtain price quotations and bids

Unified Modeling Language

widely used method of visualizing and documenting an information system

1st thing to do when setting up an ERP system

you must have a general ledger so START with a charter of accounts