T3 Modelling
Stereo-lithography (SLA)
a rapid-prototype technique that creates 3D models layer-by-layer by hardening molecules of a liquid polymer using a laser beam
Fused deposition modelling (FDM)
a rapid-prototype technique that places melted layers of material on a bed to build up a 3D model
Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)
a rapid-prototype technique that slices a 3D CAD model into layers, then cuts out each layer from a roll of material using a laser or plotter cutter and glues them to create a 3D model
Selective laser sintering (SLS)
a rapid-prototype technique that uses a laser to fuse small powder particles of material into a mass that has a desired 3D shape
Aesthetic models
a type of a physical model developed to look and feel like the final product but does not function
Mock-ups
a type of a physical model developed to test functionality
Role of Rapid prototyping
creating dynamic and realistic modelling of ever-greater complexity using machines for prototype manufacture in an ever-increasing range of materials
Haptic technology
emerging technology that interfaces the user via the sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user using mechanical actuators
Low Fidelity range
freehand graphical model, scale physical model or surface CAD model
Free hand sketching
Quick/simple and rough drawings of ideas used to convey or refine the idea
Data Modelling
a CAD model that explicitly determines the structure of data or structured data including statistical modelling
Part drawings/ Assembly drawings (Exploded isometric)
a type of drawing technique provides the information to assemble a product, sometimes a drawing of an individual parts to help know which part is broken and how to repair it
Orthographic Projection
a type of drawing technique showing 2D views using a method of projection in which a 3D object is depicted using parallel lines to project its outline as front, side and plan view to a set scale
Perspective drawings
a type of drawing technique that depicts an object as getting smaller and closer together the further away they are using one, two or three vansihing points
Formal drawing techniques
a type of drawing technique that has fixed rules such as isometric projection, orhtographic projection or perspective drawing
Isometric drawings
a type of drawing technique used to accurately show what a product will look like in a 3D view using 30˚, 60˚and 90˚
Scale drawings
a type of drawing technique used to show an object in proportion to its actual size, e.g. 1:1 is full size, 1:2 is half size and 2:1 is twice the size
Prototypes
a type of high fidelity physical model built to test a concept both aesthetically and functional and used to aid design development
Instrumented models
a type of physical model used to collect accurate data for analysis by the designers by testing the product to destruction
Graphical models
a visualization of an idea, often created on paper or through software, in two or three dimensions
Conceptual modelling tools and skills
are used to help us know and understand, design thinking, ideas, casual relationships, principles, data, systems, algorithms or processes
Disadvantages of conceptual modelling
can lack detail or be misinterpreted, some models can be misleading and materials may not reflect the final choice and make it difficult to emulate
CAD Solid modelling
clear representations of the final product and provides a complete set of data for the product to be realized including all part dimensions and material type
Digital human
computer simulation of a variety of mechanical and biological aspects of the human body used to interact with the animated prototype (e.g. Oil rig Platforms or Power station maintenance and access to equipment)
Physical Scale models
is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object that allows visualization from examining the model, of information about what the model represents
Animation
linking graphic screens together in such a way as to simulate motion or a process
Fidelity Range
measure of the realism of a model or simulation with the degree of similarity measures as low, medium or high to which a prototype is exactly like the final product
Top-down modelling
method of CAD modelling by incrementally designing the product's form and function by updating the entire assembly
Bottom-up modelling
method of CAD modelling by using each component of the design independently with matching features to aid assembly of a final model
Role of Physical modelling
models used to visualize and test physical aspects of a product against user requirements thorough testing to ensure the product is developed further
Role of conceptual modelling
originate in the mind and purpose is to share the vision of the concepts, design thinking and development principles of a design
High Fidelity range
orthographical graphical model, instrumented physical model or FEA CAD model
Formal drawing techniques
orthorgraphic projection, exploded and assembly drawings used to enable manufacturers to produce the parts/product
Mid Fidelity range
perspective graphical model, aesthetic physical model or solid CAD model
CAD Surface modelling
photo realistic images of a product, offering some machining data but no data about the interior of the product as it only shows the appearance of the CAD model
Virtual prototyping
photorealistic CAD-based interactive models that use surface and solid modelling. They can be considered 'digital mock-ups'.
Advantages of conceptual modelling
shares 'Big Picture', makes it easy for non-designers and non-technical people to understand a complex idea, enables communication with clients and users to gauge people's reaction
Algorithm/Flowchart
shows the sequence/step by step set of operations to be performed in the form of a flow chart
Sketching techniques
spontaneous and free hand drawings used very early in the design process
Virtual reality (VR)
the ability to simulate a real situation and interact with it in a near-natural way using a headset
Role of CAD
the ability to virtually prototype, visualize and share designs with greater freedom in customization and personalization of products
Service design
the activity of planning and organizing people, infrastructure and communication of a service in order to improve its quality and user experience
Finite element analysis (FEA)
the calculation and simulation of unknown factors in products using CAD systems including structural, mechanical, aerodynamic testing
Role of graphical modelling
the development of ideas through graphical models which allows designers to explore and deepen their understanding of a problem and context of use
Motion capture
the recording of human movement using sensors, video, magnetic or electro-mechanical devices