Terms and Concepts - LAS 101

Fathers of Independence

-Simon Bolivar (helped create five nations through armed revolution). Miguel Hidalgo (Mexican priest who helped start Mexican Revolution with his talk about death to the Spaniards).

Getulio Vargas

- "father of the poor". In 1937, he created the Estado Novo [New State], an authoritarian regime that relied on nationalism to garner support and legitimacy. Although Vargas flirted with an alliance with Germany in the late 1930s and considered remaining neutral in World War II, Brazil ultimately became an active participant in the war on the side of the Allies.

Domestic violence and impunity in Guatemala***

- (Dr. Wertheimer's talk about femicide and domestic violence) -talk about the survey emily conducted and how people view the new laws and how well they work

Domestic violence in Guatemala

- (Dr. Wertheimer's talk about femicide and domestic violence) -talk about the survey emily conducted and how people view the new laws and how well they work

Film (City of God)

- (Luis Peña's class) Brazil

Corruption in Latin America

- (tell story of car wash) and "Is the widespread impression of an upsurge in corruption in Latin America over the last two decades simply an artifact of rising standards and better reporting? After all, corruption is nothing new in the region. In earlier decades, however, people may not have had a clear sense of the separation between the public and private spheres and may not have condemned certain private uses of public office. Due to modernization and the diffusion of universalist standards, ever more people may have begun to brand as bribery and corruption practices that in earlier years were deemed acceptable. Furthermore, the recent wave of dem-ocratization has freed the media from governmental control, making it much easier for investigative journalists to uncover cases of graft. What the secrecy and repression of military rule would have hidden from the public eye is now exposed to the public at large."

Independence (Spanish America)***

- After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. Napoleon's invasion of Spain (1807-1808) provided the spark the rebels needed. Napoleon, seeking to expand his empire, attacked and defeated Spain, and he put his elder brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. This act made for a perfect excuse for secession, and by the time Spain had gotten rid of Joseph in 1813 most of their former colonies had declared themselves independent. Spain fought valiantly to hold on to its rich colonies. Although the independence movements took place at about the same time, the regions were not united, and each area had its own leaders and history.

Bracero Program

- An executive order called the Mexican Farm Labor Program established the Bracero Program in 1942. This series of diplomatic accords between Mexico and the United States permitted millions of Mexican men to work legally in the United States on short-term labor contracts. Many U.S. farm owners created labor associations that increased labor market efficiency, reduced labor costs, and increased the average wages of all farm workers—immigrant and American alike.

Legacy of slavery***

- Between the 16th and 19th centuries, twelve million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas. European empires created trade networks in Africa to facilitate the slave trade in their colonies in Latin America and the Caribbean. DO MORE ON THIS

Bartolomé De las Casas

- early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there. Like many other Spanish missionaries who had traveled to America and experienced the brutality of the conquest, Las Casas became an advocate for the Indians and a critic of the brutal exploitation of indigenous slave labor and the lack of serious religious instruction.

Military regimes in Brazil, Argentina, Chile

- Brazil: The military dictatorship in Brazil was established on 1 April 1964, after a coup d'état by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with support from the United States government, against President João Goulart. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985. - Argentina: On March 24, 1976, a new military uprising overthrew president Isabel Perón and established a permanent dictatorship (a bureaucratic-authoritarian state), calling itself the "National Reorganization Process". The country was governed by a military junta made up of three members of the military, one for each faction. Chile: Pinochet was installed. The policies of the military government, though encouraging the development of free enterprise and a new entrepreneurial class, caused unemployment, a decline of real wages, and, as a consequence, a worsening of the standard of living of the lower and middle classes.

Conquest of Brazil***

- Colonial Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Facundo (article in Chasteen book)

- Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was a liberal intellectual, an adversary of the Argentine Caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas, and finally president of Argentina. Sarmiento believed that the vast plains of Argentina left an indelible imprint on the people and helped explain the rule of the men like Rosas.

Potosí (importance)

- During the sixteenth century the population of Potosi grew to over 200,000 and its silver mine became the source of 60% of the world's silver. Between 1545 and 1810 Potosi's silver contributed nearly 20% of all known silver produced in the world across 265 years. It was at the core of the Spanish Empire's great wealth.

Hernán Cortéz

- Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador, or conqueror, best remembered for conquering the Aztec empire in 1521 and claiming Mexico for Spain. He also helped colonize Cuba and became a governor of New Spain. Cortez's men destroyed the city, killed thousands of Aztecs, and ushered in centuries of Spanish rule.

Populism***

- In its most democratic form, populism seeks to defend the interests and maximize the power of ordinary citizens, through reform rather than revolution. Populist politics, following this definition, revolve around charismatic leaders who appeal to and claim to embody the will of the people in order to consolidate their own power.

Dependency Theory

- In short, dependency theory attempts to explain the present underdeveloped state of many nations in the world by examining the patterns of interactions among nations and by arguing that inequality among nations is an intrinsic part of those interactions. According to dependency theory, underdevelopment is mainly caused by the peripheral position of affected countries in the world economy. Typically, underdeveloped countries offer cheap labour and raw materials on the world market. These resources are sold to advanced economies, which have the means to transform them into finished goods. Underdeveloped countries end up purchasing the finished products at high prices, depleting the capital they might otherwise devote to upgrading their own productive capacity.

Letter from Jamaica/Angostura Address

- Letter written by Latin American soldier, revolutionary, and statesman Simón Bolívar in 1815 while in exile in Jamaica in which he articulates his desire for Latin American unity and his vision of republican government. One of Bolívar's most important pieces of writing and a landmark of Latin American political theory, the Letter from Jamaica revealed both Bolívar's passionate commitment to independence for Spain's Latin American colonies as well as an illiberal proclivity for oligarchical rule. The Angostura Address was at the congress of Venezuela, he advised them to draft a new constitution. Bolivar suggested ideas like a hereditary senate (governed by elites) that seemingly contradicted his stated desire to give power back to the citizens. Also stressed reflecting and respecting multiracial coalitions

Malinche

- Malinche soon proved herself very useful to Cortes, as she was able to help him interpret Nahuatl, the language of the mighty Aztec Empire. Malinche was an invaluable asset for Cortes, as she not only translated but also helped him understand local cultures and politics.

Juan Perón and Peronism in Argentina***

- Peron: Juan Perón was a populist and authoritarian president of Argentina and founder of the Peronist movement. He set the country on a course of industrialization and state intervention in the economy in order to bring greater economic and social benefits to the growing working class, but he also suppressed opposition. -peronism: the political, economic, and social principles and policies associated with Perón and his regime and usually regarded as fascist.

Race dynamics

- READ STUFF AND BE READY FOR A SHORT ANSWER ON THIS

Role of religion in conquest****

- Religion was a motive for discovery, enabled the Spanish to enter the heart of the empire, and was used as justification for torture of the natives.

Colonization of Mexico***

- Spain's purposes to colonize Mexico and the other colonies were getting new land, resources, and to spread Christianity. As they conquered Mexico, they got new land. Spain plundered lots of resources from their colonies, opened up trade and get profits and spread Christianity.

Conquest of Mexico***

- Spain's purposes to colonize Mexico and the other colonies were getting new land, resources, and to spread Christianity. As they conquered Mexico, they got new land. Spain plundered lots of resources from their colonies, opened up trade and get profits and spread Christianity.

Colonization of Peru***

- Spanish rule in Peru was consolidated in 1533 with the execution of Atahualpa, the reigning Inca monarch, and the conquistadors' military occupation of the Inca capital of Cuzco. And in that same year Spanish rule was solidified by the installation of Manco Inca Capac, a nephew of Atahualpa, as a puppet king in alliance with the Spaniards. The leader of the conquistadors, Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475-1541), established a Spanish municipal government in Cuzco in 1534 that was modeled on Spanish cities.

Mayas

- The Ancient Mayans developed the science of astronomy, calendar systems, and hieroglyphic writing. They were also known for creating elaborate ceremonial architecture, such as pyramids, temples, palaces, and observatories. These structures were all built without metal tools. The Maya were skilled weavers and potters.

Aztecs

- The Aztecs were famous for their agriculture, cultivating all available land, introducing irrigation, draining swamps, and creating artificial islands in the lakes. They developed a form of hieroglyphic writing, a complex calendar system, and built famous pyramids and temples. The Aztec civilization is known for being the last of the great Mesoamerican cultures before the Europeans arrived. They built impressive temple-pyramids, used sophisticated techniques of agriculture, their eagle warriors built a great empire, and they made human sacrifices to their gods.

Incas

- The Inca began as a small tribe who steadily grew in power to conquer other peoples all down the coast from Columbia to Argentina. They are remembered for their contributions to religion, architecture, and their famous network of roads through the region. The Inca civilization is known for creating the largest empire ever seen in the Americas, their impressive agricultural techniques, and their art and architecture which uniquely combined geometrical stonework with the natural landscape.

Independence (Brazil)***

- The Independence of Brazil comprised a series of political and military events that led to the independence of the Kingdom of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves as the Brazilian Empire. Most of the events occurred in Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo between 1821-1824.

Mapuche

- The Mapuche are famous for their 350-year struggle against Spanish and, later, Chilean domination. To resist the Spanish in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the Mapuche reorganized their traditional way of life. Widely separated villages formed military, political, and economic alliances; Mapuche warriors learned to use the horse against the Spanish; and Mapuche leaders such as Lautaro emerged as innovative and effective strategists.

Conquest of Peru***

- The Spanish thrust toward Peru through Panama was diverted for some years by the attractions of nearby Nicaragua. No one knew what lay along the southern coast, which because of contrary winds was very difficult to navigate; the coastal climate was hostile, and little wealth was discovered among the people dwelling there. Attempts in this direction were led by Francisco Pizarro, who despite being illegitimate and illiterate had all the other familiar characteristics of the leader; not only was he the illegitimate son of a prominent family but he also was one of the first captains on the American mainland, by the 1520s a wealthy encomendero and town council member of Panama.

Mexican Revolution

- The initial goal of the Mexican Revolution was simply the overthrow of the Díaz dictatorship, but that relatively simple political movement broadened into a major economic and social upheaval that presaged the fundamental character of Mexico's 20th-century experience. During the long struggle, the Mexican people developed a sense of identity and purpose, perhaps unmatched by any other Latin American republic.

"La violencia," Colombia

- The violence that occurred between 1946 and 1964 resulted in over 200,000 deaths. An estimated one million people were displaced from their rural homes. Guerrilla movements arose from the anarchy to fully establish themselves in the 1960s and still trouble Colombia to this day. La Violencia stemmed from partisan roots, but spiralled out of control by mobs and bandits, whom sought plunder and vengeance, which contributed to the bloodshed.

Tupac Amaru II

- Túpac Amaru II was the leader of the largest uprising in colonial Spanish-American history which raged across the Andes from 1780-1783. It became more violent as it progressed, and also more radical, more antislavery, and more anti-Hispanic. He is a leader that is still remembered in Peru and Bolivia and beyond today.

United Fruit Company

- Under the Guatemalan dictator Jorge Ubico, the United Fruit Company gained control of 42% of Guatemala's land, and was exempted from paying taxes and import duties. Seventy-seven percent of all Guatemalan exports went to the United States; and 65% of imports to the country came from the United States. The United Fruit Company could be described as a monopoly in certain regions known as the Banana Republic, including Costa Rica and Honduras. (2) They developed strong relationships between the Columbian and American governments by building their railway system.

Viceroys

- Within this territory, the viceroys of New Spain aided in converting the native population to Christianity, developed an array of educational institutions, and oversaw an economy based almost entirely on mining and ranching. The viceroy's princely salary was supposed to prevent corruption, and commercial dealings were forbidden to him.

Subcomandante Marcos

- Zapatistas, launched a rebellion in 1994 in the state of Chiapas and later functioned as a political movement defending the rights of Mexico's indigenous peoples. Marcos's leadership of the EZLN made him an international rebel icon, and he also became a widely read author not only of political writings but also of novels and poetry.

Jacobo Árbenz

- a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as the 25th President of Guatemala. Arbenz made agrarian reform the central project of his administration. This led to a clash with the largest landowner in the country, the U.S.-based United Fruit Company, whose idle lands he tried to expropriate. He also insisted that the company and other large landowners pay more taxes.

Frida Kahlo

- a Mexican woman who had multiple disabilities including polio as a child and spinal and pelvis damage from a car accident, became a world-renowned self-portrait painter. She has since served as a role model for generations of artists, people with disabilities and bisexual women

Captaincies

- a historical administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires. It was instituted as a method of organization, directly associated with the home-rule administrations of medieval feudal governments in which the monarch delimited territories for colonization that were administered by men of confidence. Think hereditary!

Encomienda system

- a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in the 1500s. The encomienda differed from slavery in that the Crown imposed inheritance, trading, and relocation restrictions on encomenderos. The encomienda system allowed for a vast accumulation of wealth by the conquistadors and the Spanish crown. They benefited from the discovery of gold and silver in the New World, and the mining of those metals by their laborers.

Lava Jato

- operation car wash, was a criminal investigation by the Federal Police of Brazil's Curitiba branch. It began in March 2014 and was initially headed by investigative judge[a] Sergio Moro, and in 2019 by Judge Luiz Antônio Bonat [pt].[14] It has resulted in more than a thousand warrants of various types. According to the Operation Car Wash task force, investigations implicate administrative members of the state-owned oil company Petrobras, politicians from Brazil's largest parties (including presidents of the Republic), presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate, state governors, and businessmen from large Brazilian companies. The Federal Police consider it the largest corruption investigation in the country's history. Originally a money laundering investigation, it expanded to cover allegations of corruption at Petrobras, where executives allegedly accepted bribes in return for awarding contracts to construction firms at inflated prices.[15] This criminal scheme was initially known as Petrolão (Portuguese for "big oil") because of the Petrobras scandal.[16] The investigation is called "Operation Car Wash" because it was first uncovered at a car wash in Brasília.

Bossa Nova

- popular music of Brazilian origin that is rhythmically related to the samba but with complex harmonies and improvised jazzlike passages. "accurately reflects the ideology, aspirations, and perspectives of the rapidly growing urban middle class during during the 1950s and early 1960s"

AMLO

- president of Mexico, He began his political career in Mexico's long-ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), eventually becoming Tabasco state party president in 1983. He left the party, however, and backed the dissident presidential candidacy of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas in 1988. López Obrador's own 1988 opposition candidacy for Tabasco's governorship ended in defeat, but he later became state president of the party founded on the basis of Cárdenas's electoral coalition, the centre-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).

Palmares/Quilombos

- was a settlement of fugitive slaves established, gradually, from the early 1600s to 1694 about 60k inland from the northeast coast of Brazil around the regions of Pernambuco and Alagoas. Estimates indicated 10,000 to 20,000 fugitive slaves, native Brazilians and various outcast groups (such as Jews and Muslims), inhabited Palmares throughout the period. Portuguese colonization, particularly from 1570, brought sugar cane plantations to the northeast coast of Brazil, utilizing, as labor, enslaved Africans and native peoples. Some of the slaves and native Americans resisted and established small settlements or quilombos in the area of Pernambuco where palm trees abounded (thus the name, Palmares).

Eduardo Galeano

- wrote "Open Veins of Latin America" which is a book written by Uruguayan journalist, writer, and poet Eduardo Galeano, published in 1971, that consists of an analysis of the impact that European settlement, imperialism, and slavery have had in Latin America. the book quickly gained popularity throughout developed countries,[7] but for its left-wing perspective the book was banned under the right-wing military governments of Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.

Affirmative action programs

-(from crandall.. need research) "We used it in describing Latin America's attempts to promote racial equality in terms of public education. Country study we focused on was Brazil."

César Chávez

-Cesar Chavez is best known for his efforts to gain better working conditions for the thousands of workers who labored on farms for low wages and under severe conditions. Chavez and his United Farm Workers union battled California grape growers by holding nonviolent protests.

Colonization of Brazil ***

-It is believed that the Portugal colonization in Brazil opened the country to the international market for its economic expansion, leading to a rapid economic growth and development during the colonial era. Native peoples died from European diseases.

Bureaucratic authoritarianism***

Bureaucratic authoritarian regimes are a specific type of authoritarian regime characterized by having a government made up of highly bureaucratized officials and focusing on industrializing the economy. Bureaucratic authoritarian regimes democratize by the population inciting rebellion against the leader and, subsequently, the regime making democratic concessions. Eventually, the democratic concessions made by the leader causes the regime to lose power and ultimately democratize. This process occurred in numerous countries in Latin America, including Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, as well as East Asia, including South Korea, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Performance art/Madres de La Plaza de Mayo***

The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo is an Argentine human rights association formed in response to the National Reorganization Process, the military dictatorship by Jorge Rafael Videla, with the goal of finding the desaparecidos, initially, and then determining the culprits of crimes against humanity to promote their trial and sentencing. The Mothers began demonstrating in the Plaza de Mayo, the public square located in front of the Casa Rosada presidential palace, in the city of Buenos Aires, on April 30, 1977, to petition for the alive reappearance of their disappeared children. Originally, they would remain there seated, but by declaring state of emergency, police expelled them from the public square.

Guatemala 1954 coup (and US role)

code-named Operation PBSuccess, was a covert operation carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944-1954. It installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian rulers in Guatemala. The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944, after a popular uprising toppled the military dictatorship of Jorge Ubico. Juan José Arévalo was elected president in Guatemala's first democratic election. He introduced a minimum wage and near-universal suffrage, and turned Guatemala into a democracy.