TEST 2; 7-9 & 11+12

parenteral

(systemic action, delivered by routes other than the GI tract; i.e. non oral). - Action may be topical (local) or systemic

Glycolysis overall gives rise to these products

2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 three-carbon compound

Which of the following help(s) to stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation?

5' cap and poly (A) tail

Ethyl alcohol is maximally effective at

70%

All living things require

C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe, Na, Cl, Mg but the relative amounts vary depending on the microbe

Which out of the following does not generate ATP

Calvin Cycle

Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false?

Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hyper tonic conditions.

Zn

Cofactors for enzymes

Death Phase

Curve dips downward; cells begin to die at an exponential rate

Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' → 3' direction?

DNA polymerase III

Osmosis

Diffusion of H2O thr' a selective permeable membrane; when membrane is b/w solutions of differing conc and the solute is not diffusible, water will diffuse from more water side to less water side

Adaptations to Osmotic Variations in the Environment Example: fresh pond water- Bacteria- Amoeba-

Example: fresh pond water- hypotonic conditions Bacteria- cell wall protects them from bursting Amoeba- a water (or contractile) vacuole that moves excess water out of the cell

Saprobes and what wall cell do they have/ decomposers of what

Free-living microorganisms; feed primarily on organic matrix of dead organisms Decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes; most have rigid cell wall, so they release enzymes to the extracellular environment to digest food particles

Which of the following has the greatest amount of energy for the cell: REMEMBER that glucose can produce 30 -32 ATP in prokaryotes/eukaryotes respectively.

Glucose

What happens to glucose and oxygen in cellular respiration

Glucose gets oxidized and oxygen gets reduced

Which is most abundant in cell- H20; Which is most abundant in a cell in dry condition- protein

H20 in cell protein in dry condition

Nutrients are categorized according to C content inorganic and organic:

Inorganic nutrients: a combination of atoms other than C and H Organic nutrients: contain C and H, usually the products of living things

What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?

It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.

Phosphorus

Key component in nucleic acids and also found in ATP

Phototrophs (food)

Microbes that photosynthesize

Heterotroph: Must obtain C ininorganic /organic form (nutritionally dependent on other living things)

Organic and dependent other living things)

Hypertonic

Outside solute conc is higher than inside cell /cytoplasm; will force water to diffuse out of a cell as said to have high osmotic pressure

Hypotonic

Outside solute conc is less than inside cell; net direction of osmosis is from the hypotonic solution into the cell; cells without cell walls swell and can burst

Photoauto(self)trophs

Photosynthetic- Cyanobacteria,algae plants

Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of these reasons?

Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many.

Which of the following is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to begin transcription.

Lag Phase

Relatively "flat" period; newly inoculated cells require a period of adjustment, enlargement, and synthesis The cells are not yet multiplying at their max rate Length of lag period varies from one population to another

Each of the following options is a modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a frameshift mutation?

THECATATTHERAT

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?

The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.

active site-

The catalytically reaction

Isotonic

The environment has same solute conc as cell's internal environment; no net change in cell volume; most stable environment for cells

Stationary Growth Phase

The population enters a survival mode in which cells stop growing or grow slowly The rate of cell inhibition /death balances out rate of multiplication; depleted nutrients and oxygen Excretion of organic acids and other biochemical pollutants into the growth medium

Macronutrients

The six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism (ex. C, H, N, O)

Autotroph

Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (not nutritionally dependent on other living things)

Exponential Growth (Log) Phase

When the growth curve increases geometrically; cells reach the max rate of cell division; will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients with favorable environment

Turbidometry procedure

a tube of medium becomes turbid as microbes grow in it; either transmission or absorbance of light is measured which are opposite to each other; A=2-log %T

Amoeba

a water (or contractile) vacuole that moves excess water out of the cell

Halobacteria living in the Great Salt Lake

absorb salt to make their cells isotonic with the environment

Micronutrients

aka trace elements, smaller amounts and involved in enzyme function etc. ex. Mn, Zn, Ni

which contains nitrogen,in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

an amino acid such as glycine

Essential Nutrient

any substances that must be provided to an organism (e.g essential aa and essential FA-3 from fish for human); also called growth factor

What is the basis of bacterial population growth:

binary fission

hydrocarbons not soulbule in water.

bonds are non polar covalent to caron

Na and K

certain types of cell transport and membrane function

The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when

chlorine gains an electron from sodium

zinc in active site works as

cofactor (metals)

-NITROGEN

component in proteins, DNA, RNA. Why not other macromolecules ??

Mg

component of chlorophyll

Sulphur

component of some vitamins and amino acids e.g. Met & Cys

Enumeration

counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically with use of a special microscopic slide (cytometer)

Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in

cyanobacteria.

Kreb cycle in a prokaryotic cell occurs

cytoplasm

Parasites (obligate saprobe)

derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a host; also called pathogens b/c they cause damage to host's tissues

polymers with monomer-

dna/nucleotide

nitrogen is much more electronegetive than hydrogen . which of the following statements is correct about atoms

each hydrogen has partial positive charge.

Chemohetero (other) trophs

eat others; protozoa, fungi, many bacteria and many animals

Obligate saprobes

exist strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water

What are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?

exons

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

extreme halophiles

Antibiotics are meant only for treatment, thus these NEVER result in superinfections in body even though by their inappropriate use.

false

A Molecule with C18H36 is probaly a

fatty acid

The most versatile method of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids is

filtration

These organisms are saprobes

fungi

Chemotrophs

gain energy from chemical compounds

which is not a polymer-

glucose

Polymyxin antibiotic work against

gram neg

Polymyxins

gram negative bacteria

Which of the following separates the DNA strands during replication?

helicase

Example high salt environment

hypertonic conditions

fresh pond water

hypotonic conditions . Bacteria cell wall protects them from bursting:

Fe

important component of cytochrome proteins

Phospholipids

in cell membranes

Penicillin group acts by

inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Sulpha drugs act by

inhibiting folic acid synthesis

Is H2O and CO2 are organic or inorganic compounds ?

inorganic

Steriliant will be able to :

kill all microbes including endospores

Endoparasites

live in organs and tissues;

Ectoparasites

live on the body;

Intracellular parasites

live within cells;

Pathogenic bacteria to humans are mostly:

mesophiles

Common routes of administration-

oral (enteral) and non oral/parenetral (i.v, im etc). Oral/enteral (delivered through the GI tract),

Enzymes involved in cell respiration are _____ in nature NOTE: SELECT ALL VALID ANSWERS

organic compounds, are made of amino acids bonded together, proteins.

co2 is released during

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Hydrogen

performs overlapping roles in cell biochemistry: Maintaining pH Forming hydrogen bonds between molecules Serving as the source of free energy in Redox Rxn

A relative flat portion of bacterial growth curve refers to:

period of adjustment and enlargement etc

Which of the following are responsible for high levels of O2 in Earth's atmosphere?

photoautotrophs

Which is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell?

plasma membrane

Ideal drug of choice be

selective toxic to bacteria harbored in host body

Most antibiotics are isolated from soil organisms includingi

some bacteria and fung

Ca

stabilizer of cell walls and endospores

Obligate anaerobe

strictly requires O2 absence otherwise it can die exposed to O2

What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?

the nucleotide sequence of the template strand

Generation or doubling time

time required for a complete fission cycle from parent cell to two new daughter cells

Russian physicians are currently using bacteriophages

to treat bacterial infections...

Glutaraldehyde is a sporicidal agent.

true

Penicillin has beta lactam ring, so bacteria which develop resistance for this drug secrete beta-lactamase enzyme

true

Obligate parasites

unable to grow outside of a living host