Test 2 chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Which mineral is NOT involved in generation of nerve impulses?

phosphorus

Which of the following chemicals provide health benefits and give plant foods their color, aroma, and flavor?

phytochemicals

The products that result from the action of pepsin on dietary proteins are:

polypeptides

What mineral is NOT a structural component of bone?

potassium

Inactive forms of vitamins that are activated once in the body are called:

provitamins

Which of the following is an active form of vitamin A?

retinoic acid

Seth has a family history of skin cancer and avoids direct sunlight. To prevent vitamin D deficiency, Seth should increase his intake of:

salmon

Pepsin plays a role in the digestion of protein in the:

stomach, after hydrochloric acid has acted on the protein.

What is the protein recommendation for elderly individuals to help maintain lean body mass?

1.2 g/kg body weight

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommends that 45% to 65% of total caloric intake come from carbohydrates. If Shawn consumes a 3000-kilocalorie diet, how many kilocalories should he obtain from carbohydrates?

1350-1950 kilocalories

The dish that has the best potential to reverse night blindness is:

3-ounce serving of chicken liver with onions.

What is the RDA for protein for an adult who weighs 143 pounds?

52 g

What is transcription of DNA?

A gene is copied as mRNA, which enters the cytoplasm.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

A low-fat meal has no effect on fat-soluble vitamin absorption.

Macrocytic (megaloblastic) cells are formed when:

DNA synthesis is impaired, and the red blood cell precursors don't fully divide.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about protein denaturation?

It typically destroys the function of proteins.

For the body to use inactive vitamin D from sunlight or the diet, the _____ and then the _____ convert it to its active form.

Liver; kidneys

What is the first step in the scientific process?

Make observations.

When blood calcium levels are low, which of the following will NOT occur?

Parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bone.

Which of the following statements about protein digestion is NOT true?

Pepsin, produced by cells lining the small intestine, breaks down the denatured protein into large polypeptide fragments.

Which statement is NOT true about processing?

Processed foods only include those containing added sugars, fats, and/or salt.

Which statement regarding the conversion of provitamin A is true?

Retinal is irreversibly converted to retinoic acid.

Which statement correctly matches the retinoid with its description?

Retinoic acid regulates hormonal function and DNA expression.

Which step comes first in a chemical reaction catalyzed by a coenzyme?

The enzyme is activated.

Which of the following is TRUE in regard to protein synthesis

The first step in protein synthesis is transcription.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a randomized controlled trial?

The main purpose of this research design is to observe variables in a population.

Two proteins contain the same number of the 20 different amino acids, yet they do not have the same three-dimensional structure and function. This is because

The proteins differ in the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

What is the impact on protein synthesis of a diet deficient in one or more essential amino acids?

The ribosomes cannot finish making protein.

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamins?

They are critical structural components of cells

Which of the following is TRUE of both essential and nonessential nutrients?

They are required for maintaining body functions.

Which of the following is NOT true of complementary proteins

They must be consumed during the same meal.

Which of the following individuals is NOT in positive nitrogen balance?

a 35-year-old man on a high-protein diet with normal levels of physical activity

Megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiency in either:

folate or vitamin B12.

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to affect the bioavailability of a nutrient in a food?

he type of material (ceramic, plastic, metal, etc.) the food is served on

One month ago, a teenage girl stopped eating animal-derived foods and now only consumes vegetables and fruits. She is now experiencing either a cold and/or an infection. This is probably due to inadequate protein intake for:

synthesizing antibodies.

A child with kwashiorkor has a swollen belly appearance due to:

not eating enough protein to synthesize proteins needed to maintain fluid balance or transport fat from the liver.

Which of the following provides approximately 8 grams of protein?

1 cup of milk

What DRI value is expressed as a percent of total daily calories?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

Which of the following is NOT true of amino acids

All amino acids are composed of an acid group, an amino group, and a carbon side chain

Which of the following statements regarding RDAs is true?

As a person's intake of a nutrient decreases relative to the RDA, his or her risk of a deficiency increases.

Why are coenzymes necessary for chemical reactions?

Coenzymes are necessary to activate enzymes, speeding up reaction time.

Which of the following is NOT true about nutrition and disease risk?

Consuming inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables and other plant foods will not affect disease risk.

A health food store claims that you need to buy enzyme supplements because "your body's ability to make its own enzymes has been compromised by the common diet of overprocessed food." Using your knowledge of digestion, why would it be useless to purchase enzyme supplements?

Enzymes are proteins and would be broken down into amino acids and no longer be functional.

What Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) value is used in setting the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Which statement about free radicals is NOT true?

Free radicals generated by energy metabolism are not useful to the body.

Which of the following foods is typically the LEAST nutrient-dense?

French fries

Which of the following is a TRUE statement during protein digestion?

Tripeptides are often digested after they are absorbed by mucosal cells

Marnie is pregnant and taking vitamin A supplements to boost her immune system and prevent night blindness. However, she is concerned that she may be increasing the risk of serious birth defects in her unborn child. Which DRI would inform Marnie about the maximum amount of vitamin A she could consume without risk of side effects?

Upper Limit (UL)

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) standard is least effective when planning for adequate intake of nutrients in your diet?

Upper Limit (UL)

We consume significant amounts of what vitamin in its most inactive form?

Vitamin A

What fat-soluble vitamin performs NO regulatory function?

Vitamin E

Which is NOT true regarding vitamin E's role as an antioxidant?

Vitamin E does not protect white blood cells from oxidative damage.

Which statement is NOT true regarding vitamin A's role in vision?

When light strikes rhodopsin, retinal changes its shape from trans to cis.

Beta-carotene is called provitamin A, meaning it is:

an inactive, precursor form of vitamin A.

What is the result of hydrochloric acid acting on a protein?

an unfolded, nonfunctional protein chain

An experimental protocol requires that a nutrient deficiency be induced to assess its effects on memory. What is the most appropriate study design to use to address this question?

animal experiment

Specific RDAs do NOT exist for which of the following population groups?

athletes

The snack that would provide good sources of folate and vitamin B12 for Megan, who has megaloblastic anemia, is:

avocado on toast, orange slices, and a glass of fortified soy milk.

Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY describes the component of a healthy diet and its expected outcome?

balance—consuming equal amounts of foods from each of the food groups

Amino acids consumed in excess of our needs will NOT:

be stored as proteins.

Which choice lists all of the major minerals?

calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, and chloride

Which of the following foods, in equal amounts, would have the LOWEST energy density?

cantaloupe

Dietary excesses play a major role in promoting which type of diseases?

chronic diseases

Pancreatic juice, including protease, is secreted in response to:

chyme entering the small intestine.

Rhodopsin is formed when:

cis-retinal combines with opsin.

Which of the following will NOT cause a loss of skeletal muscle mass?

consuming only plant proteins

Which of the following protein sources will have a limiting amino acid?

corn

Retinol is an important source of preformed vitamin A in the United States, found in foods such as:

dairy products that contain fat.

The study of nutrition does NOT typically involve which one of the following activities?

determining if food additives used in commercial food packaging enter foods

Without hydrochloric acid, protein would not be digested because:

dietary protein is too large and tightly folded for pepsin to work.

Which of the following types of studies is NOT an experiment?

epidemiological study

Protein denaturation in the stomach is caused by:

hydrochloric acid.

Gastric juice contains _____, which breaks bonds to unfold dietary proteins into long amino acid chains in a process called _____

hydrochloric acid; denaturation

The impact of megaloblastic anemia is that:

immature red blood cells have decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

When low calcium levels are detected in the blood, the parathyroid hormone triggers the kidneys to increase calcitriol production and:

increase calcium uptake from the urine.

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to increase urea synthesis?

increased protein turnover and resynthesis

Which of the following is likely to be the LEAST credible source for nutrition information?

information found on a website selling dietary supplements

Dietary proteins are broken down completely to individual amino acids when they are:

inside small intestinal mucosal cells, before entering the bloodstream.

A peer-reviewed paper is one that:

is critiqued by independent experts in the discipline to determine that the study followed the scientific method.

All of the following are true regarding marasmus EXCEPT:

it typically causes edema.

o maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, active vitamin D, or calcitriol, works with the _____, the _____, and the _____.

kidney; bone; intestine

Foods with a high nutrient density are those that are:

low in energy and high in essential nutrient content.

Vitamin A deficiency in developing countries is related to:

low intake of preformed vitamin A, which is more bioavailable to the body.

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.

All of the following are true of protein turnover EXCEPT:

the diet is the source of most of the amino acids in the amino acid pool.

Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness because:

there is a less efficient response to recharge rhodopsin.

The difference between cis-retinal and trans-retinal is:

they have different conformations of double-bonds.

In carbohydrate metabolism, pyruvate dehydrogenase is activated by thiamin so that it can convert pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A. Which component is the coenzyme in this example?

thiamin

What vitamin is the MOST toxic when consumed in excess?

vitamin A

What choice correctly matches the vitamin with one of its primary functions?

vitamin A—cell development

What fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized by our body's cells?

vitamin D

What choice correctly matches the vitamin with its best dietary sources?

vitamin D—fortified foods and fish

A deficiency of what vitamin is NOT expected to affect immune function in any way?

vitamin K

What vitamin has no established UL

vitamin K

What vitamin plays a key role in both blood clotting and bone formation?

vitamin K

What choice INCORRECTLY pairs the signs and symptoms of deficiency with the correct vitamin?

vitamin K—increased risk of cancer

Organic compounds that are required in small quantities belong to which class of nutrients?

vitamins

Which of the following nutrients do NOT supply energy?

vitamins

What two vitamins function as hormones?

vitamins A and D

When does translation begin?

when the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm