TECA 1311 FINAL REVIEW

Readiness for learning has many dimensions and is affected and influenced by many factors. These factors include which of the following?

A child's readiness relates to cultural background

Four-year-old Micah has developmental delays and is struggling to acclimate to his classroom and his new routine. His teacher Carla begins using a social story to help him adjust. A social story is which of the following?

A personalized script that provides direction

Three-year-old Corey saw a bee for the first time and called it a fly. His grandmother explained how bees differ from flies and showed him enlarged pictures of a bee and a fly. Corey developed a new scheme for bees. What process of adaptation is he using now?

Accommodation

Based on an understanding of preschoolers' physical and motor development, teachers should provide which of the following?

Active learning

Corrine teaches two students who are gifted in mathematics. She provides opportunities for these students to work on special math-related projects every Friday for one hour. She has met with several community agencies to acquire extra funding for these projects. She has also met with the superintendent and the board and discussed additional ways to provide appropriate challenges for gifted students. In this role, Corrine is which of the following?

Advocate

Maria Montessori devoted her life to developing an educational system that has influenced virtually all early childhood programs. Montessori viewed mental deficiency in children as which of the following?

An educational problem

Needs drive behavior, and unmet needs interfere with children's abilities to guide their behavior. Which child's needs are not being met at the most basic level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Aria is dropped at school early without breakfast and is hungry in the mornings.

Some local education agencies overidentify English learners (ELs) as eligible for special education services. Factors contributing to this overidentification include which of the following?

Assessments that are culturally and linguistically inappropriate

Three-year-old Corey saw a bee for the first time and called it a fly. What process of adaptation is Corey using?

Assimilation

Connor, a five-year-old, likes to pick up books and pretend to read. He and two other children in his preschool class play store by gathering supplies and toys and putting price tags on them. They take turns operating the cash register and managing the store. Connor and his peers are engaged in what kind of play?

Associative play

For a child to be classified as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the child must display at least six of the characteristics of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate for what period of time?

At least six months

One in every fifty-nine children is diagnosed with a complex developmental disability that appears during the first three years of life. It is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the normal functioning of the brain, impacting development in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. This description identifies which of the following disorders?

Autism spectrum disorders

John Dewey is most likely to agree with which of the following third-grade teachers?

Barrett created four stations for students to explore in his student-centered class.

Early childhood professionals teach children of what ages?

Birth to eight years of age

Which of the following ended segregation of schools on the basis of race and led to the integration of schools in 1954?

Brown v. Board of Education

Antonia has a learning disability and receives special education services. How does her teacher know Antonia's educational needs and learning goals?

By reviewing Antonia's individualized education plan

Professional dispositions are the values, commitments, attitudes, and professional ethics that influence teachers' behaviors. Based on ideas presented by Morrison, what is the most important disposition that all early childhood professionals should exhibit?

Caring

Addison's preschool curriculum emphasizes the development of traits such as a positive mental attitude, persistence, respect for others, cooperation, honesty, trustworthiness, and sensitivity to others' feelings. This curricular emphasis relates most directly to which of the following?

Character education

Learning communities are grounded in key foundational practices that include morning meetings. Ms. Thomas, a kindergarten teacher, begins her morning meeting discussing how the children should respect one another and take responsibility for their own actions. What area of learning is Ms. Thomas teaching during her morning meeting with the children?

Character education

A classroom should be a community of learners. In a learning community, all children share responsibility for their own learning and the learning of others. A community of learners is also characterized by which of the following?

Child centered

Shelby teaches in an inclusive second grade. Which children would be included in her inclusive classroom?

Children who are gifted, children who are average, and children who are disabled

Jackson Brown is a kindergarten teacher who wants his classroom to exhibit Vygotskian features. If he achieves this goal, which of the following is likely to dominate in his classroom?

Children working cooperatively in small groups

The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in an array of environmental influences on children's development and behavior. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the lifetime influences of COVID-19 impact children at which system level?

Chronosystem

Imani has 18 students in her kindergarten class. She has noticed that whenever she closes her textbook and picks up her whistle to prepare for recess time, the students automatically start moving excitedly in their seats. The students' change in behavior is an example of which of the following?

Classical conditioning

Marci has a box of eight crayons. She arranges them in a row and counts one through eight. Her ability to understand one-to-one correspondence aligns with which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Concrete operations

Three children in Meg's preschool class are immigrants from Mexico. Every morning, she greets them in their native language of Spanish. Meg is respecting what aspect of these children's context of development?

Culture

Increasing student achievement is at the center of the standards movement. Alignment is one of the keys to ensuring achievement of standards. What should be aligned with the standards?

Curriculum and tests

Which educational leader is credited with the theory of schooling called progressivism and the concept of child-centered schools?

Dewey

Martin teaches second grade and works with students from diverse backgrounds who perform at different levels. One reading group is working on grade-level skills in reading, another group is working below grade level, and a third group is working above grade level. What approach is Martin using to meet students' diverse needs?

Differentiated instruction

According to behaviorism, all behavior is motivated by a purpose. When behavior is rewarded, it continues. What might a teacher hope to accomplish by using applied behavior analysis?

Discover the purpose of inappropriate behavior and change it

Science is playing an increasingly important role in the kindergarten curriculum. Which of the following examples illustrates an effective way to support children's science learning?

Dropping items into a tub of water to see whether they sink or float

Zoe teaches the following students in kindergarten: Duke stutters when he speaks; Luna has a broken arm; Mason has autism; and Tierra is extremely shy. According to IDEA's definition of children with disabilities, which child or children in Zoe's kindergarten qualify for special education services?

Duke and Mason

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act provides for all of the following EXCEPT:

Early Head Start

Today there is a growing emphasis on incorporating STEM content into the curriculum beginning in preschool. STEM includes all of the following content areas EXCEPT:

Economics

The psychosocial development theory is based on the premise that cognitive and social development occur simultaneously and cannot be separated. Social interactions play an important part in a child's development. Who is credited with developing this theory?

Erik Erikson

Diego's dad recently lost his job. Even though Diego has never been to his dad's workplace, events at the workplace influence Diego's home. The dad's job security affects Diego's development. In this scenario, which level of Diego's ecological model of environmental systems is influencing Diego's development?

Exosystem

Three children in Meg's preschool class are immigrants from Mexico. She invited the parents of these children to participate in a family night that focused on helping families feel comfortable inside the school. Which NAEYC standard is Meg practicing?

Family partnerships

Which of the following room arrangements is recommended for an inclusive classroom in the primary grades?

Four-desk clusters?

Gracie teaches second grade and integrates technology into learning activities every day. Her students have grown up surrounded by technology and are confident making rapid-fire decisions and navigating sites. These children (with births beginning in 2010) are part of which generation?

Generation Alpha

Empowering children involves helping them build new behaviors and develop a sense of self-confidence. When teachers empower their students, they do which of the following?

Give students responsibilities and hold them accountable

Mara teaches four-year-old children and recognizes that they are in Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development. In this stage, her students need which of the following?

Hands-on activities for active involvement in learning

Martin Luther was a sixteenth-century theologian who rebelled against the authority of the hierarchy in the Catholic Church. In what way did he influence universal education?

He emphasized the need for establishing schools to teach children to read

President Lyndon B. Johnson's war on poverty included legislation that led to the implementation of several social programs to promote the health, education, and general welfare of people with low socioeconomic status. This legislation, known as the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, included funding for which of the following programs?

Head Start

Renata teaches third grade and has two students who may qualify for a gifted and talented program. Based on the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act (reauthorized as the Every Student Succeeds Act), gifted and talented is defined according to the following criteria EXCEPT:

High performance capabilities in sports

Bryson speaks to his mother when she picks him up from his child care center. He says, "Bye-bye" to his caregiver and later says, "Birdie." On the ride home he says, "Truck." Bryson's speech is characterized by which of the following?

Holophrases

Cooper is a kindergarten teacher in a diverse community and has three children in his class who are English learners (ELs). He knows these students are capable of learning subject matter in English and in Spanish and wants to support them to achieve success. Based on recommendations for supporting ELs, Cooper should do which of the following?

Honor their home language and provide books in their home language

What legislation, if any, provides services and opportunities for children with developmental delays when they are younger than the age of 3?

IDEA Part C

Teaching in a child-centered program involves all of the following EXCEPT:

Individual desks arranged for children to work alone

Bradley has an intellectual disability that limits his reasoning and problem solving and affects his social behaviors. He attends the first grade in the elementary school in his neighborhood and spends almost all of his school days in the general education classroom. What law or legislation ensures this right?

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Erik Erikson developed his psychosocial development theory based on the premise that cognitive and social development occur hand in hand. He proposed four stages of development from birth to age 8. What stage is experienced by children ages 6 to 11 years?

Industry versus inferiority

In the preschool years, children are in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Initiative versus guilt

Today's science teaching often involves the following process: (1) posing questions, (2) observing, (3) reading and researching for a purpose, (4) proposing solutions and making predictions, and (5) gathering information and interpreting it. What is this approach to teaching?

Inquiry-based learning

Kai is a Hawaiian infant whose parents are very conscientious about his care. They want him to grow strong physically and intellectually. Which of the following is most likely to increase the creation of gray matter in Kai's brain and enhance his intellectual capacity?

Interaction with other children

As a kindergarten teacher, Cooper uses a word wall to enhance his children's vocabulary learning. Recently he created activities that encourage the children to take the words off the wall and use them during their writing tasks. This type of word wall is called:

Interactive word wall

Many early childhood programs are incorporating outdoor activities, nature education, and gardening to involve children in a naturalistic approach. These revolutionary ideas were first introduced by which of the following historical figures?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Kathryn teaches sixteen children, and two of them have learning disabilities. Hayden teaches nineteen children, and one has a behavioral disorder and another has autism. Raven teaches fourteen children, and one child has cerebral palsy. Which teacher or teachers are teaching in an inclusive classroom?

Kathryn, Hayden, and Raven

The NAEYC promotes the concept of developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) in early childhood education. Three knowledge bases form the core considerations of DAP, and these include all of the following EXCEPT:

Knowledge of the content of literacy and mathematics instruction

According to research studies, redshirting children may have what negative consequences?

Lack of motivation to learn in the classroom

Psychologist Jerome Bruner has highlighted the social nature of language learning and the role of environmental factors. In his view, parents' interactions during conversational exchanges with their children provide which of the following?

Language acquisition support system

Malik, a third-grade teacher, tries to scaffold math activities for Cora as she struggles to understand concepts and lags behind peers in her performance. Cora has lost confidence in her ability to understand math and passively attributes her failure to lack of ability. She exhibits signs of which of the following?

Learned helplessness

What philosopher promoted the idea that children are born as blank tablets, or tabula rasa?

Locke

Maurice lives in a poverty-stricken area in an inner city and attends a school that lacks basic resources such as textbooks for each student. Jacob lives in a middle-class neighborhood and attends a suburban school that provides tablets for each student and furnishes the latest technology in every classroom. This inequality in educational resources is referred to as which of the following?

Matthew effect

In a typical daily preschool schedule, when do teachers and students talk about announcements, sing group songs, and discuss planned activities?

Morning meeting

What are the components of a Response to Intervention (RTI) system?

Multiple tiers of increasingly intensive instruction

Why do schools currently emphasize physical education for children in the primary grades?

National epidemic of childhood obesit

Trevon teaches second graders in an inner-city school. According to Maslow's theory of self-actualization, these children's needs should be met in what order?

Needs for life essentials, then security, belonging, and achievement

At birth, infants have twice as many neurons as adults. As family members and caregivers play and interact with the baby, learning takes place and neural connections are strengthened. What happens to reduce the number of neurons?

Neural shearing

Froebel devoted his life to the education of young children. He believed young children learn through play that is structured and guided by adults. This belief remains one of the basic principles of early childhood practice today, and the concept of Froebel's gifts is associated with which of the following?

Objects for children to manipulate

Children with anxiety disorder may have phobias or be afraid of school. They may worry excessively about the future and avoid social situations. How common is anxiety disorder among children in middle childhood?

One in five children

Moral development is closely aligned with character education. Mandy teaches third graders who are learning about fractions. She introduced a new concept about equivalents that required students to find equivalents to two-fifths of a whole. Few students grasped the concept at first and many students became frustrated. Mandy scaffolded learning and encouraged students to keep trying until they succeeded. What character trait is she fostering?

Perseverance

Cooper invites his kindergarten students to gather on the carpet, and then he introduces the sound /t/. He asks students to make the /t/ sound. He calls out names of students that start with /t/ and asks students to repeat the names. Next, he shows pictures of tigers and turtles and asks students to say the sound at the beginning of these animal names. What approach is Cooper using in this reading lesson?

Phonics approach

Addison's preschool has an excellent curriculum for teaching literacy skills. Today, Addison and her peers are engaged in activities using words that rhyme with cat. Such activities relate to which literacy skills?

Phonological awareness

Five-year-old Jamal reacts aggressively when another child insults or offends him. His teacher Alexus is helping him learn new behaviors that do not involve aggression. As Alexus scaffolds Jamal's learning of new behaviors, she will do which of the following?

Provide frequent help and feedback at first and gradually withdraw help

Sierra teaches kindergarten and wants to provide a supportive environment for her students. Which of the following is most likely to help her meet her goal?

Provide materials for active exploration and experience-based learning

Literacy achievement is one of the main objectives of kindergarten and primary school classrooms. What areas of learning are involved in literacy education?

Reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills

Some parents hold their five-year-old back from entering kindergarten. They wait a year to give their child more time to develop and perform at a higher level before starting kindergarten. What is this practice called?

Redshirting

Marissa's newborn daughter has Down syndrome, and Marissa recognizes that her baby has special needs. For individualized family service plans, the process of helping her newborn begins with which of the following?

Referral and assessment

Six-year-old Blake is completing a math worksheet that asks him to add 7 + 2. The next problem asks him to turn this addition fact (7 + 2 = 9) into a subtraction equation. Blake writes 9 - 7 = 2. What concrete operational cognitive skill is Blake exhibiting?

Reverse operations

Early childhood education is undergoing dramatic transformation and reform because of an increase in which of the following?

Scientific knowledge about how young children develop and learn

What is the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations

Destiny teaches 2-year-olds in her preschool and wants to help the children meet the demands of psychosocial development stage 2. Based on your knowledge of Erikson's stages, which of the following should Destiny do to meet her goal?

Set up a station where children create playdough creatures

Seth, Landon, and Ella are all toddlers. Seth lives in a suburban area and plays outside every day with his brother. Landon lives in a high-rise apartment and never goes outdoors. Ella lives in an urban area and goes to the park with her grandmother once a week. Based on this information, which child or children (if any) are likely to excel in early cognitive and language development?

Seth

In the middle of the twentieth century, Congress passed the National Defense Education Act and promoted the idea that the best defense for our nation is a good educational offense. This focus on education was part of the race for world superiority that began as a result of which of the following events?

Sputnik

Haley is teaching children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. Which of the following activities should she use?

Stack cardboard blocks for children to knock down

Sensorimotor cognitive development consists of six stages. When a little child holds a block to her ear and pretends the block is a phone, she is engaging in symbolic play. This type of symbolic play occurs in which stage of sensorimotor cognitive development?

Stage 6: representational intelligence

The brain forms connections between neurons as an infant grows and learns. What is this process called?

Synaptogenesis

Sierra teaches kindergarten and wants to provide a challenging environment for her students. To create such a challenging environment, she should do all of the following EXCEPT:

Teach all children at the same level of cognitive development

Teachers are encouraged to help children learn through modeling. Which of the following examples illustrates modeling in guiding children's behavior?

Teacher demonstrates how children should close books quietly and put them away

By the time Bryson is a two-year-old toddler, he and his peers will experience rapid language development. Their 50-word vocabularies will expand quickly, and their one-word utterances will become two-word sentences. What are these short sentences called?

Telegraphic speech

Four-year-old Allie is working on a 15-piece puzzle. She has placed several pieces correctly and doesn't seem to know what to do next. If Mr. Evans scaffolds learning for Allie, he will do which of the following?

Tell Allie to look at the picture of the puzzle for clues

Many factors influence how children grow and develop. Which of the following practices or behaviors is based primarily on culture?

The age at which a child stops nursing

Positive reinforcement can be used for all children and increases the occurrence of appropriate behavior. Five-year-old Mateo has been learning to stay in his chair and work quietly during independent seatwork. When he succeeds, he receives reinforcement. Which of the following examples illustrates social reinforcement?

The teacher smiles and compliments Mateo

The cycle of reflective practice involves which of the following?

Thinking and planning before, during, and after teaching

Theories explain how children grow and change. Understanding and using learning and developmental theories is important to professional practice. Early childhood professionals use their knowledge of these theories in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

To control children's interests

Kindergarten is evolving and making changes to meet society's demands for kindergarten education. Why did kindergarten transition from half day to full day?

To provide a better transition from kindergarten to first grade

Children have different temperaments, and these temperaments may be categorized according to nine characteristics that include all of the following EXCEPT:

Weight, height, and head circumference at various stages of childhood

Cooper uses the six-trait writing program with his kindergarten students because it is a systematic and comprehensive way to introduce children to the writing process. The elements in the six-trait method include organization, ideas, and what else?

Word choice, sentence fluency, conventions, and voice

Mara teaches four-year-old children and wants to help them develop self-regulation skills. Which of the following guidelines will help her reach her goal?

Work with children to establish a few simple group rules

One of the steps for guiding students' behavior is to use praise and encouragement. Which of the following examples illustrates encouragement?

You are staying focused. Keep it up

One of the steps for guiding students' behavior is to use praise and encouragement. Children want to receive feedback in the form of praise and encouragement, and process praise is recommended. Which of the following examples illustrates process praise?

You did a great job of spacing your letters.