test 11 Ortoleva

wrote The Wealth of Nations in which he argued for that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity - enforces the idea of free market economics meaning the economy is regulated by a free market and not a govt - capitalism

Adam Smith

Montesquieu most important achievement is his writings of the Idea of Separation of Powers. he was an early and influential thinker. Studied governments of Europe, from Italy to England. Also studied ancient governments, Chinese and Native American governments. His sharp criticism of absolute monarchy would open later debates. In 1748, published The Spirit of the Laws. he is most well-known for his suspicions about the monarchy. he believed in seperating government into three parts so no individual branch would hold all the power. his ideas were later used in the U.S constitution

Baron de Montesquieu

In March 1770, British soldiers in Boston open fire on a crowd that was throwing rocks and snowballs at them...five killed...

Boston Massacre

This was a time on December 1773, when bunch of armed men invade the home of the sleeping tea. They grabbed the tea and then proceed to throw the tea overboard. The tea could not swim, and thus, drowned. This was one of the greatest losses to Brotherhood of the Tea. Over 32 Tea died that day. They will forever be remembered for the Sacrifices the tea made.

Boston Tea Massacre

December 1773, a group of colonists, dressed like native Americans, hurled a cargo of tea into Boston harbor to protest the tax on tea.

Boston Tea Party

Henry IV was assassinated when his son was 9. so Louis XIII, Henry's son, appointed Cardinal Richelieu prime minister in order to deal with the nobles.Richelieu sought to destroy the power of the Huguenots and French nobles. Allowed Huguenots to practice their religion but smashed their walled cities and outlawed their armies. He also defeated and banned the private armies of French nobles and destroyed their palaces. Reduced their independence, he tied the nobles to the King by appointing them to official positions or to the royal army.

Cardinal Richelieu

was the Empress of Russia, read the works of the philosophes and exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot. She believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty. She also toyed with the implementation of ideas of Enlightenment. Early in her reign, she made some limited reforms; abolished torture and allowed religious freedom. She then gave some freedoms and rights to serfs. However, she had no intention of giving up any power.- one of the enlightened despots--

Catherine the Great

In 1625, Charles I inherits the throne and acts like a absolute monarch. Imprisoned his foes without trial and squeezed the nation for money. Soon needed money and was force to call up Parliament. Parliament would not vote on funds unless he signed the Petition of Right which forbade the King from raising taxes without Parliament or jailing people without trial. Charles signed it but soon dissolved Parliament. Would rule for 11 years without Parliament, created many enemies. Eventually needed money so he called parliament. Parliament would launch their own revolt. he is the first king to be executed.

Charles I (England)

Charles V became king of Spain, the Spanish colonies in the Americas, and to the Hapsburg empire. He was a devout Catholic and fought to suppress Protestantism. Because of his dual roles and his devoutness to roman catholic, he was involved in constant warfare. the Hapsburg Empire proved to be too much for him so he gave up his throne.

Charles V

document that reflects the ideas of Locke's govt obligation to protect the people's natural rights to life aka "life, liberty, and property" Scholars think he owned slaves.

Declaration of Independence

many kings during this time believed in the divine right to rule. This meant that The current kings believed that God had directly given them the right to rule.

Divine Right of King

certain kings who adopt some of the ideas of the enlightenment for their govt--try incorporating such ideas without completely giving up total power- eg) joseph II and catherine the great

Enlightened Despots

James Stuart was made king (he started a new line of monarchs). the Stuarts did not like working with parliament, because of this (and problems with the tuders) a century of conflict between the Stuarts and parliament had begun. James I, started to lecture about his power and divine right to rule. Parliament resisted. James repeatedly clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy. James dissolved Parliament and raised taxes on his own. Later, Charles I inherits the throne. he Imprisoned his foes without trial and squeezed the nation for money. Soon needed money and was force to call up Parliament. Parliament would not vote on funds unless he signed the Petition of Right which forbade the King from raising taxes without Parliament or jailing people without trial. Charles signed it but soon dissolved Parliament. Would rule for 11 years without Parliament. Eventually would need to call up Parliament because he needed money. Parliament met and would launch their own revolt. Long parliament has started. In a mounting struggle with the King, would have his chief ministers tried and executed. Called for abolition of bishops and declared that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. a Civil war eventually started between Cavaliers and Roundheads. Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I and the roundheads (which were being led by Cromwell) sided for a strong parliament. Cromwell's army defeated the Cavaliers in a series of decisive battle. By 1647, the King was in the hands of parliamentary forces. James II then becomes king, he is a catholic. protestants fear of a roman catholic church in England so they invite James's daughter (a protestant) and her husband to ask them to become rulers. When they landed troops on English shores, James II flees to France. This bloodless coup becomes known as the Glorious Revolution. Establishes Parliament over the monarchy. before Mary and William could become rulers they had to accept the bill of rights (which were acts passed by parliament.

Examine the conflict and struggle for power between the English Crown and Parliament in the 1600s. Be sure to identify the key players and events that ultimately led to a transformed England. What was the result of this century of political tumult for England's monarchy and political system?

also known as Frederick the Great, exerted tight control over his subjects in Prussia. He saw himself as "the first servant of the state", with a duty to work for the common good and openly praised Voltaire's work and invited several intellectuals of the day to Prussia. He reformed his government to make it more efficient and responsive to his citizens. He also tolerated religious differences and made his kingdom a refuge for religious exiles.

Frederick II of Prussia

one of the founding fathers of the US and attendees of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia- led the US army to win the battle for independence. He had white hair

George Washington

James II is crowned. He Openly practiced his Catholic faith and appointed Catholics to important positions. English Protestants fear a return of the Roman Catholic Church so Parliament invites James' protestant daughter and her husband to become rulers of England. When they landed troops on English shores, James II flees to France.

James II

French Swiss, believed that people in their natural state were good.---In 1762, put forth his ideas in his work, The Social Contract.-- there he argues that society puts limitations on people's behavior, saying some were needed but only governments that were freely elected should impose them---also placed faith in the general will of the people and that the good of the community should be placed above individual interest

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

John Locke was a 17th century English thinker, set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment. He lived during the English Civil War but came to very different conclusions about human nature and the role of government. Locke Advocates Natural Rights: he is More optimistic than Hobbes. Thought people were basically reasonable and moral. They had certain natural rights - life, liberty and the property. In the Two Treatises of Government, Locke argued that people formed governments to protect their natural rights. The best government was limited (in power) and was accepted by the people. Unlike Hobbes, Locke rejected absolute monarchy. Was satisfied with the results of the Glorious Revolution. Had a radical idea at this time - a government has an obligation to the people it governs....if it does not, fails in its obligation, then the people have the right to overthrow that government. Locke's ideas would influence leaders of the American Revolution...Franklin, Jefferson, and Madison.

John Locke - know

was a Holy Roman Emperor. He was the most radical of the enlightened despots. Was a eager student of the Enlightenment, and would travel in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems. He supported equality among Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire. And ended censorship by allowing freedom of the press. Also eliminated serfdom in his kingdom. His reforms would be canceled after he died.

Joseph II (Habsburg Empire)

When Louis XIII dies, his five year old son Louis XIV is too young to rule so Mazarin took over the rule for him until he would be old enough to rule. Right after the young boy had become king, disorder swept through France. In an uprising, nobles, merchants, and urban poor protest against the rising power of the King and preserve their own. On one occasion, rioters drove the young king out of his palace, an event that he would never forget. when Mazarin dies, Louis is 23 and takes complete control of the government. Louis XIV believed in his divine right to rule. He took the sun as his symbol of absolute power. He considered himself to be the center of the country and is often claimed to have quoted..." i am the state." He never called for a meeting of the Estates General, so his royal power never got checked. Spent most of his time tending to government affairs. He Strengthens Royal Power by following the policies of Richelieu. Expands the bureaucracy and appointed royal officials who collected taxes. He also built the army into the strongest in Europe.

Louis XIV

he was the leader of the roundheads (they were called like that bc of their short haircuts.) Skilled General that created the "New Model Army" - officers were chosen for skill not social class. his army defeated that Cavaliers. they execute Charles I. Cromwell's commonwealth: the house of commons abolished the monarchy, and proclaimed a republic. By 1647, the King was in the hands of parliamentary forces. Crown and Parliament. He is leader of Parliamentary forces. he later takes on the title, Lord Protector. From that point on he acted as a virtual dictator.

Oliver Cromwell

Peter, is 10 years old when he becomes king. Not well educated, but curious about the world. In 1697, Peter journeys to the west (In Europe) himself. there he was impressed by English Parliament. He comes back to Russia with many different people he recruited in Europe. He then embarks on a policy of westernization for Russia. he becomes one Europe's most absolute monarchs. Peter pursued several related goals: Strengthen the military, Expand Russian borders, Centralize royal power. To achieve these ends, he brought all Russian institutions under his control. changed many things that offended Russians and their culture. Peter also imported western technology, improved education, simplified the Russian alphabet, and set up academies for mathematics, sciences, and engineering. To pay for these reforms, Peter adopted mercantilist policies. Had no mercy for those who resisted the new order. Peter was able to create the largest standing army in Europe, built a navy, and set out to extend Russian borders. Most of Russia seaports were frozen half the year. To increase Russia's ability to trade with the West, Peter desperately wanted a warm-water port, the Black Sea was his best shot. To gain control of this, Peter had to push through the powerful Ottoman Empire. but was unable to defeat them. In 1700, Peter begins a war with Sweden, which dominated the Baltic region. At first it goes badly for Russia, losing to smaller Swedish forces. But Peter persisted, rebuilt his army and eventually Russia would defeat the Swedes and gain territory along the Baltic Sea. On this land won from Sweden, Peter builds a new capital city, St. Petersburg. Located on the Baltic coast, it would be Russia's window onto the west. He invited Italian architects and artisans to design great palaces in Western style. Just as Versailles was a monument to French absolutism, so was St. Petersburg a symbol of Peter's power and drive to make a modern Russia.

