test 1

Columbo Technique

1.Get them talking, and then 2.Slip in the real question.

1.Express empathy 2.Roll with resistance 3.Develop a discrepancy 4.Support self-efficacy

4 Key Elements of Motivational Interviewing

Who, Where, When, Why, What

5 W's: 1. ____ exercises? 2. ______? 3. ______? 4. _____ they do so? 5. _____ they do?

Anxiety

A negative response to a stressful situation characterized by apprehension and feelings of threat

anxiety

A negative response to a stressful situation is what component of the motivational process?

Arousal

A state of physical and psychological activation or readiness

routes, safety, weather, facilities

Characteristics of physical environment that can influence exercise participation:

start

Corporate and personal fitness coordinators use psychology to get people to ____ and continue physical activity programs.

Group integration-task

Develop activities that require the group to work together to achieve a common goal

54

Education Level and Physical Activity: If parents graduated HS-_____% kids PA rate

68

Education Level and Physical Activity: If parents have some college- kids PA rate___%

50

Education Level and Physical: Activity If parents less than HS-_____% kids PA rate

Group integration-social

Example: Have class members break into small groups to discuss strategies for overcoming common barriers to exercise

Group integration-task

Example: Set a group goal for amount of PA to be achieved over 3 months and a group reward for when goal is reached

Social Cognitive Theories

Exercise behavior is influenced by environmental factors (barriers) and how we think/feel about exercise.(attitudes, beliefs, intentions)

improve

Exercise leaders can take classes/seminars to _____ their leadership styles and create a better environment

Stimulus-Response Theory

Extinction is part of what theory?

Determinants of Physical Activity

Factors that correlates with exercise, but they also directly affect exercise - if pay for ex. Class (at the gym like yoga), more likely to exercise more often

1970-80s.

Fitness craze occurred in the:

Sport Psychology

Focuses on the psychological aspects of competitive sport participation

Exercise Psychology

Focuses on the psychological aspects of fitness, exercise, health, and wellness

true

Goal setting is an intervention technique for physical activity. (true or false)

enhance, participate

Goals of Exercise Psychology: To ______ the sport and exercise experience for those who ____ in physical activity

social-psychological, influence

Goals of Exercise Psychology: To understand ____-___ factors that ____ people's behavior and performance in physical activity

intrinsic regulation

Ideal form of motivation:

true

All humans, regardless of their individual goals, are motivated to feel competent and self-determining.(true or false)

true

All professionals in kinesiology use psychological knowledge and experience in their jobs every day. (true or false)

Fat, Mineral (bone), Water, Protein

Body composition is composed of?

No

Is BMI a measure of body composition?

-want -ability -reasons -need commitment -taking steps

Listening for changing: "Change Talk"

-Open Ended Questions -Affirmations -Reflective listening -Summarization

Listening via: OARS

Wearable

Measurement of PA Behavior: •HR monitor •Pedometer •Accelerometer •Global positioning system (GPS) unit

"I am certain that I can do XX, even if YY(barrier)"

Measuring often involves a sentence like:

true

People in the environment can influence your exercise effort (true or false)

Sleep Moderate (minutes) Hard (minutes) Very hard (minutes) Minutes working on strength/flexibility

Recell: One week period, interview based, participant recalls:

Screen time, sitting

Sedentary Behavior:

Energy expenditure less or equal to 1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs)

Sedentary behavior is defined as:

Inspirational Motivation

Showing enthusiasm and optimism about what others can accomplish

-Reduce acute/chronic negative psychological states -Promote acute/chronic positive psychological states.

Understand the psychological consequences of exercise:

Group cohesion

a dynamic process reflected in the tendency of a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs

Attitudes

a person's + or - evaluation of exercise.

Organizational

a shift in the workplace environment

Listen

appreciate Reflect Summarize

Observations

behavior checklist or coding

10-22%

healthy fat range for men

20-32%

healthy fat range for women

Physical (Benefits)

reduce risk of morbidity/mortality, developing diabetes, hypertension, cancers. Improve ADL, control body weight.

Instrumental support

tangible, practical assistance to help someone reach exercise goals -Spotting, taking care of a friend's child while the parent exercises

Epidemiology

•"to what extent are individuals within a particular population physically active?" •"what PA's are most popular?"

