Terrorism Exam 2

Nasir al Wuhayshi

The spiritual leader of AQAP and a former aid to Osama bin Laden. Wuhayshi escaped from a Yemeni prison in 2006 to form AQY. In 2009, he joined his group with dissidents in Saudi Arabia to form AQAP.

Domestic Terrorism

The term is used by Margaret Gonzalez-Perez to refer to groups within a country fighting to change the social or political structure of that nation.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

(1876-1948) the leader of the Muslim League and the founder of modern Pakistan. He served as Governor-General until his death in 1948.

Ayub Khan

(1907-1974) the second president of Pakistan from 1958 to 1974. Khan seized control of the government in 1958 and then staged elections. He was the first of Pakistan's many military leaders.

Hassan al Turabi

(1932-) A Sudanese intellectual and Islamic scholar. He served in the Sudanese government during the time bin Laden was in exile in Sudan.

Asif Ali Zardari

(1955-) the husband of Benazir Bhutto, Zardari, inherited control of the Pakistan Peoples Party after Bhutto's assassination in December 2007. He was elected president in 2008.

Anwar al Awlaki

(1971-) An American-born Muslim cleric who worked to build U.S.-Muslim relations after 9/11. He became increasingly militant and called for attacks on America. He was arrested in Yemen in 2006 and released in 2007. In 2009, he swore allegiance to AQAP.

Three types of transnational attacks can be used to illustrate the issue:

1. Tourism 2. Energy 3. Shipping

Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman

A Sunni Islamic scholar linked to the Egyptian IG. He came to the United States in 1990 even though his name was on a State Department watch list. He was arrested and convicted of conspiracy after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He is currently serving a life sentence in the American federal prison system.

USS Cole

A U.S. Navy destroyer attacked by two suicide bombers in the port of Aden, Yemen, on October 12, 2000. Seventeen American sailors were killed in the attack.

Islamic Courts Union (ICU)

A confederation of tribes and clans seeking to end violence and bring Islamic law to Somalia. It is opposed by several neighboring countries and internal warlords. Some people feel that it is a jihadist organization, but others see it as a grouping of clans with several different interpretations of Islamic law.

Haqqani Network

A family in the tribal area of Pakistan that has relations with several militant groups and the ISI. The Haqqani family is involved in organized crime, legitimate businesses, the ISI, and terrorism groups. It is the major power broker in the tribal region.

Near Enemy

A jihadist term referring to forms of Muslim governments and Islamic law (sharia) that do not embrace the narrow-minded philosophy of Sayyid Qutb.

Far Enemy

A jihadist term referring to non-Islamic powers or countries outside the realm of Islam.

Jammu and Kashmir

A mountainous region in northern India claimed by India and Pakistan. It has been the site of heavy fighting during three wars between India and Pakistan in 1947-1948, 1971, and 1999. Kashmir is artificially divided by a line of control (LOC), with Pakistani forces to the north and India's to the south. India and Pakistan made strides toward peace after 2003, but many observers believe that the ISI supports jihadist operations in the area.

Tourism

A relationship exists between terrorism and tourism.

Sayyid Imam al Sharif

Also known as Dr. Fadl, one of Egypt's leading militants in the 1970s. While jailed, he embraced Islam and renounced the violence of al Qaeda-style militancy. He is viewed as a traitor by violent jihadists. He has provided much of the information about religious militancy, and he continues to publish works denouncing it. Still maintaining anti-Western and anti-government views, he sees jihad as a necessary part of Islam. Al Qaeda's version, he claims, violates the morality of Islamic law.

World Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders

An organization created in 1998 by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri. It represents a variety of jihadist groups that issued a united front against Jews and the West. It is commonly called al Qaeda.

News Frames

Are visual, audible, or written packages used to present the news. Communication scholars do not agree on a single definition, but news frames generally refer to the presentation of the news story. They contain a method for beginning and ending the story, and they convey the importance of characters and actions as the story is told.

Dirty Bomb

Explosive used to spread a chemical or radioactive agent around a large area. Drawback of the dirty bomb The heat produced by the explosion may destroy the chemicals attached to the bomb.

Stack-O'Connor

Female terrorism is overlooked for the same reason that female criminality has been underplayed: researchers do not think of women as criminals, but rather, as victims.

Al Manar

Hezbollah's television network.

Freedom of Information Act

Is a law ensuring access to government records.

Force Multiplier

Is a method of increasing striking power without increasing the number of combat troops in a military unit. Terrorists have four force multipliers: (1) technology to enhance weapons or attacks on technological facilities, (2) transnational support, (3) media coverage, and (4) religious fanaticism.

Philosophy of the Bomb

Is a phrase used by anarchists around 1848. It means that social order can only be changed through violent upheaval. Bombs were the first technological force multiplier.

Highly enriched uranium (HEU)

Is a process that increases the proportion of a radioactive isotope in uranium (U-235) making it suitable for industrial use. It can also be used to make nuclear weapons. Most nuclear weapons are made from HEU or plutonium.

Infotainment Telesector

Is a sarcastic term to describe cable news networks. It refers to news organization producing stories to entertain their audiences under the guise of presenting objective information.

Al Jazeera

Is an international Arabic television network and news organization based in Qatar.

Reporting Frame

Is the simplest form of a news frame. It is a quick, fact-driven report that summarizes the latest information about a story. It does not need to contain a beginning or an end, and it assumes that the consumer understands the context of the facts.

Red Mosque: Lal Masjid

Located in Islamabad, with a madrassa and a school for women. It taught militant theology. The government ordered the mosque closed in 2007. This resulted in a shootout and a standoff. Government forces stormed the mosque on July 2007, killing more than one hundred students. One of the leaders, Abdul Rashid Ghazi, was killed. His brother Maulana Abdul Aziz, the mosque's other leader was captured while trying to escape in women's clothing.

Margaret Gonzalez-Perez

Political and social ideology is closely related to the roles women play in terrorist groups. Women are more attracted to domestic terrorist organizations than international groups. Women in domestic groups gravitate toward combat and leadership.

Steganography

Refers to embedding a hidden encoded message on an Internet site.

Altruistic Suicide

Suicide terrorists frequently believe they are sacrificing their lives for a greater good.

Ian Lesser

Terrorism is defined by a situation, and it changes with each new situation.

Energy

Terrorists have a vested interest in disrupting oil and gas production.

Taliban

The Islamiist group that governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001.

Interservice Intelligence Agency (ISI)

The Pakistani domestic and foreign intelligence service created by the British in 1948. Supporters claim that it centralizes Pakistan's intelligence. Critics maintain that it operates like an independent state and supports terrorist groups.

Abdullah Azzam

The Palestinian leader of Hizb ul Tahrir and the spiritual mentor of bin Laden.

Mullah Omar

The leader of the Taliban. After the collapse of the Taliban government in 2001, Omar went into hiding.

Six tactics of terrorism are defined by Brian Jenkins

They include (1) bombing, (2) hijacking, (3) arson, (4) assault, (5) kidnapping, and (6) hostage taking.

Theory of Suicide Terrorism

Was developed by Robert Pape. The theory states that a group of people occupied by a democratic power are likely to engage in suicide attacks when there are differences in the religions of each group and the occupied religious community supports altruistic suicide.

Kathleen Blee

Women played an indirect role when racial terrorism emerged in the South after the Civil War. Role changed in the early 20th century as women became prominent in lynchings and other forms of racial violence. Depending on the direction of White Supremacists in the 21st century, women's roles in terrorism may change again.