Peter the Great simple version: Russian Tsar who traveled to England and modernized Russia. He did this by forcing his people to act like Europeans, dress like Europeans, and when they disobeyed, he tortured and killed them.

Charles V gave everything, except the Hapsburg Empire, to his son Philip II. Philip ruled Spain for 42 years, expanded the Spanish influence, strengthened the Catholic Church, and made his own power absolute. Devoted most of his time to government work. Lived a monk life. Married a total of four times and he claimed that he ruled by the divine right to rule. Supported the Catholic Reformation and disliked Protestants. Battled the Mediterranean and the Netherlands. Sent the Spanish armada to sail against England but was defeated.

Philip II

the philosophes start meeting because they start to get persecuted so they have to meet underground in places like the salons aka the priv homes of rich people to present their latest writings so they could do their work in private-usu. The home of a rich frenchwoman

Salons

Before William and Mary could be crowned, they had to accept several acts passed by Parliament this is known as: The Bill of Rights. It ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. Required monarchs to call Parliament regularly and gave the House of Commons the "power of the purse". A king and queen could no longer interfere in parliamentary debates or suspend laws. The Bill of Rights also barred any Roman Catholic from ascending to the throne. Reaffirmed rights of English citizens, such as trial by jury and writ of habeas corpus.

The English Bill of Rights

The English Civil War ushered a social as well as a political revolution. The Puritans were against profaning the lord's day, so no one worked on Sunday or was fined. Also, closed theaters, taverns, gambling, and dancing. Really stressed education and marriage.

The English Civil War

The Scientific Revolution (1500-1600) transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world. in the 1700s, scientists expanded knowledge. These success convinced Europeans in the power of human reason. By the 1770s, European thinkers believe that nothing is beyond the reach of the human mind. Through the use of reason, people and governments could solve every social, political, and economic problem. Using the methods of science, reformers set out to study human behavior and solve the problems of society. In this way, the Scientific Revolution led to another revolution in thinking, known as the Enlightenment.

The Enlightenment

Parliament invites James' protestant daughter and her husband to become rulers of England and take James' position as king. When they landed troops on English shores, James II flees to France. This bloodless coup becomes known as the Glorious Revolution. Establishes Parliament over the monarchy Glorious Revolution did not create a democracy but rather a limited government.

The Glorious Revolution

A group of thinkers in France started promoting various ideas of the enlightenment (example: Voltaire). They were known as the philosophes, which means philosophers...ideas spread beyond France and Europe. Denis Diderot's encyclopedia said that the philosophes denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and urged education for all. Women Challenge the Philosophes when the Enlightenment slogan "Free and Equal" did not apply to women.

The Philosophes

Philip saw Queen Elizabeth I of England as his Protestant enemy. To end the attacks and subdue the Dutch, Philip planned an invasion of England via a huge armada. In 1588, the Spanish Armada sailed with more 130 ships confident that they would be victorious. In the English Channel, the lumbering Spanish ships were outmaneuvered by the lighter, faster English vessels. Strong winds favoured the English, scattering the Spanish fleet. After further disasters at sea, the Armada returned to Spain in defeat.

The Spanish Armada

Thomas Hobbes was a 17th century English thinker, set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment. he lived during the English Civil War but came to very different conclusions about human nature and the role of government. Hobbes believes in Powerful Government. Outlined his ideas in a work called the Leviathan. Argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not properly controlled, they would fight, rob, oppress and kill one another. Life in the "state of nature" -without laws and government - would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". To escape this "brutish" life, people entered into a social contract - an agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society. Only a powerful government can ensure an orderly society...for him, that government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and compel obedience.

Thomas Hobbes - know

principal author of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

1783- the french, the british, and the americans signed this peace treaty, ending the war two years after the British army surrendered at Yorktown-it was here that Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America

Treaty of Paris

a list of documents that would replace the articles and reflect the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau

U.S. Constitution

It becomes a symbol of the Sun King's wealth and power. In the countryside outside Paris, Louis XIV converts an old hunting lodge into the immense royal palace of Versailles. makes it the most magnificent building in Europe.

Versailles

One of the primary french thinkers of the enlightenment a philosophe. He is very critical of the absolute monarchy he wrote about it and often got in trouble for these writings. He wrote Candeen where he is openly critical and he disguises his work as fiction but it is actually about the problems with the French government.

Voltaire

were the king and queen that come in at the request of parliament to take over the throne and replace James II. before becoming rulers, they had to accept several acts called the English Bill of Right. Queen Mary was a Protestants and King William was a Dutch.

William & Mary

A child prodigy who was an instant celebrity. He made brilliant operas, graceful symphonies, and moving religious music. He helped define classical music. He died at age 35, he produced an enormous amount of music.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart