TEAS SCIENCE REVIEW-6 # 2

Adaptation

- A biological feature or behavior in a population of organisms that improves its chances for survival in the environment - Adaptations are features that are taken on by a population- the result of the process of evolution

Explain how catalyst speed up a reaction

- A catalyst lowers the activation energy by providing an alternate route for the reaction - A catalyst makes it possible for a reaction to proceed by an alternative route, thus lowering the activation energy and speeding up the reaction

Goblet cell function

- A goblet cell is a glandular, modified simple columnar epithelial cell whose function is to secrete gel-forming mucins, the major components of mucus.

Heterogeneous mixture

- A heterogeneous mixture is any non-uniform mixture, which means that the atom or molecule are unevenly distributed

Scientific Law

- A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe. - A scientific law always applies under the same conditions, and implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements.

Tendons

- A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. - Tendons are similar to ligaments; both are made of collagen. Ligaments join one bone to another bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone.

Abduction

- Abduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body. - In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. - Abduction of the wrist is also called radial deviation.For example, raising the arms up, such as when tightrope-walking, is an example of abduction at the shoulder. - When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split, the legs are abducted at the hip.

Adduction

- Adduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. - In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. - Adduction of the wrist is also called ulnar deviation. Dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction

Allergies

- Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance - such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander - that doesn't cause a reaction in most people. - Allergies occur when the immune system treats a common foreign substance as a pathogen and attacks the substance with the IgE antibody.

Action potential in a neuron

- An electrical impulse that is transported down a neuron in response to stimulus - An action potential is the quick rise and fall o the electrical potential in a neuron - An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. Neuroscientists use other words, such as a "spike" or an "impulse" for the action potential. ... Action potentials are caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open.

Atomic number

- Atomic number: In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element.

Blood plasma

- Blood plasma is the pale yellow liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells).

Cartilage

- Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. - Because of its rigidity, cartilage often serves the purpose of holding tubes open in the body. Examples include the rings of the trachea, such as the cricoid cartilage and carina, the torus tubarius at the opening of the pharyngotympanic/auditory tube, the ala of the nostrils, and the auricle/pinna of the ear.

3 Major portions of the brain

- Cerebrum - Cerebellum - Brain stem

Cervical Vertebrae

- Cervical Vertebrae: There are seven cervical vertebrae in the human body. They have three main distinguishing features: -The spinous process bifurcates into two parts, and so is known as a bifid spinous process. -There are two transverse foramina, one in each transverse process. These conduct the vertebral arteries. -The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape -There are some cervical vertebrae that are unique. C1 and C2 (called the atlas and axis respectively), are specialised to allow for the movement of the head.

Collagen

- Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies. - As the main component of connective tissue, it is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up from 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. Depending upon the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be rigid, compliant, or have a gradient from rigid to compliant.

What is an example of human error in an experiment

- Contaminating a sterile sample by breathing on it

Correlation and Causation

- Correlation is a measure of the relationship between two variables - Causation only exist if one variable (cause) impacts the other (effect)

Cytoplasm Functions

- Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cells of living organisms. - The cytoplasm contains and supports the cell's organelles, transports genetic material within the cell, and also serves as a buffer protecting the cell's organelles and genetic material from damage from shock due to movement or collisions with other objects

Nucleobases DNA and RNA

- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic cid) play fundamental roles in carrying genetic information in all living things on Earth. These structures are double helixes that look like a twisted ladder in which the rungs of the ladder consist of match pairs of nucleobases. - There are a total 5 nucleobases in DNA and RNA. They are Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine (which can be found in DNA and RNA), Thymine (found only in DNA), and Uracil (found only in RNA). In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. In RNA, the adenine pairs with uracil rather than with thymine.

External validity

- External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. - It's also the applicability of a research conclusion to a situation outside the experiment - External validity can further be divided into two types: Population validity, a measure of how applicable conclusions are to a population and Ecological validity, a measure of how much the situation impacts the experiment results

Fat-soluble hormones

- Fat-soluble hormone: stimulate a chemical response to a target cell by diffusing through the cell membrane to bind to the receptors inside the cell - Fat-soluble, or lipophilic hormones pass through the cell membrane to attach to receptors. the receptors then bind to DNA to activate the targeted gene

Gas exchange & Alveoli

- Gas exchange happens in the branches of alveoli. The alveoli are found in the respiratory zone of the lungs. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveoli is taken up by the blood to be transported to all the cells in the body.

Glands producing hormones

- Glands and Hormones. The endocrine system is a complex collection of hormone-producing glands that control basic body functions such as metabolism, growth and sexual development. The endocrine glands consist of: pineal; pituitary; thyroid and parathyroids; thymus; adrenals; pancreas; ovaries (female); and testes (male).

Function of Hair

- Hairs (or pili; pilus in the singular) are characteristic of mammals. The functions of hair include protection, regulation of body temperature, and facilitation of evaporation of perspiration; hairs also act as sense organs. - Hair does not protect soft tissue from injury

Hormone

- Hormone: A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. - Many hormones are secreted by special glands, such as thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Hormones are essential for every activity of life, including the processes of digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood control.

Ligament

- In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament. - Ligaments are made of flexible collagen fibers and play a key role in joint movement and bone stabilization

Heterozygous

- In diploid organisms, heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a specific gene. - One will express as the dominant allele in the phenotype

Seminal Vesicles

- In males, the seminal vesicles are two pouches, each connected to one vas deferens. They produce an additional fluid that combines with the sperm to produce semen. The seminal vesicle is also called seminal gland.

Keratin

- Keratin is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins. Keratin is the protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress that has potential to kill the cell. It is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin and nails. - Keratin is produced by keratinocytes, makes up the majority of the epidermis structure, hair and nails.

London dispersion forces

- London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces, or loosely van der Waals forces) are a type of force acting between atoms and molecules. - All Atom and molecules have London dispersion forces

Skeletal muscle and bone= movement

- Muscle contract and exert force on the bone, which acts as a lever to stimulate movement. - Muscle contract and exert force on the bone, working in tandem to create movement.

Actin & Myosin

- Muscles are composed of two major protein filaments: a thick filament composed of the protein myosin and a thin filament composed of the protein actin. Muscle contraction occurs when these filaments slide over one another in a series of repetitive events.

Phagocytosis

- Phagocytosis is a process used by cells to engulf and subsequently ingest particles of nutrients or bacteria. This process is a very important part of cell function, allowing cells to grab vital nutrients and allowing the body to protect itself from harmful bacteria.

Sebum

- Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands in order to coat and prevent hair and skin from drying - Sebum is secreted into hair follicles to waterproof and lubricate skin

Spermatogenesis

- Spermatogenesis is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis. The initial cells in this pathway are called spermatogonia, which yield primary spermatocytes by mitosis. - Fertilization is not a phase of Spermatogenesis, it dose not occur until after the sperm has fully mature.

Stages of Cell cycle

- Stages of Cell cycle: the cell cycle is also divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. - During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. - During the mitotic phase, the chromosomes separate. - During the final stage, cytokinesis, the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells

What hormone derived from cholesterol

- Steroid hormone, any of a group of hormones that belong to the class of chemical compounds known as steroids; they are secreted by three "steroid glands"—the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries—and during pregnancy by the placenta. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

3 types of muscle

- The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. - Soft muscle is not consider a separate type of muscle in the body

Celiac artery

- The Celiac artery is the first and largest branch of the abdominal aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the stomach, spleen, liver, and esophagus.

Autonomic nervous system

- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that is the internal organs control system that function largely unconscious. - It regulates body functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. - This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and the freeze-and-dissociate response - The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it also controls some of the subconscious muscles within the body. - The ANS is divided into: The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

Axial skeleton

- The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. - In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is composed of six parts; the skull bones, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column.

The dependent & Independent variables

- The dependent variables represent the output or outcome whose variation is being studied. - The independent variables represent inputs or causes, i.e. potential reasons for variation - The independent variable is changed by the researcher during an experiment, this change may or may not cause a direct change in the dependent variable

Diaphragm function

- The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. It is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that is inserted into the lower ribs. Lying at the base of the thorax (chest), it separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.

Red blood cells

- The function of red blood cells is to bring oxygen to the heart. The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen around the body after the blood has been pumped around the body.

Platelets

- The main function of platelets in the human body is to prevent bleeding. A human has an average of 150,000 to 350,000 platelets in each microliter of blood. The main function of platelets in the human body is to prevent bleeding.

White blood cells

- The main function of white blood cells is to help protect the human body from infection as well as other foreign materials. White blood cells are also known as leukocytes, and they develop in bone marrow from stem cells.

Bone marrow & white cells

- The major function of bone marrow is to generate blood cells. Bone marrow contains two main types of stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells, found in red marrow, are responsible for the production of blood cells. - White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. - All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. - All white cells begin to develop in the bone marrow, some of these cells mature in the bone marrow and are called B cells

Penile urethra

- The male urethra is a narrow fibromuscular tube that conducts urine and semen from the bladder and ejaculatory ducts, respectively, to the exterior of the body. - Both urine and semen travel through the penile urethra, the longest portion of the male urethra, to be expelled through the urethra opening

Enzyme catalyzed

- The reaction will speed up without limits as the temperature increases - The above statement is false; at a very high temperature, the enzyme will become denature and will no longer be capable of catalyzing

Sacrum and Coccyx

- The sacrum is a collection of five fused vertebrae. It is described as an upside down triangle, with the apex pointing inferiorly. On the lateral walls of the sacrum are facets, for articulation with the pelvis at the sacro-iliac joints. - The coccyx is a small bone, which articulates with the apex of the sacrum. It is recognised by its lack of vertebral arches. Due to the lack of vertebral arches, there is no vertebral canal, and so the coccyx does not transmit the spinal cord.

Functions of phospholipid bilayer

- The structure of the lipid bilayer explains its function as a barrier. - Lipids are fats, like oil, that are insoluble in water because of its long hydrophobic tails. The hydrophobic interactions among several phospholipids and glycolipids, a certain structure called lipid bilayer or bimolecular sheet is favored.

Thoracic Vertebrae

- The twelve thoracic vertebrae are medium-sized, and increase in size as they move down the back. Their main function is to articulate with ribs, producing the bony thorax. - Each thoracic vertebrae has two 'demi facets' on each side of its vertebral body. These articulate with the head of the respective rib, and the rib inferior to it. On the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae there is a costal facet for articulation with its respective rib. - The spinous processes are slanted inferiorly and anteriorly. This offers increased protection to the spinal cord, preventing an object like a knife entering the spinal canal through the intervertebral discs. - In contrast to the cervical vertebrae, the vertebral foramen is circular.

The valence shell

- The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom. It is usually (and misleadingly) said that the electrons in this shell make up its valence electrons, that is, the electrons that determine how the atom behaves in chemical reactions. - The valence shell is the electron orbital shell that is furthest from the nucleus and incompletely field

Lumbar Vertebrae

- These are the largest of the vertebrae, of which there are five. They act to support the weight of the upper body, and have various specialisations to enable them do this. - Lumbar vertebrae have very large vertebral bodies, which are kidney-shaped. They lack the characteristic features of other vertebrae, with no transverse foramina, costal facets, or bifid spinous processes. - However, like the cervical vertebral, they have a triangular shaped vertebral foramen.

Hemoglobin

- a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group. - Hemoglobin in the red blood cells binds to oxygen molecules and transports them from the lungs throughout the body

Vascular Nevus

- vascular nevus any of various reddish swellings or patches on the skin due to hypertrophy of capillaries; the term includes nevus flammeus, strawberry hemangioma, blue rubber bleb nevus, vascular spider, and cavernous hemangioma.

Qualitative and Quantitative data

- which of the following does not distinguish quantitative data collection from qualitative data collection methods? - Qualitative methods do not need to be as valid as reliable as quantitative methods. - both qualitative and quantitative methods must be held to the same standard of scientific rigor

Hepatic Vein

-- Blood is metabolized by the liver cells in the sinusoidal capillaries before exiting the liver via the Hepatic vein - In human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the veins that drain de-oxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava. There are usually three upper hepatic veins draining from the left, middle, and right parts of the liver.

Axon

An axon, or nerve fiber, is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma.

Pronation and supination

Pronation and supination are a pair of unique movements possible only in the forearms and hands, allowing the human body to flip the palm either face up or face down. The muscles, bones, and joints of the human forearm are specifically arranged to permit these unique and important rotations of the hands.

which hypothesis assumes no relationship between two variables

The Null hypothesis assumes that any relationship is due to change

Epididymis

The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that stores sperm and transports it from the testes. It appears as a curved structure on the posterior (back) margin of each testis. It is comprised of three sections. These are the head, body, and tail.

internal respiration

the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries