Test 3 - Brain & Cranial Nerves - Part 3
|Cranial Nerves| MNEMONIC for cranial nerves!! At the bottom of the cranial nerves overview slide. COME BACK AND DO THIS ********************
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|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: --This type of brain wave is seen in an adlut who is resting, but awake, with their eyes closed. Which wave is this?
1. Alpha waves
|Cranial Nerves| There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
|Cranial Nerves| - Oculomotor Nerve III - (3) --Motor functions: Movement of the eye and upper eyelid Constricts pupil (_________ nervous systema)
AUTOMATIC
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: (way to remember) - A for Alpha; A for Awake Adult resting with eyes closed.
Alpha wave
|Cranial Nerves| - Facial Nerve VII - (7) --Motor functions: Face, scalp, neck muscles* Tear glands and salivary glands (_________ nervous system) --Sensory functions: _____ from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue *Mixed nerve*
Autonomic TASTE
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: (Way to remember) -- *B*eta wave; *B*rain activity
Beta Wave
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: -- This type of brain wave is seen with mental activity in sensory input. --Say you're studying anatomy or working a math problem, thats brain activity, that of course is our favorite brain wave to see in the classroom. Which wave is this?
Beta Waves
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: (Way to remember) -- D for Delta wave; D for Deep sleep; D for Damage, as in brain damage - This is our least favorite wave to see in lecture class
Delta Wave
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: --This type of brain wave is normal in infants, also seen in adults who are in deep sleep, but otherwise it indicates brain damage in an adult that is awake. Which wave is this?
Delta Waves
|Cerebellum| -The tiny little ridges are called ______.
Folia
|Cranial Nerves| -Olfactory Nerve (I) Where is point B? Where it ends?
Olfactory Bulb
|Cranial Nerves| - Vestibulocochlear VIII - (8) --Sense of balance and hearing ---_______ nerve.
Sensory nerve
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: (Way to remember) -- T for Theta wave; T for Test Stress **"which may be on the test"**
Theta Wave
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves: --This type of brain wave while it maybe normal in children, its NOT normal in adults. Its seen in many brain disorders and the example Dr. G likes to use is it is seen in adults under stress. Which wave is this?
Theta Wave
|Cerebellum| -Divided into hemispheres by a constricted piece of tissue called the ______.
Vermis
|Brain Waves| The 4 main brain waves in order are 1. 2. 3. 4.
alpha waves beta waves theta waves delta waves
|Cranial Nerves| There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, they are named & numbered from ____ to _____. -And yes, you have to know both the names and the numbers IN ORDER.
anterior to posterior
|Cerebellum| -White matter that is deep into the gray matter, these are all those 1,000s upon 1,000 of axons that are going back and forth to those 50 billion neurons, someone thought it kinda looked like a tree. So they named it ______ ______
arbor vitae (tree of life)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve IX Motor functions: Swallowing and speech Salivary glands (_________ nervous system)
autonomic
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve X *Major _________ nervous system function* (parasympathetic). *Mixed Nerve*
autonomic
|Cranial Nerves| - Facial Nerve VII - (7) -_____ distributed to face, scalp, neck and mouth regions
axons
|Cerebellum| -Posterior to the ____ _____ and inferior to the ______.
brain stem cerebrum
|Cerebellum| -Shaped like a _____
butterfly
|Cerebellum| -Gray matter is the superficial (outside) layer of the cerebellum so this is the outside bark called the ____ _____.
cerebellar cortex
The main brain region that regulates coordination, posture, and balance which make possible all skilled muscular activities is the?
cerebellum
|Cerebellum| -The cerebellum isnt just floating behind the brain stem its actually attached to the brain stem through a series of structures called the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles. -The cerebellar peduncles are axons that connect the ______ to the ____ ____.
cerebellum brain stem
|Cranial Nerves| - Trigeminal Nerve V - (5) -Motor function: _____ (mandibular branch)
chewing
|Cranial Nerves| - Trochlear Nerve IV - (4) ---Motor function: Movement of the _____ Purely a ____ nerve --Its cut, what problems do they have? --VERY EASILY INJURED IN TRAUMA ACCIDENTS
eye motor trouble moving their eye
|Cranial Nerves| -Abducens Nerve Cranial Nerve VI- (6) --Motor function: Moves the _____ _____ *Motor nerve*
eye laterally
|Cranial Nerves| - They are called cranial nerves cause they get out the holes in your bony cranium called _______.
foramen
Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XI Motor functions: _______ & ______ movements -Purely a _____ nerve
head & shoulder motor
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve X Axons distributed to _____ _____ _____, and _____
head, neck, thorax and abdomen
|Cranial Nerves| -Olfactory Nerve (I) -Whats the function of this nerve?
it does the sense of smell and its purely a sensory nerve
|Cranial Nerves| (OVERVIEW SLIDE) in order: (I) Olfactory (II) Optic (III) Oculomotor (IV) Trochlear (V) Trigeminal (VI) Abducens (VII) Facial (VIII) Vestibulocochlear (IX) Glossopharyngeal (X) Vagus (XI) Accessory (XII) Hypoglossal
know it
|Cranial Nerves| -Abducens Nerve Cranial Nerve VI- (6) --Axons carry impulses to the ____ _____ muscle.
lateral rectus
Cerebellum means "____ ____"
little brain
|Cranial Nerves| - Trigeminal Nerve V - (5) -Axons distributed via three branches: Ophthalmic Maxillary M_________
mandibular
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve IX --Nucleus located in the _____ and throat
medulla
Hypoglossal Nerve Cranial Nerve XII Nucleus located in the _______
medulla
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve X Nucleus located in the _____
medulla
|Cranial Nerves| - Trochlear Nerve IV - (4) Nucleus located in the _______
midbrain
|Cranial Nerves| - Oculomotor Nerve III - (3) --Nucleus located in the ______ --Axons carry impulses to the upper eyelid muscle, the ______ _____ muscle, and to all the *extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and lateral rectus.
midbrain iris sphincter
|Cerebellum| -The superior cerebellar peduncles attach to the _____. -The middle cerebellar peduncles attach to the ____. -The inferior cerebellar peduncles attach to the ______.
midbrain pons medulla
|Cranial Nerves| - Oculomotor Nerve III - (3) Purely a _____ nerve --If you cut this, what problem will your patient have?
motor -Moving the eye
Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XI Axons distributed to muscles in the _____ region
neck
|Cerebellum| -Accounts for (makes up)approximately 1/10 of brain mass yet contains about half of the brain ______.
neurons
The only cranial nerves that we will consider to be purely sensory are:
olfactory (CN I smell), optic (CN II = sight), and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII = balance and hearing).
|Cranial Nerves| -Cranial Nerve I (1) is the ______ ____
olfactory nerve
|Cerebellum| -The cerebellum isnt just floating behind the brain stem its actually attached to the brain stem through a series of structures called the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar _______.
peduncles
|Cranial Nerves| - Facial Nerve VII - (7) --Nucleus located in the _____
pons
|Cranial Nerves| - Trigeminal Nerve V - (5) --Nucleus located in the ____ *Largest cranial nerve* *MIXED NERVE*
pons
|Cranial Nerves| -Abducens Nerve Cranial Nerve VI- (6) --Nucleus located in the _____
pons
|Cranial Nerves| - Vestibulocochlear VIII - (8) --Contains two branches: 1. Vestibular branch (balance) - axons from the inner ear relay impulses to nucleus in the ____ 2. Cochlear branch (hearing) - axons from the inner ear relay impulses to nucleus in the _______
pons medulla
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve IX Sensory functions: All sensations including taste on ________ 1/3 of tongue *Mixed nerve*
posterior
|Cranial Nerves| - Trochlear Nerve IV - (4) --Only cranial nerve that exits from the _____ _____ of the brain stem *Smallest cranial nerve*
posterior surface
Motor nerves = III, IV, VI, XI, XII. Mixed nerves = V, VII, IX, X.
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The four cranial nerves that have autonomic nervous system function (parasympathetic division) are: CN III oculomotor (pupil smooth muscle), CN VII facial (tear glands, and salivary glands), CN IX glossopharyngeal (salivary glands), and CN X vagus (cardiac muscle; smooth muscle and glands in thorax and abdomen).
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|Brain Waves| (Hes going to keep this short & sweet & simple) -The electroencephalogram (also called EEG) is an instument we use to measure brain waves, the name tells you what it does (a graph of the brains electricity) it is a recording of the brains electrical activity - mostly a measure of action potentials, remember we got 100 billion neurons in our cerebral cortex and they are firing off those lightening bolts and if you put electrodes on someones head you can actually measure that. -Now why would you want to do that? I want you to know off to the side, please write down that there are some reasons to do an EEG. On the tv shows, you know sometimes they hook the patient up to see if theres any brain activity, to see if their brain dead, you could also look for brain disorders, seizures is one in particular where they will do an EEG.
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|Cerebellum| -Functions of this small but powerful package- -What does it do? It evaluates how well movements initiated by the motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out. Then makes adjustments**. (IN ENGLISH) -it looks at what you want to do, like maybe catch a baseball, then it looks at what you're actually doing, which might be missing the baseball, and then it fixes it, so you can make the catch. -So therefore; you should know this is the MAIN BRAIN REGION that regulates coordination, posture, and balance and which makes possible *all skilled muscular activities*.
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|Cerebellum| -So it just goes in order, just like the brain stem-Midbrain, Pons, Medulla. Superior, Middle, Inferior (peduncles)
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|Cerebellum| Folia - means leaves, folia the leaves are on the tree.
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|Cerebellum| The main brain region that regulates coordination, posture, and balance which make possible all skilled muscular activities. -(G.'s visual that puts it all together, it puts a lot of stuff we have done so far) -Miracle catch using sagittal section through brain and spinal cord slide. --First, BOOM, *motor areas of the cerebral cortex* are gonna send out a motor signal to your muscles to tell them what to do, what you wanna do in this example is catch the ball. Those red motor signals go downwards, maybe pass through the relay station we call the *thalamus*, and then they make their way to the *pons* remember the bridge, and the pons is gonna bridge the signal in a couple different directions, look what the pons is gonna do. Its gonna take a copy of that red motor signal and its gonna deliever it to the *cortex of the cerebellum* therefore; the brain cells in the cortex of the cerebellum are gonna store a copy of what you want to do, which is catch the ball. Then furthermore; the pons sends a copy of that motor signal downwards (desending) where it hits the effector muscles and the muscles makes a kinda movement, some kind of attempt to catch the ball. Then remember those muscles have a special sense* that sense called proprioception. Remember where we can percieve the postion and movement of our parts in space even with our eyes closed, we know which way our muscle & joints are positioned and moving. So, those receptors by the way, are called proprioceptors and they send their blue sensory information upwards (asending) and look where they go, to the cortex of the cerebellum, now the cerebellum has a copy of a signal of what you are actually doing, which may be just missing the ball. -So heres the magic, the cerebellum has stored a copy of the motor signal of what you want to do (catch the ball) now it has a copy of the sensory signal of what you are actually doing (which is just maybe (barely) missing the ball) then it compares them and it makes adjustments and it trys to fix it, so it sends out this corrective signal (in green on the slide) which heads upwards through the relay station (thalamus) on its way to the top of your brain to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and tells those brain cells "try again" -You have to picture this happening, every fraction of a fraction of a second going to multiple muscles all at the same time, to make that miracle catch. And then I think once you digest all this you'll truly believe & agree with me that the cerebellum really is an amazing part of the human body.
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|Cerebellum| The main brain region that regulates coordination, posture, and balance which make possible all skilled muscular activities. -What does this mean? (Gonshor putting it into perspective) when someone is going to catch a baseball, think of a pro baseball player making that mircale catch just invision that. In that very short period of time, hes got 100s of muscles from his head to his toes, form his neck to his eyes to his fingers, legs, arms, his toes, his thighs and so forth. Those 100s of muscles are making 100s of adjustments per second probably just to make that miracle catch in that short period of time. So think about that every fraction of a fraction of a second 100s of muscles are recieving corrective signals so that he can actually make that miracle catch.
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|Cranial Nerve I| (1) How slides are organized: - @ the top we have the name of the nerve. - Next we have the # of the nerve - Next we have the location of the nerve - These are nerves, again these are wires going from point A to point B, you have to know point A to point B, so to speak. One way to think about this is; you got maybe a wire coming from a lamp, and then plug that into a wall socket, you can think of a plugging in the wires into the wall socket as plugging the axons into maybe their cell bodies, and then of course the wires are the nerves, those are the axons. And they are going some place where you are getting some effect maybe going to a lamp to turn on a light bulb, so, each slide has location. They go from pt A to pt B and then at the bottom of each slide of course is their function.
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|Cranial Nerves| *Cranial Nerves* is bolded on purpose - because why are they called cranial nerves? Are they called cranial nerves because they all originate in the brain? And the answer is - NO. Because if you looked ahead, you know theres one cranial nerve that actually comes out of the spinal cord, but, there called cranial nerves because ALL of the cranial nerves get out of boney holes of your cranium called - Foramen.
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|Cranial Nerves| -You have got to know these fowards and backwards, inside and out. You can tell so much about a patients brain and brain stem, just by knowing the cranial nerves. Many of you going into healthcare will be asked to do what is called neuro checks and what you are doing on those patients, you are essentially checking brain stem function, which obviously is critical. And you will learn very quickly how to do that. Many of you have been to the doctor and they ask you to do all these things like move your eye, stick out your tongue and smile, and say ahhhhh. Thats not just done because they are adding 50 more bucks to the console every time you do something like that, they are doing that to check your cranial nerves, they are checking your brain and brain stem function, very quickly and very easily btw.
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|Cranial Nerves| Why are cranial nerves called nerves? What is a nerve? Does a nerve equal a nerve cell? Answer is - NO. - A nerve cell is a cell with a cell body, dendrites, axons, etc. - A nerve, is a group of hundreds of thousands of axons. Yes, they are connected to a cell body of course, but nerves just refer to groups of hundreds or thousands of axons that are grouped together.
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|Cranial Nerves| -Olfactory Nerve (I) --Notice they must pass through the cribriform plate to get from point A to point B. Thats an old friend of yours, maybe from bone anatomy. And I want to ask you a question about this piece of anatomy I hope you never forget. -Lets say 2 people come into the ER and both got hit in the face with a baseball bat or something like that one person just has a whole bunch of blood, blood everywhere coming out of their nose. And the other person as a little bit of blood but theres a bunch of clear fluid in it and youre the nurse and you say to the person with the clear fluid well you wait in the back you just a have what looks like snot coming out of your nose and I got this other guy over here bleeding all over the place so were are taking him first. Did you make a mistake? you sure did. Big mistake? You betcha. You made a huge mistake. -Because what is the clear fluid that prolly coming out of the other guys nose? Its probably cerebral spinal fluid. because probably that patient cracked the cribriform plate and then the brain water is leaking through the cribriform plate and out there nose. And if make them sit in the back for 5 hours on the stretcher hes going to get a mengingitis or brain absess and things will go down hill from there. So how do you tell by the way? Because you will have to be able to determine the difference, there is a test, you can look this up, its called the halo test. Basically you put the fluid out of the nose on a piece of filter paper like a coffee filter paper and it spreads out in a halo pattern and it if it has that pattern you know theres cerebral spinal fluid mixed in with the blood.
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|Cranial Nerves| -Olfactory Nerve (I) -Let me ask you a question, because I might ask it on the test. If I cut this nerve on the test what problem will your patient have? Easy. you will tell me they CANT smell. -Another question; how can you as a health care provider, check the function of cranial nerve I (1)? What does the doc do sometimes, especially the neurologist what do they do? Go in their black bag and pull out either coffee grounds or maybe ground up orange peels and they ask the patient if they could smell it. Why they doin that? Just to make an extra 20 on the console? No, its to check cranial I function.
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|Mnemonic for Cranial Nerves| 1) *O*h= *O*lfactory I 2)*O*h=*O*ptic II 3)*O*h=*O*culomotor III 4)*T*o=*T*rochlear IV 5)*T*ouch=*T*rigmeminal V 6)*A*nd=*A*bducens VI 7)*F*eel=*F*acial VII 8)*V*ery=*V*estibulococholear VIII 9)*G*reen=*G*lossopharyngeal IX 10)*V*egetables=*V*agus X 11)*A*H=*A*cessory XI 12)A*H*=*H*ypoglossal XII
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|Cranial Nerves| - Optic Nerve II - (2) - Where is point A? Where does this start? - Where is point B? Where does this end?
retina in the eyeball thalamus
|Cranial Nerves| - Optic Nerve II - (2) -Whats point A? The cell bodies of these sensory neurons are located (start at) in the _______.
retina, in other words; in the back of the EYEBALL
|Cranial Nerves| - Optic Nerve II - (2) - Whats the function? Its purely a sensory nerve, all it does is ____ ___ ____.
sense of sight
Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve XI Originates from cervical portions of the ______ ____*
spinal cord
|Cranial Nerves| -Olfactory Nerve (I) Where is point A? where it starts?
superior nasal mucosal
|Cranial Nerves| - Trochlear Nerve IV - (4) --Axons carry impulses to the ______ _____ _____ _____
superior oblique eye muscle
|Cranial Nerves| - Optic Nerve II - (2) - So these wires (axons) start in the eyeball at the retina and they carry their impulses from the retina to the sensory relay station, into the eggs in the head, that we call the _______. - This is where these wires (axons) we call the optic nerve END.
thalamus
Vagus Nerve Cranial Nerve X Carries motor impulses to and sensory impulses from most organs in ______ and ________ cavities
thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve IX Axons distributed to regions around the ______
tongue
Hypoglossal Nerve Cranial Nerve XII Axons distributed to the ______ muscles
tongue
|Cranial Nerves| - Trigeminal Nerve V - (5) --Sensory*** functions: Pain, temperature, and touch from skin, eyes, teeth, and anterior 2/3 of the ______ (not taste).
tongue
Hypoglossal Nerve Cranial Nerve XII Motor function: Movement of ______ during swallowing and speech -Purely a _____ nerve
tongue motor
|Cranial Nerves| - Optic Nerve II - (2) - What if I cut Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve) on the test? What problem will your patient have?
trouble of vision