•Type of motivation •Basic psychological needs •Social context

•3 key concepts relevant in exercise:

autonomy, competence, relatedness

•Basic Psychological Needs:

Express Empathy

•Be respectful of where the client is in the change process

Develop Discrepancy

•Develop Intrinsic Motivation! •Show the discrepancies between the behavior and client goals

Epidemiology

•Different patterns across different groups of people •Health-care professionals can targe specific groups for exercise interventions, examine the impact of PA and behavioral trends.

4-8

•English children: by 15, teenagers sit 17-18 hours/wk and PA only __-___ hrs/wk

17-18

•English children: by 15, teenagers sit ___-___ hours/wk and PA only 4-8 hrs/wk

Support Self-Efficacy

•If you decide to change.. How confident are you that you could do it" -0-10 scale

active

•Most _____ people - tend to live longer, more healthy lives

Self-Determination Theory

•Proposed that quality or type of a person's motivation is key for determining whether the individual will engage in a particular behavior.

increased

•Research indicate: greater time spent on sedentary behaviors is positively associated with ____ risk for all-cause mortality, CVD morality, cancer morality, CVD incidence, cancer incidence, and type 2 diabetes incidence, independent of PA

internally

•Research suggests; more _____ regulated forms of motivation is linked with greater exercise participation.

lowest

•Those who engage in greater amount of PA are at the ____ risk for illness and death

Self-Determination Theory

•Types of motivation, and the extent to which they are externally or internally regulated, are at the center of ___ ___ ___

43-48

•USA: 2008-2011; ___-___%, and 53% in 2017. for PA

Negotiate for Change

•Use Strategic Summaries: Tip the balance in favor of change! •Be ok with small changes •Goal must be identified and accepted by the client

autonomous

•When people have _____ motivation, they spend more time exercising and adhering to program

35-55

•___-___% do not meet their countries' recommendations for PA.

Negative

•____ relationship b/w PA and morbidity/mortality.

Increased

•_____ cases of diabetes/overweight/obesity -decreased PA in children/youth

Sedentary behavior

•any movement with EE< 1.5 METs, performed while sitting, reclining, lying posture

Stationary behavior

•any waking behavior done while reclining, sitting/standing with no ambulation

Punishment

•can't be used to increase exercise but can be used to decrease sedentary behavior that interfere with exercise.

Positive reinforcement

•gyms give t-shirts, water bottles to adherent exercises. •Intrinsic vs. extrinsic reinforces

Negative reinforcement

•help client start to think more positive.

Essential fat

•is crucial for normal body functioning

Autonomy

•need to experience choice & freedom over the types of exercise that one participates in.

Screen time

•screen-based behaviors. Can be performed while sedentary or being active

1.Expected outcomes and affective response 2.The importance of the instrumental and affective responses

2 factors influencing exercise attitudes:

Ø Past performance Ø Vicarious experiences Ø Social persuasion Ø Physiological/affective states

4 primary sources of self-efficacy:

Stimulus-Response Theory

B.F. Skinner is best known for his work with what theory?

True

Because countries differ dramatically in terms of the racial and ethnic makeup of their populations, it is difficult to compare PA levels for different racial/ethnic groups in different countries. (true or false)

- Feelings of mental, emotional, and physical exhaustion - Negative moods and feelings (depression, despair) and a negative change in responses to other people - Lack of accomplishment - Disillusioned with involvement; occurs when personality characteristics interact with life stressors

Burnout Stages:

Stress

A process in which individuals perceive an imbalance between their response capabilities and the demands of the situation

burnout

Adaptation and staleness • Entrapment: lack of enjoyment

Amotivation

An individual with no motivation to engage in exercise, or does not have any reason to think about exercise, is considered to have what specific type of motivation?

recover

Athletic trainers use psychology to help athletes _____ from injuries.

motivate

Coaches ______ players and nurture strong team chemistry

thoughts

Cognitions:

adulthood

Consequences of PA and Sedentary Behavior: •Excess weight in childhood/adolescence, predicts excess weight in ____

mortality

Consequences of PA and Sedentary Behavior: •Increased all-cause _____ rate

obesity

Consequences of PA and Sedentary Behavior: •Morbidity, diabetes, CHF, ____

79

Consequences of PA and Sedentary Behavior: •Overweight children aged 10-14, with at least one overweight or obese parent, were reported to have a ____% likelihood of their overweight classification persisting into adulthood

20-35

Consequences of PA and Sedentary Behavior: •Relative risk of death reduced by ___-___% in Canadians by more PA

15-20

Consequences of PA and Sedentary Behavior: •~__-___% of children/adolescents are obese

- Challenge - Variety of activity

Preventing burnout:

leadership.

Recreational and elite sport managers use strategies for effective _____

Correlates of Physical Activity

Reliable statistical association with physical activity behavior, but do NOT cause changes in activity - owning many pairs of running shoes, does not make you run

Questionnaires • Interviews • Observations: • Biochemical measures • Content analysis:

Research Methods:

true

Research has shown that physical activity (PA) levels during our youth are not related to our activity levels in adulthood. (true or false)

self-efficacy

Scales for measuring self-efficacy depends on the specific type of __-__ in question

• Related to sport performance, excellence, and enhancement • Related to the adoption and maintenance of physical activity behaviors for health benefits

Sport and Exercise Psychology Is

Effects of sport on personality

Sport in itself does not build character; moral development and prosocial behaviors must be modeled and created in the structure of the program.

University - Olympic - Professional

Sport psychology service providers working in athletic programs:

•Does not account the important role of cognition (mental processes associated with acquiring, processing, and retrieving information.)

Stimulus-Response Theory (SRT) limitations?

B.F. Skier

Stimulus-Respose theory (creator)

Individualized Consideration

Demonstrating care and concern for others' physical and psychological needs

• Physical activity in children • Physical activity in older adults

Developmental Concerns in Psychology of Sport and Exercise:

Support Self-Efficacy

Empower Your Client

Intellectual Stimulation

Engaging the rationality of others and causing them to look at old problems in new ways

Idealized Influence

Engendering the trust and respect of others and acting as a role model

- Mental - Physical - Pleasant or unpleasant - Stress - Anxiety - Flow

Feeling states experienced by exercisers:

Women

Gender and Physical Activity: ______ - heavy housework

Men

Gender and Physical Activity: •_____- high intensity, muscular strength/endurance

type

Gender and Physical Activity: •Amount, level and ____ of activity differ

males

Gender and Physical Activity: •Boys and _____ more active compared with girls and women

ages

Gender and Physical Activity: •Types of activities also differ at different _____

psychological, participation

Goals of Exercise Psychology: To understand the _______ effects derived from ____ in physical activity

Health-Care Providers

Group Influences on Exercise: exercise specialist, nurses, PTs

exercise leader/instructor

Group Influences on Exercise: fitness class instructors, personal trainers

Family

Group Influences on Exercise: small, but positive relationship with exercise -Downside of family support: too much pressure

Unique experiences

How energy influences performance:

6

How many regulatory styles does the self-determination theory have?

closed question

How much do you smoke?

Transformational Leadership Behavior

Idealized Influence Inspirational Motivation Intellectual Stimulation Individualized Consideration

Social Ecological Models of physical activity

Individual factors: age, fitness, self-efficacy, motivational regulation

Type of Social Support

Instrumental support Emotional support Informational support Appraisal Support

1.Attitude toward behavior (+ -) 2.Subjective norm for behavior (social pressure?) 3.Perceived behavioral control over the behavior

Intention Determined by 3 factors:

• Presence of others • Group membership • Leadership • Aggression • Gender socialization

Interpersonal and Group Processes in Sport and Exercise:

• Goal setting • Self-talk • Attentional control and focusing • Imagery • Physical relaxation techniques • Motivational interviewing

Intervention Techniques for Physical Activity:

*increase exercise adherence *enhance sport performance *develop life skills *aid in injury rehabilitation *ease career transitions and retirement from sport

Intervention techniques in sport and exercise psychology are used to:

Intrinsic regulation

Intrinsic Motivation--Specific types of motivation within SDT and motivation

-Group cohesion -Group composition

Two aspects of exercise group and it's effects on exercise:

Social Ecological Models

Understand exercise behavior by looking beyond the individual, to interpersonal factors, physical environmental factors, and policies that may influence exercise.

Permission

May we talk about?

Self report, wearable, Observation

Measurement of PA Behavior

Observation

Measurement of PA Behavior: •Direct viewing •Indirect viewing

Self-Actualization

Motivational Interviewing is based on

Open question

What do you know about?

Cognition

What is the major limitation of the stimulus-response theory?

What is the point?

Which of the following is NOT part of the 5 Ws mentioned in the discussion of epidemiology and the application of physical activity?

behavior

Which of the following is part of the ABC of physical activity?

-Help understand the psychology of exercise behavior -Understand the psychological consequences of exercise -Recommendations

Why Study Exercise Psychology?

Appreciate

You are very courageous"

promote

People in a position of social influence (health-care providers, fitness instructors) should take every opportunity to encourage/_______ PA

Ask

Permission Open Question Closed Question

Give feedback

Your tests show..."

linear

_____ relationship between low income and low time in PA

1990s

______: Growth of sport psychology and exercise psychology subdisciplines continued, professional training standards were implemented, consulting guidelines and ethical standards for exercise were approved, and the U.S. Olympic Committee registry of certified professionals was created.

improving

adult patters for this trend of recommendations for PA is _____ in most of these countries.

Extinction

aim to prevent extinction by continue to give positive reinforcement. Perhaps add new exercises to prevent boredom.

Biochemical measures

analyze blood or urine

Content analysis

analyze written work such as activity journals

Theory of Planned Behavior

based on social cognitive approach, it is very different from SET, and it has a central role to intention.

Affirming

brings to the forefront the individual's strengths, positive attributes, and efforts.

Summarizing

collect, link, or transition the individual's comments ensuring understanding and moving the conversation forward.

Motivation

degree of determination, drive, desire, an individual approaches a behavior.

Informational support

direction, advise about how to exercise (trainer, friend, etc.) -Health practitioner can help too

Policy

economic development, food policy, urbanization

Emotional support

expression of encouragement, caring, empathy -Help someone emotionally exercise

Interpersonal

family size, household's food security, household's dietary diversity

visceral or intra-abdominal fat

fat cells around major organs

Subcutaneous fat

fat cells under the skin or adipose tissue

Self-Efficacy Theory

focus on the extent to which a person believes in her/his capabilities to perform a specific behavior, given the individual's abilities and the unique situation in which the individual finds themselves in.

Physiological measures

heart rate or brain waves

Individual attractions to the group

how much the person likes the group

Psychological (Benefits)

improve cognitive function, body image, self-esteem. Reduce rate of depression, anxiety.

Social (Benefits)

improves social functioning, social inclusion, participation, help develop social interactions

Interviews

in-depth, more complex responses

Tell

inform Give Feedback Advise

sport and exercise psychology

involves the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior in physical activity

Motivation

is a complex set of internal and external forces that directs and energizes our behavior (choice, effort, and persistence) in sport and exercise.

Double-sided reflection

is a great way of expressing ambivalence to your client. It's a short summary of both sides of the ambivalence. It's basically "You feel two ways about this. "On one hand you feel ____ and on the other hand you feel ____"

Stimulus-Response Theory

is restricted in its ability to predict and explain behavior.

Body composition

is the body's relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass

cognitive factors

knowledge, expectations, attitudes

Natural environment

lakes, mountains, woods

Confidence Ruler

measures how confident a person is in their ability to perform or take the action

Readiness Ruler

measures how ready the person is to take the action

Willingness Ruler

measures how willing you are to take an action

Past performance

most important source in increasing self-efficacy

Relatedness

need to feel personally connected with others, ex. Group, friends, etc. who provide exercise encouragement.

Reflecting

offers short summary about what the individual has said and makes a guess to it meaning.

Social Support

perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information someone receives from others

exercise personality

persistent and consistent exercisers are more self-motivated and confident in their physical abilities than sedentary people.

Intention

person's motivation, decision, plan to perform a behavior.

Built environment

physical form of communities, how land is used - sidewalks, greenscapes, transportation

Open Questioning

provides the individual the space to chose how they want to respond.

Questionnaires

psychological inventories

exercise psychology

psychology + exercise science=

Individual

race and genetics, in-utero dysadaptation, maternal short stature, breastfeeding status, low maternal education)

Social influence

real/imagined pressure to change one's behavior, attitudes, beliefs

Community

rural and urban areas

Psychology

scientific study of behavior and mental processes (perceptions, cognitions, emotions)

Exercise science

scientific study of movement

sitting

sitting down

behavioral factors

skills, practice, self-efficacy

environmental factors

social norms, access in the community, influence on others and environment

athletic personality

successful athletes possess more positive self-perceptions and use more productive cognitive coping strategies than less successful athletes do.

Social

thoughts/feelings about social relationship within group. People's personalities can be incorporated with this.

Task

thoughts/feelings about the group's goals

Group integration

thoughts/feelings of group members on how well the group satisfies their personal needs/objectives, and overall feelings about the group

Appraisal support

validate thoughts, feelings, problems, etc. -People with chronic condition will exercise with same group of people (they just feel more comfortable to)

- Amotivation - Extrinsic motivation - Intrinsic motivation

· 3 categories of Motivation within the SDT

will decrease behavior

· In SRT, major role of cognition is to interpret exercise-related outcomes as either positive or negative- negative based

will increase behavior

· In SRT, major role of cognition is to interpret exercise-related outcomes as either positive or negative- positive based

1. I don't see why I should have to exercise 2. I exercise because other people say I should 3. I feel guilty when I don't exercise 4. I value the benefits of exercise 5. I consider exercise part of my identity 6. I enjoy my exercise sessions

· Why do you engage in exercise?

Emergence, mental training

• 1980s: _____ of exercise psychology, the growth of field research, and an explosion of applied ____ ____with athletes

hook

• Physical education teachers use different forms of motivation to ____ students.

Develop Discrepancy

•"On a scale from 0 (not)-10 (extremely), how important is it for you to change?"

Motivational Interviewing

•"a therapeutic style intended to help clinicians work with patients to address the patient's fluctuation between opposing behaviors and thoughts" --originally used in the addiction field --very popular in the last 10 years as a strategy for changing health behaviors

cognition

•In SRT, major role of ____ is to interpret exercise-related outcomes as either + or -; where + will increase behavior and - will decrease behavior.

Righting Reflex

•It is a common response to want to "make things right" when we see a problem. Motivational interviewing does not try to make things right.

less

•Lower income = ____ time in PA, may not be true for other parts of the world.

true

•Most fat is storage in fat cells under the skin or adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat) and around major organs (visceral or intra-abdominal fat) (true or false)

practitioner

•Motivational Interviewing changes the relationship between the _____ and the patient/client -"practitioner knows best" -"we are in it together"

adherence

•Motivational Interviewing has proven effective for ____ to health programs

not

•PA in youth are ____ related to PA in adults.

decrease, age

•PA tends to ___ with ___ and vary according to a # of factors, including gender, race/ethnicity, income level, educational level

Competence

•the need to feel personally capable in one's abilities to exercise.

Punishment

-adding something negative -decreases exercise behavior

positive reiforcement

-adding something positive -increases exercise behavior

Motivational Interviewing

-originally used in the addiction field

Social facilitation

-people increase effort and performance when others are watching them -Often observed in gym settings: weight-lifters lifted ~12 kg additional when observed

Stimulus-Respose theory

-positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment -extinction

extinction

-taking away reiforcemet -decreases exercise behavior

Physical Activity Specialist(kinesiology)

-trained practitioners of sport and exercise psychology focus on education or the teaching of skills to enhance the performance or personal fulfillment of individuals involved in sport or exercise.

Inform

"Diabetes causes blindness

Advise

"Exercise will benefit you"

Interpersonal Environment

- Social support - social influence

Social Cognitive Theories

- personal factors, environmental influences, behavior

actions

Behavior:

-Ask -Tell -Listen

Motivational Interview Methods

Affect

The ABCs of physical activity- A

Behavior

The ABCs of physical activity- B

Cognitions

The ABCs of physical activity- C

Sport psychology

1970s: ____ ___ became a legitimate subdiscipline; graduate programs originated; Rainer Martens pioneered the systematic study of competitive anxiety in sport.

• Be Patient • attempt to solidify a goal (short term) •End on a positive note

*DO:

•Act as an authoritative figure •Label your client (addict) •Tell your client how to fix their problem •Make Assumptions: health is not always first priority

*Do not:

Policies and Curricula for School-Based PE

-PE teachers have adequate training and resources to develop/implement PE curriculum. - Increase number of days and duration of PE. Higher intensity of PA, MAKE IT FUN

Summarize

"Let's see if I got it..."

Reflect

"You want to change, but..."

Transportation and Urban Planning Policies

-Public transit more convenient/accessible, also add bike racks to buses to promote PA -Create a walkable community

Negative reinforcement

-Taking away something negative -increases exercise behavior

Policies to Increase Access to Facilities

-Build new facilities to increase number of people being active. More facilities in high income neighborhoods, change that. -Improve existing facilities.

Avoid Problem Solving Traps

-Can't remove barriers -Exercise and time

Group Composition

-Characteristics of the people who make up the exercise group can affect exercise adherence -Adults more likely to adhere to a group exercise program when other members were similar age, physical condition, and appearance.

WHO (2018) recommendations

-Establish a national vision that prioritizes the promotion of PA and reduction in sedentary behavior -Engage health-care providers/organizations, etc. to provide leadership and to actively promote and advocate for policy changes

•For change •OARS

-Express Empathy•What you are saying is really important to me, tell me more about...." • -LISTEN:

Group Cohesion

-Group cohesion -Group integration -Individual attractions to the group -Task -Social

Dimension of Cohesion

-Group integration-social -Group integration-task -Individual attractions to group-social -Individual attractions to group-task

Policy Environment

-Informal rules/regulations/practices that are developed and implemented by governments, government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations, such as schools and businesses. -New buildings, opening hours of gym, build bike paths, etc.

WHO (2018) recommendations

-Key people to work together to change policy, create better after-school PA programs for kids -Conduct research and use best available evidence to develop new policies and to monitor/evaluate the effects of policy change

Support Self-Efficacy

-Key to behavior change is the expectation that one can succeed -There is hope in the range of alternative approaches -Support and encourage the client's belief in the possibility of change.

The Exercise Group

-More likely to adhere to exercise program -However, some can effectively promote exercise adherence, while other programs can undermine exercise-related thoughts

Step back and reflectively listen

-Natural to resist change -Recognize client resistance as a signal to change your strategies -"it sounds like you have tried before and it hasn't worked for you"

Group Composition

-Older adults felt the same -Suggested that people feel less intimated and more comfortable in exercise groups where they expect to be on an equal footing with other group members

Avoid the "Righting Reflex"

-The client should voice arguments for change -Be accepting!

Trait personality, motor performance

1960s: _____ ____studies were conducted related to sport participation and social facilitation or audience effects on _____ ____; national and international organizations formed.

emotions

Affect:

Non-regulation

Amotivation-Specific types of motivation within SDT and motivation

reflects

Amount of education of parents often ______ how much the kids participate.

Idealized Influence

Application in a PE setting: Convey trust in students' capabilities and treat them in a way that builds their respect

Individualized Consideration

Application in a PE setting: Demonstrate caring and compassion for students; recognize their individuality, personal needs, and abilities

Inspirational Motivation

Application in a PE setting: Encourage students to try their hardest, be optimistic about what they can accomplish

Intellectual Stimulation

Application in a PE setting: Invite students to make suggestions to improve the class, create lessons that encourage students to think and make decisions for themselves

External regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation

Extrinsic Motivation-Specific types of motivation within SDT and motivation

3-5

Essential fat males: •__-__% of total body weight in males

8-12

Essential fat women: __-__% of total body weight in females

Exercise Psychology

Examining application of psychological principles of maintenance of ex behavior and psychological consequence of exercise.

Individual attractions to group-task

Example: Ask participants to "buddy up" with a partner to facilitate stretching exercises

Individual attractions to group-social

Example: Give class members time at the start of class to introduce themselves. Schedule monthly lunch/dinner after class

Effects of exercise on personality

Exercise has been shown to produce several benefits including enhanced self-concept and psychological well-being and decreased anxiety and depression.

true

Exercise psychology is now widely used in sports. (true or false)

support

Exercisers should be encouraged to consider their social (friend, trainer) _____needs or other types of support (family) while exercising

Clinical or Counseling Psychologists

Licensed practitioners who provide psychotherapy and consultation for individuals with clinical conditions such as depression, phobias, or anorexia nervosa. These may include athletes and exercisers.

Norman Triplett, bicycling

Late 1800s: _____ ____studied the effect of the presence of others on ______ performance.

less, more

Less education = ____ exercise More education = ___exercise

reduced

Often ____ activity as they get older (video games etc.)

Recall

One week period, interview based, participant recalls: Sleep Moderate (minutes) Hard (minutes) Very hard (minutes) Minutes working on strength/flexibility

Individual attractions to group-task

Provide opportunities for group interaction during the exercise activities

Group integration-social

Provide opportunities for participants to share their exercise challenges/successes in order to feel a sense of group member support and similarity

Individual attractions to group-social

Provide opportunities for social interactions with group members both during/outside of formal class time

Difficult

Race, Ethnicity, and Physical Activity: •_____ to compare PA between countries (focus on USA)

•Step back and reflectively listen •Avoid the "Righting Reflex"

Roll with Resistance

Albert Bandura

Self-efficacy Theory (creator)

• Personality • Motivation • Energy management • Interpersonal and group processes • Developmental concerns • Intervention techniques for physical activity enhancement

Six main areas:

extrinsic

Using ____ reinforces (rewards) to enhance motivation