TASK LIST A&B

1. Gino and Kramer are hungry, and it is 4 a.m. In the past, this late at night, any fast-food restaurant to which they have driven has been closed, except for a taco truck a few miles away. Now, at 4 a.m., they pile in the car and drive straight to the taco truck. It is open, and they are able to get food. Gino and Kramer's driving to the taco truck to purchase food at 4 a.m., is an example of:

Contingency shaped behavior

1. Observing a change in behavior as a direct result of treatment and only that treatment demonstrates behavior analysis as obtaining which of the following goals of science?

Control

1. When the change in the dependent variable can only be attributed to the independent variable, the experiment is said to demonstrate:

Control

1. Which of the following is an example of an echoic ? saying house as a result of

Hearing someone say HOUSE.

1. Which of the following is an example of a tact? A girl writes, "Fast" in a text message when she:

Hears a fast guitar solo at a concert.

1. A neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus rather than with an unconditioned stimulus to now elicit a reflex response. This process is referred to as:

Higher- order conditioning

1. Which of the following diagrams illustrates reflexivity ?

IF A=A, then A=A

1. A behavior analyst works with a child who engages in high-frequency and long-duration tantrums at bedtime. Results of a functional assessment indicate that this behavior is likely escape-maintained. Even though behavior-analytic literature has indicated that the use of escape extinction would likely be effective in reducing the child's problem behavior, the parents have indicated that they would not be comfortable with implementing this intervention. The behavior analyst instead suggests the bedtime pass protocol because this reinforces an alternative response and has been shown to be effective even without the use of extinction. The selection of the bedtime pass instead of escape extinction is an example of which philosophic assumption underlying the science of behavior analysis?

Pragmatism

1. When we talk about behavior analysis predicting and controlling behavior and thereby leading to a powerful technology for behavior change that not only works but also has a useful application to make a positive difference in people's lives, we are most clearly demonstrating which scientific assumption?

Pragmatism

1. The results of your functional assessment indicate that Claudio is most likely to engage in severe self-injurious, head-to-object contacts just before meals. Which goal of science does this most directly exemplify?

Prediction

1. When a researcher uses current data to predict future events under similar conditions, they are representing which of the goals of science?

Prediction

1. Ben's mom told Ben that if he sits too close to the TV he will hurt his eyesight. As a result, Ben has never sat too close to the TV. Ben sitting a safe distance from the TV set is an example of what kind of behavior?

Rule governed behavior.

A behavior analyst wrote a treatment plan for her client that precisely spelled out the procedures used. The plan, which included instructions, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, feedback, homework assignments, prompting, and reinforcement, described each of these procedures. In contrast, the treatment plan written by the one psychologist stated, "Insight oriented individual therapy; one hour per week." The other read, "Cognitive restructuring therapy; one hour per week." Nothing further was said in either of the latter plans. The plan written by the behavior analyst best exemplifies which dimension of ABA?

Technological

1. Which of the following is an example of a stimulus class?

The phone rings at my office and I answer it by saying, "Hi!" My coworker knocks on my office door and I say, "Hi!" I run into my manager at the grocery store and I say, "Hi!"

1. Which schedule is most likely to result in low to moderate yet steady rates of responding?

Variable interval

1. Which of these is an example of positive reinforcement ?

Whenever Ida screams, a direct care staff person gives Ida a small piece of brownie "to calm her down." Over time, Ida's screaming increases in rate.

1. Which of the following is the best example of punishment?

Paul has not played frisbee since the last time he broke his glasses while playing.

1. After reading studies indicating that pigeons can demonstrate the generalization of a concept to novel pictures after reinforcement for discriminating between examples and non-examples of the concept, Andrea wants to know if human children would respond similarly. She identifies three clients at her agency who have this type of skill as a target in their overall behavior plans and sets up a multiple baseline design whereby she introduces this teaching procedure to one student at a time. This is an example of:

ABA

1. In ABA, procedures are linked to, and described in terms of the basic principles of behavior. This describes what dimension of applied behavior analysis?

Conceptually systematic

1. A student's hand-raising is immediately praised by the teacher during class. As a result, the student's hand-raising decreases in subsequent classes. Which of the following best describes the function of the teacher's praise?

Positive Punisher

1. Operant extinction results in:

A delayed and semi-permanent decrease in the rate of responding as a result of discontinuing reinforcement.

1. Radical behaviorism is the basic foundation that underlies all four domains of behavior analysis. This is due to the fact that radical behaviorism provides which of the following?

A foundation for the conceptual analysis of behavior, an thus, it permeated all domain

1. The terms, "response" and "behavior" differ in that the term "response" refers to:

A single instance of behavior, while "behavior" refers to more than one response.

1. A preferred stimulus is delivered after an identified period of time, without any particular response requirement. This describes:

A time-based schedule

1. The gas gauge points to the line just above "E" for empty. The pilot of the small aircraft realizes he has to make an emergency landing and begins to look for an airstrip, or even a smooth flat stretch of open country road. He keeps his throttle steady but noses his plane down to bring it closer to the ground, so he can get a better look. How does the gas gauge reading nearly "E" function in relation to looking for an airfield behavior? It acts as a(n):

Conditioned establishing operation for positive reinforcement.

1. When an antecedent stimulus decreases the effectiveness of other events as forms of reinforcement, a(n)

Abolishing

1. When an antecedent stimulus decreases the effectiveness of other events as forms of reinforcement, a(n):

Abolishing

1. What is the meaning of determinism?

All natural events in the universe are lawful

1. ABA seeks to identify functional relations between environmental events and behavior through systematic and controlled manipulations. What dimension of applied behavior analysis does this define?

Analytic

1. Greg conducted a functional analysis (FA) to determine the likely variables maintaining Katie's bizarre speech. The FA had four conditions: play, attention, escape and alone. The FA graph showed that the attention condition had the highest levels of bizarre speech and the other conditions were near zero. Thus, the FA results identified that Katie's bizarre speech was likely maintained by attention. This demonstrates which dimension of ABA?

Analytic

1. A behavior analyst works in an instructional technology-based program that involves the development and evaluation of educational materials to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, problem solving and other academic skills. These materials have helped many students catch up to their expected grade-level performance (when they have not maintained pace using regular classroom instruction). This program has helped even some of the lowest performing students to obtain significantly higher grades. Students in this program have not only successfully graduated from high school but have moved on to higher education or preferred jobs in the community. From the above information, which of the following dimensions does this instructional technology program exemplify?

Applied

1. Instead of just targeting behaviors that are easy to measure, behavior analysts have developed interventions for food refusal by individuals with special needs, strategies to increase seat-belt usage, and proper disposal of trash and cigarette butts. This describes which dimension of applied behavior analysis?

Applied

1. Which of the domains of behavior analysis is concerned with the development and validation of procedures to produce socially significant change in the real world?

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

1. A verbal operant that modifies other verbal behavior by the speaker is called a(n):

Autoclitic

1. Luke has a bad taste in his mouth. Luke eats two mints and the bad taste ceases. In the future, under similar stimulus conditions, Luke is likely to eat two mints. What is likely the maintaining consequence?

Automatic negative reinforcement

1. A major difference between operant and respondent conditioning is that operant conditioning requires the use of which of the following?

Consequences

1. Cindy, a 13-year-old girl, frequently complained of being lonely and wanting a friend. To help her, one psychologist focused on her feelings of self-worth and improving her self-concept. Alternatively, a behavior analyst worked with Cindy on specific social skills. These included identifying age-appropriate friends, making eye contact, asking appropriate questions about other children's interests, and making appropriate self-disclosing statements. In contrast to the psychologist's approach, the behavior analyst's approach more clearly exemplifies which dimension of ABA?

Behavioral

1. Instead of assuming that behavior is a symptom of an underlying issue, ABA focuses on behavior in its own right as a target for change. Behavior is directly observed and measured, usually, in the real-life environment. This describes which dimension of applied behavior analysis?

Behavioral

1. Behaviorism is our philosophy that behavior is itself important and should be studied and understood based on objective and observable information. The fact that the behaviors are socially significant is highlighting that it is applied behavior analysis. Basing her intervention on the research highlights the practice being guided by science. Experimental analysis of behavior gives us the basic principles of behavior, such as types of antecedents and consequences that can influence behavior.

Behaviorism

1. Sandra is working with a client who has shown increased elopements from their group home in recent weeks. The staff report that she's just over the "honeymoon phase" and this is her normal behavior. Sandra believes there's likely a specific combination of environmental variables influencing the clients behavior. She asks the staff to collect scatterplot data on the client's behavior and sees that the instances of elopement consistently occur in the afternoon between 3 and 4 p.m. She conducts several observations during this time frame and identifies that when the neighborhood children are dropped off by their bus from school, the client will ask to go outside to wave at the children and the bus. When she is denied this, most days she will elope from the group home within the next 30 minutes. Sandra uses this knowledge in conjunction with peer reviewed research to develop a behavior plan that involves manipulation of both antecedents and consequences. The client's elopement successfully decreases to no more than once per 3 month period. Additionally, Sandra identified behaviors that allowed her client to have greater community access, including safe opportunities to interact with child

Behaviorism

1. What is the philosophy that informs all other domains of behavior analysis?

Behaviorism

1. Conditioned reinforcement occurs when :

Certain consequences acquire the capacity to reinforce behavior due to pairing.

1. Kristin has not had anything to drink for a while, and her throat is dry. She gets up from her desk and goes to the soda vending machine. She reaches into her pocket and pulls out some change (FR1). This results in the sight of coins in her hand. She then puts four quarters into the machine (FR4). This results in the screen asking her to select a soda. Next, she presses two buttons needed to indicate which soda she wants (FR2). This results in the sound of a soda plopping down to the tray. Finally, she reaches into the machine and takes her soda (FR1), opens it (FR1), and drinks it. Kristin's behavior is on what type of schedule?

Chained schedule

1. Which of the following is an example of description as a goal of behavior analysis as a science?

Danovan uses examples an nonexamples in their operational definitions within a behavior plan

1. Torrie has recently begun monitoring behavior changes related to medication changes for an adult learner she currently serves. She has placed phase change lines on her graph at each medication change and collected data in each new phase. In her meeting with the psychiatrist, she explains that several of the medications used did not have an impact on the behavior, while Trazadone seemed to have the best result in reducing problem behavior. In which part of the scenario is the behavior analyst demonstrating control?

Demonstrating changes in behavior as a result of the medication changes

1. A behavior analyst is brought into a car dealership by the manager to observe the employees. The manager stated that she would like to pinpoint specific behaviors that staff are demonstrating that lead to sales. The analyst takes note of every instance the salesperson goes to greet the customer and how long that takes, if the salesperson is offering alternative options, and how much time is spent with every customer. The analyst also writes down any specific off-task behaviors that occur and the frequency of those behaviors. This behavior analyst is demonstrating which goal of behavior analysis?

Description

1. Collecting data on what happens before, during, and after a phenomena are examples of which goal of science?

Description

1. Science is concerned mainly with gathering and organizing information about the world by means of what?

Description, prediction, control

1. You are talking with a parent about their child's tantrums. The parent tells you that the child's major tantrum on the prior day had no cause and just "came out of nowhere." Which philosophical assumption of behavior analysis does this statement violate?

Determinism

1. Which of the following is a methodology of the experimental analysis of behavior?

Direct, repeated measurement of behavior

1. Condie has two bosses. George always laughs at Condie's jokes. Dick reprimands joke-telling. Condie now only tells jokes in the presence of George and never in the presence of Dick. What is this an example of?

Discrimination

1. Gallagher is a therapy dog at the local adult day training facility. Brett, a client, would say, "Give me your paw." When Gallagher would raise his paw, Brett would grasp it with one hand while placing a doggie treat into Gallagher's mouth. Brett asked Gallagher to raise his paw at least once per day, and Gallagher would always comply, resulting in Brett giving him a doggie treat. Brett's request, which evoked paw-raising from Gallagher, functioned as a(n):

Discriminative Stimulus

1. On the side of a passing city bus, I see an advertisement picturing a cool new gadget I've wanted to buy. It is on sale! Below the picture, a website address is written. I pull out a pen and paper and quickly write down the website address as the bus is stopped at a red light. My writing down the website address is an example of a(n):

Duplic

1. Todd is studying the effects of free versus earned tokens on subsequent token value. With the help of two computer programming students at his university, he sets up a game whereby some individuals are provided free tokens and some individuals have to engage in a simple sorting task to earn tokens. Todd recruits undergraduates to participate in his study. Todd's work is an example of:

EAB

1. ABA is an accountable discipline, and changes in procedures are data-based. We revise our treatment protocols based on our data in order to successfully achieve a desired effect. Which dimension of ABA does this best exemplify?

Effective

1. Identify the characteristic of applied behavior analysis from the list below:

Empirical identification of functional relations between behavior and environmental events in the natural environment

1. Moss runs a functional analysis experiment as follows: For 20 minutes, she provides immediate social attention whenever Reeve hits himself with a fist-to-face contact ("Reeve, don't hit yourself!"). Then for the next 20 minutes, she gives no attention but remains on the other side of the room. She repeats this process and finds that Reeve tends to hit himself more during those 20-minute periods when she provides attention following his hits. Moss then repeats this experiment, but this time she has her assistant, Carrie, run the experiment. They get the same finding. This process most clearly represents which assumption of behavior analysis?

Empiricism

1. Scientists are concerned with natural phenomena, and the natural world is the source of all scientific data. These phenomena are objects and events that can be detected through observation. Scientists agree that good data are objective, reliable, and quantitative. This is which philosophical assumption?

Empiricism

1. Which branch of behavior analysis strives to discover basic principles and processes of behavior in controlled laboratory conditions?

Experimental analysis of behavior

1. Someone says, "A rat presses the lever because it knows doing so will result in food." In this statement, "knowing" is an example of:

Explanatory fiction

1. Known as the "all or none" schedule, which simple schedule of reinforcement produces a high rate of responding following a post-reinforcement pause?

Fixed Ratio

1. Every eight minutes, the shuttle from airport gates arrives in the airport terminal. Passengers enter and ride to the gate. However, the doors to the shuttle are automatic and only remain open for 25 seconds. Thus, if a passenger does not enter the shuttle during those 25 seconds, he or she will have to wait for the next shuttle. If the target behavior is stepping onto the shuttle, reinforced by being on the shuttle, what schedule is in effect?

Fixed interval 8 minutes, with a 25 second limited hold

1. Technician Owen teaches his client Walt to microwave his food independently at the treatment center. One day, Owen hears from Walt's parents that he made themselves a meal at home with the microwave. This demonstrates which of the seven dimensions of ABA?

Generality

1. Which of the following is a stimulus that is effective for a wide range of behaviors and has increased the likelihood of these behaviors increasing in the future because of a past history of pairing with other reinforcers?

Generalized conditioned reinforcer.

1. A group of friends were having dinner and discussing current events. Javier mentioned that the speech that the university president gave that week was concerning, mostly because the president had confused several words during the speech. Javier expressed that he believed the president's speech was indicative of dementia, to be expected at the president's age. Janis said she believed the president misspoke due to the teleprompter being moved from its usual spot, making it difficult for the president to read the speech. Veronica laughed and said that they were both wrong; the president struggled through the speech because he didn't fully believe in the contents of the speech. Douglass reminded everyone, we all have bad days and I'm sure the president was just having a bad day, no big deal. Which of the following is an explanation for the president's behavior from the perspective of radical behaviorism?

Janis's explanation that it was due to fact that the teleprompter was moved

1. During a group meeting at school, John mentioned that he was concerned that a student's aggressive behaviors were increasing. John said he thought maybe this was due to the student believing that aggression toward other students would result in him getting moved to a new classroom. Sun Lee said that the student's ADHD was the underlying cause of the behavior. Jason noted that the increased aggression appeared to correspond to the increase in work expectations with the change of semester. Sarah mentioned that during her observations it seemed that the student was starting puberty and these types of behaviors can occur with increased hormonal fluctuations. Which of the following is an explanation for the student's aggressive behaviors from the perspective of radical behaviorism?

Jason's suggestion that the increase in behavior is due to increased workload

1. Which of the following is a behavior because it passes the dead man's test?

Lucy the dog barked and wagged her tail.

1. When different responses produce the same class of reinforcers, we say those responses are all:

Members of a functional response class

1. Which of the following is a type of duplic?

Mimetic response

1. The difference between the terms "behavior" and "response" is that the term "behavior" refers to:

More than one response, while "response" refers to a single instance of behavior.

1. What is the most important operation for respondent conditioning?

Pairing

1. A supervisee observes his client, Finneas, to be more disruptive during class after lunch. The supervisee thinks that Finneas might be consuming too much sugar in his meal which is what's causing the disruptive behavior. The BCBA tells her supervisee to look for a simpler explanation and rule that out first. This example demonstrates what philosophical assumption?

Parsimony

1. With behavior maintained by socially mediated negative reinforcement, the extinction procedure would consist of:

Not removing the antecedent aversive

1. David has been asked to conduct an assessment for a new learner at the school he serves. Over the course of a few days, he collects baseline data on the reported problem behavior. He graphs the collected data to review the level and intensity of the concern. Based on the collected data, he writes in his report that the behavior will continue at a high rate consistent with baseline in the absence of intervention. In which part of the scenario is the behavior analyst using prediction?

Noting that the behavior will continue at baseline rates without intervention.

1. Eva appropriately raises her hand. Her teacher responds to the other children yelling out answers in class but does not call on Eva when she has her hand raised. After several days, Eva stops raising her hand and begins to yell out her answers in class. The change in Eva's hand-raising is the result of:

Operant extinction

1. Which of the following is the process in which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement?

Operant extinction

1. The learning history of an individual is one of the determinants of behavior. Learning history is related to which type of selectionism?

Operant selection

1. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Radical Behaviorism? The inclusion of

Private

1. From a radical behaviorist perspective, thinking is considered to be:

Private behavior

1. Which of the following areas of behavior analysis have the primary function of training and implementing behavior plans?

Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis

1. Dasha is a behavior technician working with several clients in an autism treatment center. Dasha uses the principles, methods, and procedures of behavior analysis with each client while following program plans designed by her BCBA. Dasha makes sure to regularly monitor client data and report client progress on socially significant targets to her BCBA. In what domain does Dasha's work in behavior analysis most likely fall under?

Professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis.

1. A behavior analyst is providing support to an individual with an extreme phobia of cockroaches. If the behavior analyst looks to identify functional relations between the phobic behavior and the environment around the individual, this would be reflective of which form of behaviorism?

Radical behaviorism

1. The idea that private events can be understood through the same analysis as observable behavior is a characteristic of which type of behaviorism?

Radical behaviorism

1. Alice is teaching Janie to match identical pictures. When Alice places a picture on an identical picture, this is an example of:

Reflexivity

1. What are three tests for stimulus equivalence?

Reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity

1. Peter used to turn on and off the light switch very frequently. When this happened, the lights would go on and off in the room. One day, his mother decided to disconnect the light switch. Now, when Peter manipulates the switch, the lights do not go on or off in the room. After a couple of days, Peter stopped "playing" with the light switch. Which critical attribute of operant extinction is demonstrated by the fact that when Peter manipulates the light switch nothing happens now?

Reinforcement has to be withheld each and every time the behavior occurs.

1. When implementing operant extinction, a______ contingency is broken.

Response- Stimulus

1. Although doctors had told this learner's parents that, due to her disability, she would never be able to speak, Trevor began a functional communication training program. Over time through interventions that focus on reinforcement strategies, the learner's language shapes up and they begin to independently communicate their wants and needs. The fact that this learner's new behavior is gradually changed through experience with consequence is an example of which philosophical assumption underlying the science of behavior analysis?

Selectionism

1. Cynthia is a 70-year-old woman who lacks self-care skills. Recently, when group home staff ask her to take her nightly shower, she threatens the staff with such phrases as, "I'll scratch your eyes out!" Staff persons usually quickly walk away, and Cynthia does not take a shower that evening. Cynthia's threats are most likely maintained by which of the following?

Socially mediated negative reinforcement

1. A change in the environment which can affect behavior is referred to as:

Stimulus

1. A group of stimuli that share a certain characteristic is referred to as:

Stimulus class

1. The tendency of behavior to occur more frequently in the presence of a particular stimulus because the behavior has been reinforced only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus is called:

Stimulus control

1. Whenever Alden engages in hand-biting, the behavior plan indicates to implement contingent exercise. Roxanne, a schoolteacher, does not agree with the procedure and rarely implements it. Alden's hand-biting now occurs at higher rates in Roxanne's presence but does not occur when he is around other teachers. In terms of "hand-biting" behavior, Roxanne is most likely functioning as a(n)

Stimulus delta

1. After learning the relationship that stimulus A is equivalent to stimulus B, the learner demonstrates stimulus B is equivalent to Stimulus A, without direct training. This is an example of which test for stimulus equivalence?

Symmetry

1. Matthew wants to play basketball outside. However, the only basketball in the garage is the flat one. Therefore, Matthew opens the cabinet in the garage and finds the air pump. He pumps air into his basketball and is now able to practice his favorite game. In this scenario, which of the following functions as the CMO-T?

The deflated basketball

1. Which of the following defines maintenance?

The extent to which the learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion, or all of the intervention has been terminated.

1. BCBA Dante is providing in-home behavior support services to 6-year-old Janelle. Dante typically arrives at the house early in the morning and immediately begins his work session with Janelle. Janelle's mom has told Dante that whenever Janelle sees Dante's car pull into the driveway, she begins to engage in disruptive behavior by throwing objects and emitting high-pitched vocalizations. Whenever Janelle engages in this behavior during a work session, Dante decides to end the session to give her a break. From a radical behaviorism perspective, what is the best explanation for Janelle's disruptive behavior?

The sight of Dante's car has become a conditioned aversive stimulus and so Janelle engages in disruptive behavior because in the past it has resulted in escape from work.

1. Which of the following is an example of behavior?

Thinking about your cat

1. Which of the following best describes a functional response class?

Topographically different responses which produce the same environmental effect